THE BUBAL UEW-V©BKEB. 
gins by saying that it would naturally be sup¬ 
posed that if ten Short-horns are giving a 
yield of 65 pounds of butter a week, the addi¬ 
tion to the herd of two Jerseys making 20 
pounds a week, would raise the product to85 
pounds. But this, he finds, is not the case. On 
the contrary, he asserts that Ike mixture of 
the two qualities of milk has been found to 
sensibly reduce the yield." In support of this 
statement, the experience of two or three 
skillful dairymen is given. One of these 
says: 
“This fall, when my herd was 
given quantity of butter weekly, I 
making a 
r , * added to 
the number of my cows two high-grade Jer¬ 
seys. I soon found, on weighing my butter 
product, that the addition of the two Jerseys 
made noperceplibleincrcaso over the previous 
quantity of butter. I concluded at once that 
my Jerseys were at fault, and would not make 
the amount of butter supposed. The latter 
were new milch cows, and very promising 
animals in appearance. I next set the milk 
of each of the suspected Jerseys by itself, and 
found that the yield of one made twelve 
pounds of butter, while that of the other made 
but a little less; also that the original herd, 
upon careful and repeated test, yielded as be¬ 
fore." 
Another dairyman who lias twelve cows in 
milk, the majority of which are Jerseys, ob¬ 
tained from cream which ought to have pro¬ 
duced 70 to 75 pounds of butter but 38 pounds. 
The next week he kept the cream of his grade 
Jerseys and Short-horns separate, aud wilh 
eight days' cream instead of seven, as in the 
previous experiment, he obtained 83J pounds. 
Both of these dairy men are thoroughly con¬ 
vinced that it is not well to mix the milk and 
cream of different breeds, 
A third dairyman, whose herd was composed 
of about equal proportions of grade Jerseys 
and Short-horns, and who is a firm believer in 
high feeding and the most careful attention, 
could get only about five pounds of butter per 
cow weekly. Finally he concluded to set the 
milk and churn the cream of each cow sepa¬ 
rately, aud found that he had not a single cow 
that gave less than six pounds, while several 
yielded upwards of niue pounds each ! 
Now I undertake to say that these so-called 
experiments are of no more value, and no more 
entitled to credit, than would be the assertion 
of a party who should declare that water out 
of two adjoining wells would uot, when pour¬ 
ed together, produce as much ice, or as much 
steam, as wheu used separately. Take the 
first “experience," aud what does it in fact 
tells us ? That when two high-grade (“new 
milch”) Jersey cows were added to a herd, the 
herd made no more butter with them Ilian 
without them ! Yet these Jerseys separately 
made nearly 24 pounds of butter a week! The 
whole nnmber of the herd in this case is not 
stated. We are not told whether the milk was 
mixed, or only the cream. But whichever 
course was taken, the entire produce (say 23 
pounds) of butter from the Jerseys was lost. 
Did it prevent so much cream from rieiug, or 
did it prevent 60 much butter irom coming 5u 
the churn ? This is a very important question 
which apparently no experiment was made to 
decide. If the cream was prevented from 
rising, we have a singular physical phenome¬ 
non presented indeed—no less than the suspen¬ 
sion of the laws of gravitation through the 
influence of Jersey milk. If the cream having 
risen, did not “ come,” we then have the hard¬ 
ly less singular phenomenon presented in the 
refusal of Jersey cream to yield butter, or 
else of its power to keep just so much as its 
own weight of butter, and no more, in the 
cream of the other cows from “coming.” If 
the twenty-three pounds of Jersey butter bad 
“come,” aud the rest had not, we might sup¬ 
pose that the Jersey cream w&6 a little more 
prompt than the rest, aud that more chinning 
would have brought it all. But no. That 
Jersey butter, the exact amount, utterly disap¬ 
peared, and could uot be found! 
Ido not hesitate to say (aud I think there 
are few intelligent dairymen who will not agree 
with me) that this story is utterly false on ihe 
very face of it. Aud the other cases quoted 
are like unto it. 
I eay this not on rational grounds alone, 
though they are sufficient. 1 have made a con¬ 
siderable number of experiments to test this 
very matter, and have uniformly found 
that when large-globuled milk is mixed 
with small-globuled milk, the rising of 
the cream of the latter is accelerated, aud 
also made more perfect. Experiments in the 
churn have also Bliown that, when large- 
globuled cream was mixed with small-globuled 
cream, the butter came more quickly and 
more perfectly than with small-globuled cream 
alone. In each case, by microsopic tests, 
there were fewer cream globules left in the 
skim-millc and in the butter-milk than were 
found in the skim-milk aud buIter-milk of the 
same small-globuled milk when set and churn¬ 
ed separately, under like conditions. I have 
no doubt that this will always be found true 
when the operations of the dairy are, in other 
respects, properly and intelligently conducted. 
jsallaiirous. 
"WHAT OTHERS SAY. 
Mr. F inlay Dun on America.— The fol¬ 
lowing notes are taken from Mr. Dun's essay 
as read before a Farmers' Club of England. 
Our readers will remember that he is a special 
correspondent whom the London Times ap¬ 
pointed to look into our agriculture. We have 
read the entire essay w ith great interest and we 
doubtuot thcfollowingpUhs, carefully selected, 
will interest and instruct our readers: The 
millions, he says, thus made in each recurring 
year from the bountiful earth have been the 
chief cause of the recent boom in our indus¬ 
tries. The money made in wheat growing 
and stock raising has been rapidly circulated. 
When one-fourth of the population [one-half 
would have been nearer the truth. Eds ] 
which aie more or less directly connected 
with agriculture, have thus prospered, the 
remainder of the community speedily parti¬ 
cipate. Iu the Old Country, with greater 
amount of accumulated wealth, and a greater 
variety of long-established industries, busi¬ 
ness proceeds at a tolerably uniform pace 
throughout the year; but in the New World, 
8o predominant is the agricultural interest, 
that so soon as harvest is secured, business 
makes abonnd, millions of dollars are dis¬ 
patched West for payment of wheat and 
cattle. The fall trade in all sorts of goods is 
double that of the spring j for three months 
after the farmer gathers his golden grain, 
wholesale and retail merchants, railways and 
bankers, have their busy time and their har¬ 
vest. Never was this more notably illustrated 
than during last autumn, when, after a most 
bountiful crop had been reaped, all descrip¬ 
tions of agricultural produce rose with a steady 
upward rush. 
The cattle need aud receive little attention ; 
they range instinctively in quest of the best 
food ancl water, sometimes spreading over 50 
or 70 miles; on some runs salt is provided. 
Smaller owners have 1,000 to 2,000 head; some 
of the cattle Icings number their 40,000 to 60,- 
000. The chief expenses are the wages of the 
stockmeu and shepherds, who receive $25 to 
$32 per month (£5 to -L'G 10s.), with lodgings 
aud rations. Each man looks after about 1,000 
head, aud in the larger ranches more. There 
are great diversities amongst the thousands of 
cattle reared over these vast a.uas. All are 
undergoing steady improvement. Lank, rough, 
profitless brutes are disappearing; thcscalla- 
wags are polished off. Well-bred bulls 
Short-horn und other breeds aud well selected 
grades are introduced from the Eastern States. 
One gentleman told Mr. Dunn In October that 
he had himself bred, bought and forwarded 
West, 1,000 young Short-horn bulls during the 
last three years. To insure the advantage of 
such imported 6lres and prevent the incursion 
of errant Texans, inclo&ures are being made 
in some localities. The Texas cattle, which 
now muster 5,000,000, are not generally beau 
ideals of symmetry or quality. They are nar¬ 
row, often open in the loin, leggy, rough, with 
big heads and enormous horns, hard handlers, 
and often of a sickly yellow color. 
But the great breeding und grazing regions 
of America, wffiere the herds aud flocks are 60 
rapidly increasing, and where there is still so 
much room for increase, urc upwards of 1,000 
miles we9t of the Atlantic. One huudred and 
fifty miles west of Omaha on the Union Pacific, 
where seven railroads converge, the great cat¬ 
tle ranches begin, aud extend 500 miles through 
Nebraska and Wyoming over the Laramie 
Plains to the Rocky Mountains, aud still 1,000 
miles west through Utah and Oregon to the 
Pacific. Southwards the 6toek raising is being 
prosecuted for nearly 1,000 miles through Col¬ 
orado and Texas to the Gulf of Mexico, and 
north fully 800miles through the rich, partially 
occupied plains und valleys of Wyoming and 
Montana to the international boundary, und 
far beyond it into the Canadiau Dominion. 
Twenty years ago these vast regions were un- 
surveyed; only a few white hunters had pene¬ 
trated among the Indians; the land was ten¬ 
anted by bison, elk, deer, aud antelope. Since 
I860, it is stated that fifteen million bison or 
buffalo have been killed, with a proportionate 
number of smaller game. In their place the 
herds and Hocks are slowly extending, but 
there is room and to 6pare. 
From Cheyenne, Julesburg, and other such 
stations 1,000 car-loads of cattle are an¬ 
nually despatched. Mr. J. W. 11 iff, from bis big 
range, 150 miles long aud about half as wide, 
ou the South Platte River, now every year 
forwards 16,000 beasts. The cows each aver¬ 
age $25; the boat for (daughter weigh, when 
hung up, 000 pounds to 700 pounds. They 
are classified in the trade as Texans good na¬ 
tives, butchers’ cattle, and feeders. Sold ou 
the hoof or by live weight, they vary from 
about two and oue-fiitti to three ets. per pound. 
They are forwarded in large numbers from 
Council Bluffs to Chicago, a distance of fully 
1,000 miles. Twenty beasts are put into each 
car, which is covered. In the journey they 
are thrice unloaded, fed, watered, and rested 
during twelve to twenty-four hours. The cost 
of this long journey is $6.77 for each beast. 
They are forwarded from Chicago (800 miles) 
to New York for $3 87 extra. Wbeu quietly 
driven to the railway, carefully loaded, and 
properly fed and rested in transit, accidents 
are rare and loss of condition slight. Beasts 
conveyed by rail 1,000 miles aud weighed out 
of the trucks before feeding and watering, 
will have lost on the gross 50 pounds to 80 
pounds. 
Sheep, Mr, Dun says, are increasing thorough- 
out the Stales at the rate ofl. 000,000 anuually, 
and now reach nearly ‘10.000,000. Iu many 
parts of the country they are of Mexican 
origin, crossed with Merino grades. Hitherto 
they have been bred much more for the pro¬ 
duction of wool than of mutton. But now 
that our own as well as foreign markets arc 
opened for mutton, Oxford aud Shropshire, 
Downs, Cotswolds, aucl Leiccsters are being 
introduced, and the lank, thin bodies, big 
heads, and close, fine wool are undergoing 
transformation. American mutton, however, 
is not so good as Americau beef. There arc 
great tracts of the continent which, owing 
to the extremes of winter cold and summer 
heat, are not well adapted to the thriving of 
sheep. They have often to be housed during 
three or four mouths in winter, and this, be¬ 
sides adding materially to the cost, interferes 
with vigorous thriving. British lloek-masters 
may therefore be assured that for the present, 
at any rate, their important business will not 
be seriously injured by American competition. 
it with a rasher of bacon and an occasional 
beefsteak. We have 100,000 miles of rail¬ 
ways, and are adding aunually some 5,000 
miles, and this year will add fully 8,000. 
But Ihe same comfort Mr. Dun thinks can¬ 
not te administered to British pig-breeders. 
The swine of the United States aud of Canada 
are quite as good as at home. They roam 
healthily at large over plain and prairie, iu 
wood and orchard; they arc fed on the beet of 
provender, often ou apples and peaches. In 
the States they number 35 millions. Berkshire 
and other English breeds, aud a useful China 
hog, are cultivated. lie did not see an indif¬ 
ferent grim ter during the whole of his travels. 
They cost often less than four ceuts per pound; 
60 per cent, of the hog products are now ex¬ 
ported; hundreds of tons of bacon and pork 
are sent to British ports at six cents per pound ; 
aud England's national bacon bills reach an¬ 
uually $50,000,000. 
The Oregon cattle are more shapely, and 
haveless daylight underneath them than those 
of Texas. Oregon now numbers about half 
a million caltle and 2,000,000 sheep, but has 
area and pasturage for twenty times these 
numbers. Large drafts are brought east¬ 
ward over the mountains to be grazed 
for a year in Wyoming and Nebraska, where 
the two-year-olds are disposed of at about 
$15. Into Montana, in the very center of 
the American continent, both cattle and 
sheep since 1873 have been steadily extending: 
the cattle now number about half a million, 
and the sheej) probably about the same. 
In the discussion which followed the reading 
of this paper, from which we have no space for 
further notes. Mr. Phipps M, P., remarked that 
his spirits agriculturally were much higher 
thau they were before he heard Mr. Dun's 
paper, for it now appeared that the very worst 
of the outcome of American competition was 
that the English farmer must be content to 
produce meat at 15 cents per pound. He 
thought that as far as meat was concerned, 
that was not a very bad prospect; and if it 
could be laid down, as Mr. Duu seemed to in¬ 
dicate, that wheat, to pay, could probably not 
be sent to this country lor less thau 40s. or 42s. 
per qr., (about $1.21 to $1.27 per bu.) he could 
only say that the message from America was 
better, as far as farmers were concerned, than 
he had anticipated. Many in the room, Mr. 
Phipps had no doubt, could remember the 
time when good beef was n»t worth more thau 
83 . to 2 s. 6 d. per stone, and that was iu a time 
when American competition was but little 
thought of. They might depend upon it that if 
they should be blessed with average good sea¬ 
sons and if the commercial depression of their 
couutry should be removed, and if trade and 
commerce improved and reached the success¬ 
ful position in which they were some few years 
ago, thus causing a great improvement in the 
means of the consumers of agricultural pro¬ 
duce, then the agricultural producer of the 
future would have, after all, not so very mel¬ 
ancholy a look-out. He, Mr. Fhipps, believed 
that at the preseut time there was such depres¬ 
sion existing in connection Avith agriculture 
from various causes— from cattle diseases, 
from bad harvests, aud from bad seasous— 
that owing to no fault of their own, hundreds 
and thousands of respectable and at one time 
well-to-do agriculturists would have to bear 
the brunt, aud would be uuable to keep their 
engagements. 
The great and growing railwuy system of 
the States largely contributes to our power of 
economically sending our trans-atlantie friends 
every second loaf they eat and supplementing 
With such temptingly low rates, no wonder 
Mr. Duu thinks that American flour is imported 
in increasingly large quantities, showing in 
1879 an excess of 37 per cent, on the imports 
of former years, and that English millers are 
anxiously inquiring into and adopting many of 
the more recent improvements of the best 
American millers. 
CATALOGUES, ETC., RECEIVED. 
Robert Douglass A Sons, Waukegan, HI. 
As the planting season approaches, we call 
particular attention to this trustworthy old 
firm. It proposes again the coming year to 
Bend trees by viail in small lots to all who 
may order them, at so cheap a rate that no 
one may hesitate to buy and plant trees 
and thereby ornament their horaus and lay 
a foundation for future benefit. For one 
dollar they offer to send from 50 to 100 
trees to any person, the trees vaiying iu 
size from four to twelve inches in higlit. 
Among them we may mention the European 
Larch, White Ash, Ilardy Cutalpa. Scotch Pine, 
Ac. We know from experience that these 
trees are carefully packed, and that with ordi¬ 
nary care every one will Jive and grow. The 
same opportunity has never beeu offered be¬ 
fore that we know of by any other firm, and 
we confidently advise our readers who stand 
in need of such treos to order them. Cata¬ 
logues and circulars giving all needed infor¬ 
mation will, no doubt, be furnished on applica¬ 
tion, 
Baird it Tuttle, Bloomington Nurseries, 
Bloomingtou, McLean Co., 111. This old and 
extensive establishment covers 600 acres, thir¬ 
teen greenhouses, and 10,060 square feet of 
frost-proof cellars. The}' have testimonials 
that their fruit trees, shrubs, small fruits and 
other plauts have been received iu Mexico, 
Nova 8eotia, Oregon, Ac , in perfect condition. 
Their catalogues will be sent free to applicants. 
Hooi-es, BuoTnER & Thomas, West Chester, 
Pa. We take much pleasure in commending 
this firm to our readers. They will send their 
Illustrated Hand-Book without charge to all 
of our readers who apply. All who love new 
and choice plants should send for it. 
Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y.— 
Their lists of new Roses, of fruits, greenhouse 
aud bedding-plants, Ac., will be tent es an¬ 
nounced In their advertisement. 
Iniinstrial finjilcnunts. 
THS EMPIRE 
GRAIN AND 
DRILL. 
FERTILIZER 
We have had frequent inquiries as to the best 
grain drill aud also as to the best drill for dis¬ 
tributing fertilizers at the same time the seed is 
sown, and in the Empire Grain aui Fertil¬ 
izer Drill here illustrated, we present to the 
careful attention of these inquirers aud of all 
our other readers au implement of this kind 
which long experience has shown to be second 
to none on the market. This is a force-feed 
drill, well defined as ouc whose mechanism 
takes positive coutrolof the grain or fertilizer 
and carries it irresistibly forward to the point 
where it empties into the funnels or conduct¬ 
ing tubes. As a grain drill its chief merits 
are: Its foree-fecd arrangement certainly 
forces the grain from the feed box to the 
ground, so long as any grain remains iu the 
box; itB hopper bottom is a supplement to the 
feed run, and by Us conformation to the 6ides 
of the seed-box above, and the shell or disc of 
the distributor beneath, materially aids in 
distributing the grain in a regular, continuous 
stream. It is the combination of the hopper 
bottom with the disc of the distributor, aud 
the manner iu which the grain is received into 
it and discharged, that imparts to the device 
the power of positive force. 
There must be an even, coutiuuousstream of 
grain discharged, so that by the forward move¬ 
ment of the drill over the ground it will be 
deposited In a regular manner in the drill fur¬ 
row, with no danger of being thick at one 
place and thin at auolher. 
Fig. 82 represents the hopper bottom, which 
consists of triangular blocks of wood inserted 
in the spuco betweeu each distributor iu such a 
manner that a complete hopper is formed 
from the top of the eecd-box to the point at 
the bottom of the run where the grain is raised 
to the discharging aperture, offering the least 
possible resistance to the downward move¬ 
ment of the grain, and guiding each and every 
kernel. Fig. 83 shows a sectional view of the 
feed run filled with grain, by which the force 
principle Is very plainly indicated. The mov¬ 
ing or lifting power is the rotating disc with a 
flange on the outer circumference provided at 
certain intervals with ribs or starts, as seen in 
the cut. The grain is received upon this flange 
