770 
NOV. 20 
THE BUBAL WEW-YOBKER. 
How Fore Milk mat be Supplied to Bos¬ 
ton at reasonable prices to consumer and fair 
returns to producer—A pamphlet of 20 pages 
treating of a matter of importance to every 
Inhabitant of every town In the Union as well 
as to the surrounding farmers—how to supply 
good milk uot in Boston alone but also in all 
other towns and cities at fair prices to con¬ 
sumers and fair profit* to producers. 
WHAT OTHERS SAY. 
The Hap.mless. Useful Toad.— A writer 
in the London Journal gives some interesting 
statements respecting the toad. In the matter 
of feeding, he says the toad is not very par¬ 
ticular, either as to quality or quantity. Any¬ 
thing that creeps or crawls will do for him— 
wood lice, beetles, spiders, slugs, worms, even 
snails with their shells, are put ont of eight as 
if by magic, for he has a peculiar way of 
taking hi? prey. Ha watches the moving in¬ 
sect t or a second or two, then, suddenly dart¬ 
ing out his tongue while at a distance of one 
or two inches, the insect is snatched up and 
swallowed instantly. One evening he gave one 
a wasp and a humble-bee; both were snapped 
up dirertly they commenced to move, appar¬ 
ently without causing the tosd the slightest 
discomfort, though they must have reached 
his stomach la a tolerably active condition. 
In plant-houses, especially forcing-houses, 
where insects increase their numbers so rapid¬ 
ly at all sea=ons, the toad’s services are espe¬ 
cially valuable: and if a suitable ladder, made 
of a narrow board with bits of lath tacked on 
it two inches apart, he set in a corner, slanting 
from the floor to Ihe stage, be Bill climb it. 
and thus be enabled to make himself still 
more useful. 
But perhaps the mn c t remarkable fact con¬ 
cerning the toad is, that though he can. and 
docs, eat a great deal, he can exist a long time 
without eating anything Years ago bebnrled 
one for a month in the earth, as an experi¬ 
ment, and when dug up it was apparently as 
well as ever. More recently, having been 
bothered with myriads of wood-lice in an early 
encumber bouse, and not being able to find 
toad* in February, he, later on, when they be¬ 
came plentiful, buried three in a nine-inch pot. 
with a slate on the top, 18 inches under ground, 
that be might have them bandy for the next 
early forcing season. But that seasou he did 
not require them, so they remained buried 
until the following one. and were then, on 
being taken up. apparently not much the 
worse for their eighteen months’ fast, though 
thev didn’t have any ice-water or alcoholic 
baths. 
There is one system of tillage, says the 
London Chronicle, far too prevalent, in small 
gardens particularly. It is that of digging 
and manuring only one spade deep till a few 
inches of the top soil are poisoned with dung, 
and turned Into a moving mass of slugs and 
grubs, while the subsoil is as hard as adamant. 
Stirring tub Soil —It is more than 200 
years ago since there lived Jethro Tull, the 
famous agriculturist, who was ench an en¬ 
thusiast for stirring the soil that he formed 
the opinion that crops could be produced with¬ 
out the aid of manure. It is a matter of con¬ 
siderable importance, remarks the Gardeners’ 
Chronicle, that the atmosphere should enrich 
and sweeten the 60 il, and unless Its surface is 
in a fit condition to allow the air to permeate 
it, its valuable proper lies are lost. Travelers 
inform us that the Greeks in their vineyards 
throw up the earth between the vines in ridges, 
the object being to enrich and sweeten the 
soil by exposure, adding and mixing manure 
with the. ridge of earth b-fore returning it to 
the roots, which it would appear they are in 
the habit of pruning annually. 
Applied Science. —Professor Huxley, In 
his address delivered ou the occasion of the 
opening of Sir Jotiah Mason’s Science College, 
at Birmingham, ou Oct. 1, said:—“I often 
wish that this phrase, ‘ applied science,’ had 
never been invented, for it suggests that there 
is a 6ort of scientific knowledge of direct prac¬ 
tical nse which can be studied apart from 
another sort of scientific knowledge which is 
of no practical utility, and which is termed 
* pure science.’ But there is no more complete 
fallacy than this. What people call applied 
science is nothing but the application of pure 
science to particular classes of problems. It 
consists of deductions from those general prin¬ 
ciples, established by reasoning and observa¬ 
tion, which constitute pure science. No one 
can safely make these deductions until he has 
a firm grasp of the principles, and he can ob¬ 
tain that grasp only by personal experience of 
the processes of observation and of reasoning 
on which they are founded." 
“ Tns fact Is," says the Western Rural, 
touching a subject to which we have many 
times referred, ‘‘children under 12 years old 
Instead of bekg set to steady labor, should be 
sent to school and to play. Their muscles 
need an unimpeded growth—their bones and 
joints need consolidation, and their minds 
need free scope among the beauties of nature, 
in the pure air, and under tbe blue sky. But 
after this, up to 18 or 20 years, they are still 
growing, and being knit together for the great 
battle of life, health aud happiness; and hence 
parents cannot be too careful in giving whole¬ 
some admonitions and practically guiding 
them in the flowery pathway of health, which 
depends materially on the piroper use or the 
abuse of the orgauB of the body in childhood 
and youth.” 
Hedges. —In treating hedges of Osage, Honey 
Locust., or other deciduonsplants, remarks Mr. 
Meehan, we like the plan of letting them grow 
as. thev will for two or three years, and then, 
when the stems are a couple of inches thick, 
saw them to the ground- A mass of strong 
sprouts then pushes up, which can be pruned 
into shape the next Summer. Where hedges 
are to be thus made, or older ones have been 
neglected, they cau be cut down to the ground 
any time in tbe Fall or Winter season. It 
seems that in spite of all that has been said, 
Osage Omnge and Honey Locust are the best 
plants for farm fences, or where any very 
strong fence is desired. Berberry, Silver 
Tboru, aud Pyrus Japonica are the next best— 
indeed, except that it takes rather longer to 
make a good fence, the last named would be 
a? good as the first two iu all except cheap¬ 
ness. 
The Best Autumnal Roses among Hybrid 
Pekpetuals —The two Roses which will give 
the greatest number of really fine blooms after 
the first of July until cut off by tbe frost, are 
Marcnerite de St. Amanae and Fraucoise 
Michelon, says Mr. Ellwauger, in the Garden¬ 
ers' Monthly. 
Below are given in order of merit the best 
twenty-four autumnals; as La France now 
goes in the class of the Hybrid Teas, it 5? not 
included in this list; if it were, it would have 
the place of honor: 
light colors. 
1 . Francolse Michelon, 9. Victor Verdter, 
2 . Marguerite de St. A- it). Countess of Oxford, 
mande, It. Rev. J. B. Camrn, 
3. countess of serenye, 12 . La Relue, 
4. Abel Grand, 13. Mine, Boll, 
5. Mdlle, Therese Levet, 14. Princess Charlotte, 
c. P.aioness Rothschild, 15. Bolidleu, 
7. Mdlle Eugenio Verdter, iy. Baroune Provost, 
S. Paul Neyron, 17. Anna de Dlesbach. 
DARK COLOUR. 
1. Alfred Colomb, 4. Pierre Hotting, 
2. Marie Baumann, s. Maurice Bernardln, 
3. Horace Vernet, 6 Louis Van Houtte, 
7. Prlnoe Camille de Rohan. 
Killing Codling Moth and Canker 
Worm. —There seems to be no doubt but that 
water, In which Paris green or London-purple 
has been put, if pumped over tbe trees through 
a hose from a garden engine when the fruit is 
first forming, will prove a perfect security 
against codling moth and canker worm. We 
do not like the idea of using these poisonous 
substances in things we directly eat, says Mr. 
Meehan. _ 
Manure from Swamp Muck. — To make 
a complete manure from swamp muck, says 
Dr. Stewart, we would proceed as follows : 
Take of seasoned swamp-muck 40 bushels, or 
one two-horse wagon load; mix thoroughly 
with it five bushels of wood-ashes, 100 pounds 
of fine bone flour; 100 pounds of finely ground 
plaster, and throw it into a heap, in which it 
wUl heat and ferment, and leave It for two or 
three months. This will be equal to twice its 
bulk of the best cow manure. If night 60 il 
could be added to it, it would be increased in 
value. 
What are Diatoms ?—Tbe New York Times 
answers : Diatoms are microscopic aquatic 
vegetable organisms, endowed with a power 
of motion, and consist of simple cells covered 
with a coating of silex and increase by a pro 
cess of budding and separation. Their struc¬ 
ture is very curiouB and beautiful, and some 
species have their eilicious coatings exquisite¬ 
ly marked, and thus form inteiesting objects 
for Btudy under the microscope. They are 
very tninnte, measuiinga thousandth part of 
an mch up to twice that size. Some species of 
the genus Bacillaria are supposed, with good 
reason, to invade the blood of animals and to 
produce various febrile diseases, Buch as hog 
and chicken cholera. It is highly probable 
that the largest number of diseases which 
affect animals most virulently are produced by 
the infection of the blood by these minute 
organisms, which by their rapid increase dis¬ 
organize it and render it unable to support 
life. A large variety of these diatoms are 
found in guano, into which they have doubt¬ 
less b°en carried in the excrements of sea 
birds, which have either fed upon these vege¬ 
tables, or upon fish which have eaten them, as 
they exist plentifully in sea water. The bulk 
of large beds of rocks is formed of the remains 
of diatoms, and the bed of the ocean for hun¬ 
dreds of miles in places consists of mud formed 
of their shells or coatings. 
Manuring for Potatoes —The distinguish¬ 
ed chemist, Dr. Augustus Voelcker, says that 
he has made a good many experiments on the 
potato crop with a view of ascertaining how 
'he produce could be raised, and he has found 
that when the manure is applied early in 
Spring, so that it becomeR thoroughly part and 
parcel of the Boil in which the potato is grown, 
the effect is superior to what it is when the 
same manure or the same manuring mixtures 
are applied later in the season. Cover them in 
and get them as much distributed as possible 
with the soil. There must be time allowed for 
the mineral constituents to be thoroughly 
changed in the soil. We know, as a matter of 
scientific interest, that the form in which plants 
take up their food is not the crude state iu 
which we apply it. Take, for instance, the 
case of potash. If you apply potash in the 
month of April for the potato crop, it is prac¬ 
tically of no effect whatever. We usually ap¬ 
ply to the land a cheap salt of potash, the 
crude potash 6aits which are very largely im¬ 
ported from the North of Germany, kainite or 
crude potash saltP, and if you apply them in 
the Autumn they undergo a series of chemical 
changes—the potash gets fixed in the soil, 
oilier constituents pass into drainage, which 
arc considered of less importance, and then 
you get the potash not so soluble as to injure 
the crop nor 60 insoluble as to be ineffective. 
You obtain the necessary element, potash, in a 
condition much more favorable to the healthy 
growth of all plants, not only potatoes, than 
you obtaiu it by crude application. Potash is 
not more specially necessary for potato cul¬ 
ture than it is for any other crop—for wheat or 
turnips. The fact is that all green crops take 
a very large proportion of potash out of the 
soil, that has to be supplied in some shape or 
other, in the case of light soils especially. 
Horse meat as Food —Some very interest¬ 
ing statistics have been published by the soci¬ 
ety for promoting the use of horse-flesh and 
the flesh of asses and mules as food, showing 
how steadily the consumption of these articles 
ot diet has been increasing in Paris and the 
provinces since the foundation of the society 
in 1800 The London Agricultural Gazette says 
that the weight has increased from 171,300 
pounds in I860 to 1,983.620 pounds in 1S79. Iu 
the principal cities of the provinces the con¬ 
sumption of horse-flesh may be considered to 
have fallly taken root. At Marseilles, in 1870, 
there were 590 horses eaten ; 1 031 in 1875, and 
1,533 in 1878. At Nancy, 165 in 1873, over 350 
in 1876. and 705 in 1878; at Rheiras 291 in 1874, 
423 in 1876, and 384 in 1878; at Lyons 1,839 in 
1873, and 1,813 in 1875. The average price of 
horse-meat is from 25 to 30 cents per pound. 
Each horse furnishes about 200 kilogrammes 
(400 pounds) of meat, which is capable of 
being prepared in many by no means unappe¬ 
tizing ways, such as pot au-feu, boiled, roast, 
hashed, haricot, jugged, filet, etc. 
Inoculation as a Preventive of Anthrax. 
—M. H. Toussaint, the celebrated French vet¬ 
erinarian, lias been making a large number 
of experiments on different animals to dis¬ 
cover some preventive ef anthrax or black-leg, 
ard finally declares that after many unsuccess¬ 
ful attempts he has at length arrived at a very 
simple method of effecting his purpose, and 
this is done by inoculation. It is well known 
lbat some animals, like the pig, never take 
anthrax, while others, and among them some 
kinds of sheep, resist inoculation for the disease. 
The great merit of his method of Inoculation 
is that it is always effective, and in a letter to 
the American Veterinary Review for October, 
he discribes his mode of performing this oper¬ 
ation. 
‘•1 first used the filtration of carbuneular blood 
from a dog, sheep or rabbit he says." ‘ For lhat 
purpose I took the blood of an inoculated ani¬ 
mal, as be was about dying or immediately after 
death. This blood was deflbrinated by beating, 
run through a cloth and filtrated through tenor 
twelve sheets of paper. It is by this process 
that three pups three months old, and the first 
ewe, were vaccinated. But this is a dangerous 
method and not at all practical, as often the 
fissures allow bacteridies to pass through, and 
they cannot be recognized with the microscope, 
as they arc very few, aud then animals which 
we wished to save were killed. Being unable to 
obtain a litter giving a sufficient quantity of 
filtrated matter, I used heat to kill the bacter¬ 
idies, and exposed tbe deflbrinated blood to 50° 
temperature for ten minutes. The result was 
complete. Five sheep vaccinated with three 
cubic centimeters of this blood have been inoc¬ 
ulated with very active carbuncnloua blood and 
showed no effect from it. However, to obtain 
a complete immunity, it is necessary to make 
several inoculations. Thus, after the first pre¬ 
ventive Inoculations, I inserted under the 
Fkiu of the ear of two sheep carbunculouB 
blood of the rabbit and spores of culture. One 
of these, died with a large number of bacter¬ 
idies Id the blood. 1 then inoculated again tbe 
four remaining sheep with the blood of the dead 
sheep, after heating it to 55°, and since that 
time each 6heep has been inoculated twice with 
carbunculous blood without result." 
dtojtolien. 
MICHIGAN NOTES, 
There may be better locations on “Uncle 
Sam’s” farm for hoarding up wealth than are 
found in Manistee County, but for the poor 
working man, thero are but few better locali¬ 
ties in which t» get a comfortable liviug, and 
keep a respectable hold on society than iu the 
various towns of this county. To be sure he 
must labor if he 1 b desirous of rising iu the 
world; but if he is ordinarily careful, he will 
enjoy the best of health, and that will add to 
his happiness as bags of gold would never do 
with disease eating at his life aud heart. 
The soil throughout the country varies from 
a light sand to a rich clayey loam, with a limy 
subsoil. The timber is maple, beech, elm, ash 
pine and hemlock, readily convertible into 
lumber if desirable. The old forest trees have 
grown to a great bight, and many of ihem are 
of gigantic, size. Wheat, rye, oats, barley and 
corn are giown to a considerable extent. 
Fruit growing is proving a success, and large 
orchards are beginning to appear on many 
farms. Berries of almost all kinds are found 
in every successful farmer’s garden to a 
greater or less extent, and nowhere cau one 
find finer garden vegetables than can be raised 
here, For grains, fruits, and vegetables the 
stands at our county fair would compare favor¬ 
ably with those in any county in the Slate. Sum¬ 
mer pasturage for stock costs almost nothing ; 
for from the first of April cattle feed in the 
woods, and by the first or middle of June, are 
ready for market. Our Winters are long and 
often accompanied with deep snows, but the 
thermometer seldom falls ten degrees below 
zero. On the coldest morning during the past 
Winter the mercury stood 5® above zero. 
The Winter previous, It went but 2° below. 
Land can be bought for from 25, up to any 
figure, according to location and improve¬ 
ments. Go into what country you will, and 
you will find discontented ones, who wish al¬ 
ways to be on the move, and these are al way s 
ready to sell cheap for cash. Such are found 
here. Energetic men frequently come and 
buy these places, go on with improvements 
already well begun, make a good liviug, and 
think it is one of the best localities in the 
world. There are some here who have boon 
East, West and South and now declare thar, 
all tbiugs considered, they could do better 
here, than anywhere else. The grasshoppeis 
are never a pest; the “tater bugs" cud be 
vanquished; cyclones as yet have never vis¬ 
ited this regiou. Work is plentiful, and wages 
are good. Farm hands get $15 to $18 per 
month; carpenters, $3 00 and $2 50 per day. 
Education receives more than ordinary at¬ 
tention. It is the aim of almost every district 
to procure good teachers. Churches of var 
ious denominations are organized In nearly or 
quite every town iu the county, and the most 
fastidious may find congenial society. Liter¬ 
ary circles are numerous, instructive, even in 
seemingly out of-thc-way places. Thrift aud 
enterprise are seen hero and there through the 
various townships. Handsome frame houses 
are taking the places of the old pioneers' 
cabins, and well improved farms, with fruit¬ 
ful orchards occupy the place that twelve 
years ago was one dense forest. m. e. a. 
Bear Lake, Mich. 
--- 
RURAL SPECIAL REP0RT8. 
Bozeman, Gallatin Co., Mont. Ter., Oct. 26.— 
The Beeds and plants the Rural was kind 
enough to send me last Spring were duly plant¬ 
ed, with the following resultsGolden Ovoid 
Mangels attained large sizo, although the sea¬ 
son was short and very dry and unfavorable for 
root cropB ; used irrigation. Mold’s Ennobled 
Oats, planted iu drills, were the beet filled aud 
prettiest-looking oats I have seen ; but unfor¬ 
tunately Jack Frost nipped them severely ; 
UBCd irrigation. Magnolias and Abies SIbetica 
didn’t come up at all. The other flower seeds 
came up und are doing finely. The Cuthbert 
Raspberry plants were received in splendid 
condition and planted in good, rich, dark soil 
(dark clay loam) situation partly shaded. The 
plants commenced to grow, but afterwards 
died. I experimented with 50 Cuthberta, 
which I bought of E. P. Roe. In Cornwall-on- 
the Hudson, and planted them right alongside 
of Turner, Philadelphia, Ilerstine, Davidson’s 
Thornless aud Mammoth Cluster; but not a 
Biugte plant survived, while all the o.hers (ex¬ 
cept Herstine, which didn’t make a very rapid 
growth) were growing finely and fruited abun¬ 
dantly. The Snyder Blackberry, of which I 
set ont 50 plants early last Soring, shared the 
fate of the Cuthbert—not a slugle plant sur¬ 
vived. My farm is about 4,900 feet above sea 
level, and is situated ou the head-waters of the 
Missouri River, at the foot ot the Rocky 
Mountains, iu Gallatin Valley. Montana Terri¬ 
tory. I set out an orchard last Spring and 
shall report the results to you next year. The 
trees are all looking well so far, and five cherry 
trees fruited last Summer. Winter wheat 
froze out to a certain extent last Winter, and 
