DEC. 41 
THE BUBAL 'NEW-YORKER, 
cookeries, one-third of a pint per day, or 1 
gallons per year. This mode ot consumption 
disposes of 535 000 000 gallons, leaving 900,000,- 
000 or so to be made into cheese and butter. 
Of this Becond balance it is probable that 350,- 
000,000 gallons are devoted to cheese, and 550,- 
000 000 to butter. In this event, some 12(j 000 
tons of ripe cheese are produced, and 29,285 
tons of butter per annum. From America and 
Canada about 70,000 tons of cheese per annum 
arc imported, and from other sources, about 
30,000 tons, which, together, amount to about 
four-fifths of the home production. Of butter, 
about as much is imported as is produced at 
home. 
Herefohds and Short horns. —In discus¬ 
sing the comparative merits of these breeds the 
Mark Lane Express says that the relative use¬ 
fulness of both breeds in England is no crite¬ 
rion wbateverof their relative usefulness in this 
country. There are few graziers, it thinks, in 
Engluud who would buy Short horn bullocks 
if they could get Herefords, and yet the breed 
does not extend itself in that country, a pretty 
conclusive proof that for other purposes than 
beef production, they do not give satisfactory 
results. The agriculture of Eugland, in its 
opinion, is tending more and more towards a 
system of breediug, rearing and feeding cattle 
on arable farms where the return is to be made 
in both milk and beef; and it is decidedly of 
opinion that the Short-horn will meet these 
conditions while the Hereford will not. But 
in this country, or rather in those parts of it de- 
voud to the rearing of cattle under the system 
of allowing the calf to run with the dam aud 
take all her milk—a system of gruzing pure 
aud simple—it thinks the Hereford will bo the 
right beast iu ihe r,ght place. It believes that 
this question will be thoroughly tested, not by 
fanciers or fashion mongers, but by men whose 
single aim is to make the best possible return 
for their beef cattle, and it predicts an easy 
victory for the Herefords. 
Profits on Texas Cattle.— The cost of 
keeping cattle m Texas is estimated by the Fort 
VVoith Live Stock Journal at about ."51.50 a 
head, or $1500 a thousand. Four men, with 12 
to 10 horses, will tend a herd of 1500. The 
profits are us follows: Beeves, per head, cost 
$15; running expenses, $1.50; sell at $22, 
with a profit of 33 per cent. Profit on cows 
costing $13.5' per head; cost of keeping, 
$1.50, making $15. Increase of calves, 75 per 
cent., worth $5 per head. Net profit, 23 per 
cent. 
Duration of Glanders. —Iu a late discus¬ 
sion before the Central Veteriuary Medical 
Society of London, Mr, Huntiug stated, as re¬ 
ported in the London Veteriuary Journal, that 
the period of incubation of the disease, during 
which it might rest in the system without any 
outward symptoms beiug noticeable, might 
vary from eight days to three months. The 
French law is understood to be that if symp¬ 
toms of glanders become manifest within 18 
days after the sale of a horse, it is inferred that 
the animal had glanders in its system prior to 
its sale, and therefore the seller is responsible. 
According to Mr. Hunting, it is extremely 
difficult to determine from the manifest symp¬ 
toms of the disease how long the animal has 
been sufferiug from It, and he did uot believe 
any one could say positively that any particu¬ 
lar horse had beeu glandered for one month, 
or any other definite period. From this opin¬ 
ion, however, Mr. Steele differed somewuat, 
maintaining that under certain conditions and 
with certain peculiar symptoms it is possible 
to fix the duration of the disease at least to 
within one month. Mr. H.’s assertion that the 
disease is due solely to coutagion was not con¬ 
troverted. 
The Holstein Cross —Mr. Geo. E. Brown, 
the exteusivo cattle dealer of Illinois, writing 
to the National Live Stock Journal, of Chicago, 
says that his first impression was against a 
Holsteiu Jersey cross, but he has seen many 
excellent results and uot one failure from 
crossing pure Holstein bulls on grade .Jersey 
cowp, and he believes that for practical dairy 
purposes a judicious cross of this kind may be 
relied upon to produce uniformly good results, 
whether the male be pure Jersey or pure Hol¬ 
stein. Iri crossing, however, his first choice 
would be the pure Holsteiu on grade Short- 
horus. This cross, he says, uot only insures a 
deep milker, but retains the size and detracts 
nothing from the beef value of the Short horn. 
Next to the grade Short horn he would choose 
the Jersey or Ayrshire, his choice being gov¬ 
erned by the class of cow desired—a butter cow 
or a deep milker. 
The Future of Cattle Raising in Texas.— 
In urging upon the stock raisers ot thu Lone 
Star State the importance of improving iheir 
herds, the Texas Live Stock .Journal Bays that 
all stockmen already recognize that it is hard 
to find a good range to-day. Those who have 
lately moved towards Western Texas have 
difficulty iu finding water in places where 
stock are not already located. However 
plentiful land may be, water is scarce—to ba 
had only by building tanks or boring wells, 
the expenses of which 6crub stock will not 
pay, nor can poor men meet them on land 
which is not their own. In districts deserted 
by cattle the farmer is taking up the laud 
suitable for agriculture; sheep men, too, are 
taking a share, and cattle men must soon 
stop turning out their herds ou unlimited 
ranges, aud confine them in close quarters, 
and soou it will not pay to raise beeves that 
when three years old will not average $18 
a head; because the contraction of the pas¬ 
tures will not allow them to be raised in large 
numbers, aud in small bunches the price of 
such scrub stock will not pay for taking care 
of them. The only way out of the difficulty, 
it insists, is to Improve the breed and to raise 
animals that give a good profit in States where 
they are grazed on valuable laud, where every 
pasture is fenced, where they are fed for 
market, and where there ure expenses un¬ 
known at present to Texas stockmen. 
Buttering in Dublin. —For some years 
past large quantities of butteriue have been 
disposed of iu Dublin as pure butter. Hitherto 
the fraud has escaped almost unnoticed, to the 
great loss of dairy-farmers. Recently, how¬ 
ever, says the London Fanciers* Gazette, ihe 
authorities, aroused to action by the Rev. 
Canon Bagot and other members of the Agri¬ 
cultural Society, have set their faces against 
the practice. Several of the venders of this 
stuff were brought before the police-magis¬ 
trates by the Corporation and sanitaty officials 
the other day, and fined in sums of £5 and 
•CIO. Ihe certificate of Dr. Cameron, city 
analyst, set forth that the samples submitted 
to him consisted of a compound of foreign 
fats, instead of butter fats. In one of the cases 
the prosecuting official deposed that one of the 
cools of butter was marked butterine, but over 
the "‘ine’ was placed a smaller label, marked 
10d., so that the apparent marking on the cool 
was “butter, lOd." The magistrate said this 
was a very bad ca-e of deception, and imposed 
a fine of .£10. 
CATALOGUES, ETC., RECEIVED. 
Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the N. 
V • Association for Improving the Condition of 
the Poor, for the year 1880, etc. 
How Persons Afflicted with Bright’s Disease 
Ought to Live, by Joseph F. Edwards, M. D., 
published by Presley Blakiston, 1012 Walnut 
8t., Philadelphia, Pa. A neat little cloth- 
bound volume of 87 pages, containing a good 
deal of useful information for those afflicted 
with this disease, aud their helpful friends. 
(SturgrojitrL 
RURAL 8PECIAL REPORT8. 
Fla,, Starke, Bradford Co., Nov. 23._We 
are having an unusually wot and unpleasant 
Fall. We had a light frost the 15th of this 
month, and to-day there is a very cold north¬ 
east wind; it may freeze to-night. We have 
prepared for a frost by covering all very ten¬ 
der things, but we shall risk the orange trees. 
Many cover their smalt trees, but we think it 
best to let them get toughened, hoping the 
process will be gradual enough not to hurt 
them. They will stand a very heavy freeze if 
the sap is down, as we found two years ago. 
when they were completely covered with Tee 
aud uot hurt at all. The rains through October 
aud November iujured the cotton crop, and 
planters have uot realized mote thau half a 
crop. The sea-island or long-staple cotton is 
only raised oh the Sea Islands bordering on 
South Carolina, Georgia and in Florida from 
theSuwanee River to the ocean, this State, pro¬ 
ducing over half the crop, which iu grade rates 
with the best. Short eoltou is raised west of 
the 8uwanee to the northern uud western 
boundaries of the State. Our Jong-staple cot¬ 
ton is a lancy article sold by itself, and is mude 
no account of in the New York market reports ; 
it is mostly sold lu Savannah, aud is used in 
the manufacture of the bostqualitlus of thread. 
It is also used to mix with silk in making rib¬ 
bons aud other silk goods. The fiber isso long 
and silky that it can be used for purposes for 
which the short staple would uot answer. Two 
years ago the Willimantic Thread Compauy 
sent an agent here to buy up ibis cottou for 
their manufactory without the intervention of 
middlemen. It usually sells for about three 
times as much as the short staple. Last year 
the best short staple sold la Savannah for 12 
cents, aud the best long staple, for 36 cents, so 
you will see that as both kinds are raised iu 
the State, it is necessary to make a distinction. 
I. 8. 
N. Y., North Blenheim, Schoharie Co., Nov. 
25 —lu a late issue of the Rural, the Editor 
asks the result obtaiued by raising corn ou 
laud plowed in the Fall and crossed-plowed in 
the Spring. I eauuot give any results with 
regard to corn, so raised ; but I can tell about 
a crop of oats, raised under such circumstan¬ 
ces. Last Fall I plowed about one-third of a 
four-acre lot of rye stubble, and in the Spring 
I plowed the whole field, and the result was 
that the oats grew about one foot taller where 
it was plowed the second time than on the rest 
of the plot, and were the best oats by half. Peo¬ 
ple who passed by the field woedered what 
made the difference. I am well satisfied by 
this and past experience that it pays to cross¬ 
plow in the Spring for any crop. The long, 
dry Summer shortened the hay and potato 
crops in this section ; but corn never was bet¬ 
ter on the hills or on the Schoharie flats. Rye 
was a fair crop, as usual; as was wheat As 
this is a dairy section farmers do not sell much 
grain. Prices rule a^out as follows : hay, $15 
per ton; corn, 70c. per bush. ; rye, $1.00 per 
bush.; potatoes, 40c. per bush; wheat, from 
$1.10 to $125; oats. 40c.; buckwheat, 50c.; 
dairy butter, 25 to28 cents per pound; pork, 
$0 to $7 per 100 pounds. The dry weather has 
caused a short crop ol butter this season. It 
is nearly all sold, and most of it has gone to 
market. Hops are a poor crop and are selliug 
from 13 to 21 cents per pound. We are having 
some very cold weather: wo have about iwo 
inches of enow, with the thermometer below 
zero lor the last three days. The streams are 
all closed up and roads are fine. I am glad to 
learn through the columns of the Rural that 
the Now York Experiment Station officers are 
getting ready to do something. I would like to 
have them locate a sub-station, up in this sec¬ 
tion of Schoharie County, as we are a very 
poor class of farmers it would do us some 
good. i. P . 
Mich., Menominee, Menominee Co. Nov. 26. 
—This is a uewly-settled country, and lumber¬ 
ing is the main business as yet. Most farmers 
are getting three crops this Winter—cedar 
posts, logs and cord-wood. In Summer they 
get u few potatoes aud some gardeu stuff. The 
day is not far distant, however, when there 
will be some pretty large farms hereabouts, 
as the land when cleared of its timber is well 
adapted for agriculture, and there will be a 
good home market among the lumbermen for 
everything raised on the farm. * f. f. 
ANSWER8 TO CORRESPONDENTS. 
[Every query must be accompanied by the name and 
address of the writer to insure attention.] 
Value of Pumpkins for Milrh Cows. 
J. M, E., Auburn, A'. 1", asks if pumpkins 
are of much value for milch cows ? 
Ans —The pumpkin is not properly appre¬ 
ciated by dairymen or the general farmer. It 
is so easy to raise them iu this land of Indian 
corn that the farmer ought to study their value 
more closely. The English farmer founds the 
prosperity of his agriculture upon his turnip 
crop, and it is generally credited with a large 
share of the advancement made in England 
duriug the last fifty years. Let us, theu. com¬ 
pare the pumpkin with the turnip, aud to do 
this properly we mast look at the chemical 
constituents of each. Chemistry is the basis 
of all accurate knowledge of comparative val¬ 
ues. Profess jr F. H. Slorer, of the Bussey In¬ 
stitute, has made the most thorough chem¬ 
ical examination of the pumpkin, and we give 
his analysis in the following table, together 
with a German analysis : 
Pumpkin (European). 
“ flesh (American), 
“ rind 
" seeds,etc. “ 
Turnips. 
Kutabatras. 
S9.1 
0.0 2.7 rt.n 
1.1 
9-1.5 
0.9 0 9S :(.9. 
0.12 
>0 2 
■J.s ; 4(1 5.70 
0.49 
- 77.x 
ti.O 5.90 4.HII 
0.90 
,91.5 
l.O’O.Wa ii H) 
0.15 
S7.ll 
l.;i 1.10 9.50 
0.10 
Here it will be seen, if you take the average 
of the whole pumpkin, it is equal to ordiuary 
turnips in nutritive matter, and is scarcely in¬ 
ferior to the rutabaga. The seeds are very 
rich in muscle-forming matter and fat. They 
are too rich to feed lu large quantity, and care 
should be taken to feed the whole pumpkin 
together. The seeds sometimes become sepa¬ 
rated, and theu are eaten in too largo quantity 
by some cows, and they are a strong diuretic 
and act upon the kidneys ; but if fed with the 
whole pumpkin they will do no injury. Cows 
are fond of the seeds and will eat, them in pre¬ 
ference to the flesh if they find them separate. 
The rind is also richer than the flesh, but is 
not so digestible, having much more woody 
fiber. One most important poiut in favor of 
the pumpkin is its agreeable flavor aud the 
*ood quality of milk it produces It yields a 
fine-flavored butter, aud is a very healthy food 
for cows. The pumpkin can be raised much 
more cheaply thau the turnip. In fact, it can 
lie raised almost without labor. We have 
raised from two to four tonsupon an acre with 
corn, and without interfering with the yield of 
the latter. If pumpkins were raised alone on 
good land, probably 25 tons could easily be 
produced upon an acre. Every dairyman 
might easily raise one to two tons for each 
milch cow kept, and it would add materially 
to his income. 
MlncKlInnKoui. 
I. S-, Starke, Fla., incloses specimens of an 
insect which infest the leaves of the orange 
tree, and requests its name. 
Ans —This insect, which was onceso destruc¬ 
tive to Florida orange groves, presents the 
appearance of a minute, narrow, elongated 
scale, with a narrow, semi-transparent, whit¬ 
ish matgin. It adheres closely to the leaf, 
and is apparently formed by successive semi¬ 
circular layers, on the margin of the leaf. It 
is about a tenth of an inch in length when fully 
grown. It is known as the Orange Scale, and 
belongs to the genna Coccus. Tf one of the 
scales be carefully opened, the larva, or grub, 
may be seen in the cavity of the shell. The 
head of the grub is placed toward the narrow 
part of the shell, and from the under part of 
the breast, a piercer, or thread-like filament, 
proceeds, by means of which the insect sucks 
the juices from the leaves. It is said to have 
first made its appearance in Florida iu 1S38, 
on some Mandarin orange trees procured in 
New York. 
F, J] P , Loudon. Pa. t inquires what to do 
with barren, hilly pastures, and those too 
rough to plow, too dry to grow grass, and too 
much overgrown with ferns and brush to be of 
service. 
An 9.—This is a much-vexed question. If it 
will uot pay to mow the brush aud dig it out; 
if it eauuot be plowed, and if too dry lor grass, 
plant it to chestnut, or hickory, or maple, or 
black-waluut timber; set au apple or pear 
orchard upon it; pasture sheep upon tt in the 
daytime, and give them other food at night; 
beru a drove of hogs upon a few acres at a 
time, and scatter some corn on it; make ponds 
which will keep the water standing on it; sow 
Or plaut almost anything upon it in order to 
get shade, moisture and soil Sheep like the 
tops of hilly ground, aud will lie on the sunny 
side of a wind-break of trees or a board fence 
or stone wall and soon eurich the soil. 
F. M. B.. Huvklin, Mo., asks, 1. whether little 
pieces of the lower roots of peonies will ever 
make pluuts if planted in October, or is it 
necessary to take a whole toe; 2. the names of 
a few cheap gladioli that will be likely to do 
well there; 3, why did her double tulips blast 
in the bud last Spring ? 
Ans. —1 Probably not—we have never tried 
such small pieces with pseonies; but we judge 
from our experience with other root cuttings 
2 Charles Dickens. Eugcue Scribe. John Ball, 
Le Poussin. Mazeppa, Meteor, Penelope, Vesta. 
It would be far better for our friend to send 
for the Spring catalogues which will be an¬ 
nounced early in thenew year, and order mixed 
assortments. Really fine kiuds are offered for 75 
cents per dozen. The chief difference is that 
the names have not been preserved. 3. A 
severe frost would have blasted them. If the 
bnlbs were unharmed, we do not think of any 
other cause. 
S. N.. Middletown. N. 1'., asks how to make 
use of old refuse by burniug it under earth. 
Ans.— Several years ago there was started a 
patent plan of enriching earth by burning 
refuse under it, called “The Poor Man’s Man¬ 
ure." It is better to cover all kinds of refuse 
which must be burut. with a layer of earth or 
peat as in a coal pit. It serves to retain the 
valuable parts of the refuse, and at the same 
time dries the earth or peat which is then a 
very valuable nbsorbeut for house slops, or 
privies, or barnyard liquids. 
F. L-, 6 franvtUe , O., asks, 1, whether D. F. 
Beatty, of N J., is a reliable dealer iu pianos ; 
2, whether the Ohio Hedge Co. have a patent 
for bending and tying down the hedge, as they 
claim. 
Ans.— 1. D. F. Beatty sells cheap pianos, but 
they are as represented ; and so far as we 
know he is quite trustworthy. 2, VVb do not 
know anything about the Ohio Hedge Com¬ 
pauy, or about their claims for a patent. 
J IV. L,, Smith's Grove. Ky., asks whether 
apples, potatoes—sweet and Irish—turnips, 
etc., will keep in the same cellar without the 
evaporation from one injuring any of the 
Others. 
Ans. —We know of no reason why they should 
not, unless that "etc." includes something of a 
nature different from that of the things men¬ 
tioned. 
F M. Ji , Bucklin, Mo., asks for the en¬ 
tomological name of the five-spotted sphinx, 
and if the tobacco fly is a sphinx. 
Ans.— The five-spotted sphiux is known as 
Sphinx quinquemaculaius. The tobacco-fly, 
(more properly moth) is a sphinx aud the large 
*• Green worm" often found on tobacco plants 
is the larva of a sphinx. 
-♦-*-•- 
Communications received for the week end¬ 
ing Saturday, Dec. 4. 
F. B.—J. B.—I. P.—W. V. A.—S. R. M.—M. E. S. 
-J. R. B.-H. I,. W.-W. B. J.-I. S.-J. D. p._ 
L. S.—A. L. J.—L. S. H —M. C. W.—T. T. I,.—A. 
A. S.—W, F.—C. W H.—Mrs. M. L. S — M. W. F.— 
A. B C.—E W_— E M. 8.—A. B A.-Jl. P. \V\— 
F. R. M.—E G.-F. VY. B.—W. H. B., thauks-T. 
H. H.—C. H. J.—C. G.—L. B. W.—K. B. 
