344 
MAY 45 
NEW-YORKER. 
be laid out on lawns without gravel walks, are 
to be found in the leaves of many plants, such 
as Caladiums. Callas, Maples and other trees 
and shrubs. By pressing some of their leaves 
and then arranging them on stiff paper, some 
very useful hints can be had. 
From any given point in a right line to 
erect a perpendicular or a line at right an¬ 
gles :— 
Ou each side of the point a, take equal dis¬ 
tances, as ab, ac.; from b and e, as centers, 
with any radius greater than ab or a o, de¬ 
scribe arcs cutting each other in d or e ; then a 
line drawn from the poiut a through d or e, 
will be the perpendicular, or right-angled line 
required. 
This is a ready way of getting the transverse 
diameter of a circle, laying out parallel lines, 
etc. 
fig. 153. 
To divide a given angle into two equal 
parts:— 
From the point a as a center, with any con¬ 
venient distance, describe the arc b b : and 
from b b, as centers, with the same or any 
other convenient distance, describe arcs cut¬ 
ting each other in d; then a line drawn from 
the point a, through d, will divide the angle 
into equal parts. 
Tk'i6 problem is useful in laying out walks 
running at angles of 45 degrees to any straight 
line, aud to determine the proper position for 
arbors, vases or statues when placed in angles 
of gardens. 
FIG. 154. 
To set off a walk perpendicular to the cor¬ 
ner of a wall: 
Carry out the lines of the wall straight, each 
way. equal distances from a to any convenient 
points, as b b ; from the two ends of these 
lines, with equal radii, describe two arcs; from 
where they bisect each other, as at c a, draw a 
line to the corner of the wall, a, which line will 
be the center of the walk. At o c and a draw 
two circles the width of the proposed walk ; 
lines drawn from both sides of these circles 
will give the edge lines of the walk. 
To describe an oval whose length is given:— 
Divide the length into three equal parts, let 
the two inner points so found, a a, be the cen¬ 
ters of two circles, which shall form the ends 
of the oval; the intersecting points, b b. of these 
two circles, will be centers to the two segments 
required to complete the figure. This makes 
an obtuse oval and is not geometrically cor¬ 
rect, but is the one generally used in laying 
out gardens. 
fig. 156. 
To describe an oval whose width is given :— 
From the point a, where the conjugate and 
transverse diameters intersect each other, de¬ 
scribe a circle whose diameter shall equal the 
given width. From the points b b, where the 
diameter intersects the circle, describe two seg¬ 
ments which will intersect each other on the 
conjugate diameter, as at c c. Then, from the 
points d d, where the circle intersects the con¬ 
jugate diameter, describe the quadrant of a 
circle which will connect the ends of tho seg¬ 
ments. 
This gives a more acute oval or ellipse than 
Fig. 155, and one nearly geometrically correct. 
When la ! d down on a lawn or in a design for a 
garden, it looks much better than Fig. 155 
which should only be used when the adjoining 
figures are circles or segments of circles. 
fig. 157. 
To form an egg-shaped figure :— 
This is formed in the same way for one-half 
of the figure as in Fig. 156, with the addition of 
the semi-circle for the other half. 
In a given circle to inscribe any regular 
polygon:— 
Divide the diameter, e e, into as many equal 
parts as the polygon is to have sides; from e e 
as centers, taking the diameter of the eirole as 
a radius, describe arcs cuttiug each other in b; 
draw a line from b through the second division, 
c, until it intersects the circumference of the 
circle, as at d; the distance from d to e will be 
the leugth of one side of the polygon required: 
divide this distance off on the circumference 
and connect the points, and the polygon will be 
described. 
I have given as an example a decagon, but 
any odd or even-numbered Bided polygon can 
be laid out in the same way, always remember¬ 
ing that the line b d must pass through the 
second of the divisions into which the diameter 
is divided. In laying out a hexagon it is not 
necessary to luy it out in this way, as the Bide 
of a hexagon is equal to the radius, or half the 
diameter, of the circle, so that in it we have 
always a constant measure given. 
fig. 159. 
Figs. 159 and 160 are examples of flower beds 
to be laid out on the grass borders on each Bid' 5 
of a straight walk leading up to the house, as, 
for instance, from the street or road—only 
every altera ate circular bed should be planted 
with a shrub, aud then not with any species 
that will exceed four feet high when fully 
grown, or that cannot be kept within that hight 
by pruning. Rhododendrons, Azalea amceua, 
Tree-Paeonias, the dwarf-growing Japanese 
Maples and the curious dwarf varieties of Re¬ 
tin o«poras, Thnjas, Abies and other coniferous 
evergreens are admirably suited for this pur¬ 
pose. 
fig. 160. 
Fig. 160 would harmonize very well with 
houses in the Gothic or English cottage style, 
Fig. 159 is adapted to the Italian style. The 
semi-circular lobes at the ends of the square 
figures should be planted with low-growing, 
brilliant-colored flowers, or with plants of strik¬ 
ing-colored foliage, but of dwarf habit. 
Fig. 161 is an example of flower-beds laid out 
on a lawn without and gravel walks surround¬ 
ing the beds. The smaller beds should be 
planted with dwarf-growing, continuously- 
oloomiug, bright-colored flowers, such as Zo- 
nale Geraniums, Verbenas, etc. The larger 
beds may be mixed-planted, that is, with 
perennial herbaceous plants, scarlet Gerani¬ 
ums, plants with colored foliage, Gladio¬ 
lus and similar plants. To display such 
figures, it is absolutely necessary to keep the 
lawn closelv mown. The effect will be wholly 
destroyed, if the lawn is allowed to become a 
field of grass whose only value is the hay crop. 
fig. 162. 
Fig. 162 is an example of a tetragon in which 
the narrow walks are to be graveled and the 
wide walk to be of grass, if it is so desired. If 
not, it may be reduced in width by adding to 
the width of the outer beds. 
Fig. 163 is a combination of an octangular 
figure with a combination of circular and an¬ 
gular figures. The walks are of gravel. The 
beds in this figure are numerous aud afford a 
good opportunity for planting largely in color. 
Fig. 164 is a circular figure divided decagonal' 
ly. The walks are of gravel and the larger 
beds, a, are laid down in grass in which a cir¬ 
cular and a trigonal figure are cut out. 
(Momoloijiral, 
RASPBERRY SLUGS. 
I have recently been asked what will destroy 
tho worms that are making so many little 
holes in the raspberry leaves, and, thinking 
there may be others who would like to know, I 
will give here a brief resume of what I have 
given verbally to others. 
The raspberry slug that eats the holes above 
referred to, is, when full-grown, a little more 
than half an inch long, of about the same green 
color as the leaf upon which it feeds, with the 
exception that there is a line of darker green 
along the back. This is the larva of what is 
known as the raspberry saw-fly (Selandria 
rubx) ; not a fly in the sonse of a two-wiDged 
insect; for it is a black insect with four trans¬ 
parent wings, and is related to the bees and 
wasps. The worm, or larva, has 22 legs), a pair 
to each segment of the body except the fourth; 
it is nearly cylindrical, thickly set with green 
tubercles, from which arise fleshy-looking, 
forked, pale-green, hair-like branches, the two 
forks bending, in most cases, towards the ex¬ 
tremities of the body. 
These worms are produced from eggs de¬ 
posited In the leaves soon after they are ex¬ 
panded. For this purpose the female saw-fly 
has an ovipositor beneath the posterior part of 
the body, by means of which the eggs are in¬ 
serted beneath the skin alongside of the veins. 
The youag worm soon emerges from the egg, 
escapiug through an irregular hole made in 
the side of the swelling caused by the presence 
of the egg in the leaf, and at first feeds upon 
the more tender parts of the tissue. As it in¬ 
creases iu size, it guaws irregular holes in the 
leaf, or notches in its edges, often leaving 
only the coarser framework. The worms come 
to maturity from the middle of May to the 
middle or last of June, according to the lati¬ 
tude. At this time they leave the bushes, de¬ 
scend to the ground which they enter, and 
change to chrysalids, from which the flies 
come iu due time, to deposit their eggs for 
another brood of the worms. 
The latter feed mostly at night on the upper 
side of the leaf, where they may be found in 
the morning or during cloudy weather. For 
this reason it is easy to reach them with sub¬ 
stances that are used for their destruction. 
Several remedies have been recommended, 
but a little air-slaked lime dusted over the 
leaves iu the morning while the dew is on, 
seem3 preferable to any of the others, for the 
reason that it destroys most of the worms and 
is harmless to the fruit. There are a few of 
the worms every season, often so few that no 
remedy seems necessary; but when they be¬ 
come very numerous so that the leaves are 
liable to be so eateu as to interfere with the 
growth of the fruit, the above remedy gener¬ 
ally proves sufficient. G. H. Fkench. 
Oarbondale, 111. 
SOME NEW INSTANCES OF BONE-CHEW¬ 
ING BY CATTLE. 
PUOFESSOR F. H. STOKEI1. 
Attention- has often been called, in the 
agricultural papers, to the fact that eows will 
sometimes munch bones very persistently iu 
the pasture, and explanations have been of¬ 
fered both to the effect that the appetite of 
the animals is depraved and that they need 
some alterative medicine, or that they need 
phosphates to supply those carried away in 
their milk. Indeed, so firmly is the idea es¬ 
tablished that phosphates should be given in 
such cases, that some of the agricultural deal¬ 
ers In our American cities habitually keep and 
sell a coarse bone-meal, under the trade name 
crushed-bone,” which is prepared on purpose 
for feeding milch eows. 
