MAY 22 
THE RUBAI. fJEW-VOBKEB. 
329 
with the California mountain trout; shad with 
striped bass and with herriDg. Of these crosses 
there are the young, now in the hatching- 
house, of the salmon trout brook trout, brook 
trout California salmon, and brook trout Cali¬ 
fornia brook trout. It is observable of all hy¬ 
brids that they are usually more sby and wild 
than either of their parents, and that in appear¬ 
ance they generally favor their larger parent. 
The crosses between the brook trout and Cali¬ 
fornia salmon and the salmon trout and brook 
trout bid fair to be flue fish. Those now in 
the hatchery are eight inches long. 
It was hardly to be expected that so wonder¬ 
ful a discovery as the creation of a new species 
could be made without trouble, and we should 
rather be surprised at the success already 
achieved in hatching the young of the cross at 
all The number of combinations possible, is 
very large, and the pains and care expended In 
improving plants, vegetables and land animals 
may yet succeed with fish.—Scientific Ameri¬ 
can. 
feeling Is, and represent the spirit of the people 
against the fraudulent sale of oleomargarine. 
I would recommend the passage of a law, em¬ 
bracing the following features, which would be 
fair and sate for all concerned :— 
1st. Prohibiting the admixture of other fats with 
butter, milk or cream for making any compound 
to be sold as butter. 
2nd. Prohibiting tbe use of coloring matter to 
disguise the tissue fat of animals, manufactured 
for use and sold as butter or oleomargarine. 
Sd. Prohibiting the sale of oleomargarine as 
butter, and the use of the word, butter, In mark¬ 
ing, branding, selling and shlppLug any other ar¬ 
ticle than natural butter. 
4tu. Prohibiting the exportation of oleomargar¬ 
ine invoiced under any other name than oleomar¬ 
garine. 
5th. Prohibiting the use of Ingredients other than 
caul lat of healthy beef cattle In tbe manufacture 
of oleomargarine or similar compounds Intended 
for use as human food. 
6th. Placing the manufacture and sale of 
oleomargarine, and other admixture of fat 
or grease offered tor sale as food under the 
supervision of the National Board of Health, to 
prevent the use of refuse or diseased fats lu Its 
maufacture. 
And Including such other enactments as may 
be necessary tor the full protection of all prod ucers 
and consumers!)! legitimate articles. I also Inclose 
letterson thcsuoject, received from representative 
men In different parts of the country. 
Hoping for your best attention and trusting that 
Congress will see the importance of immediate 
action, lam 
Respectfully yours 
Francis D. Moulton. 
Pres. International Dairy Fair Association. 
may be honest and capable, but if milk comes 
pouring into the market in usual supply when 
from some unaccountable reason there is a 
greatly decreased demand for it, it may pour 
into the gutter and be declared sour; or the 
price may fall, as it sometimes does, to 60 or 
75 cents a can of 40 quarts, or not enough to 
pay the freight. Then again, the market is 
full of irregularities. One commission agent 
may have, In the course of years, gathered up 
a business connection of a superior kind and 
can dispose of his milk better than another 
who deals with a poorer class of retailers. 
Everyone cannot get to the top of a ladder at 
one time, and the one at the top can hold his 
place against all comers. 
To get hold of the best commission men is 
not easy. They are greatly sought after as a 
matter of course, and can get much more milk 
than they can dispose of. Sometimes when 
they are short, they fill out their supply from 
others, paying a little more than the ordinary 
rates, and in this and some other ways, some 
When a 
period is one of wonderful interest, and agri¬ 
culture is by no means behind other interests 
in this respect. What is in store for the young 
oiks cannot be dreamed of, any more than we 
could have Imagined, 25 years ago, what are 
now affairs of the commonest kind.” 
“ Don’t let us borrow trouble,” said I. “ We 
are living in the present. Let the young folks 
take care of their own world and time, as we 
have taken care of ours, and as the old folks 
took care of theirs. The human race will live, 
never fear. The question now before us is, can 
we live by making milk at two cents a quart. 
I would like, certainly, as our old friend re¬ 
marked, to have a larger margin than three 
cents a day on the keep of a cow, but as a 
Mercutio once remarked of a wound, “ It is not 
as deep as a well, nor as wide as a church 
door, but it is enough." If one can seciireevcn 
three cents a day, clear profit, on a cow's keep¬ 
ing, he is safe; but we can do better than that, 
even in selling milk at two cents a quart." 
“Be sure of one thing," said Mr. Marlin, 
“ and that is, one must figure closely whatever 
work he is doing. We are crowded ; that is 
certain ; and in a crowd there will necessarily 
be squeezing and pushing. In fact, we must 
make up our minds to work for a living only. 
Against thiat we shall always have the advan¬ 
tage—which some have not—that our living is 
a safe, sure and agreeable one.” 
“If we can make our cows pay for their feed 
and something over, without counting the 
manure which will produce other crops for 
sale, I don't sec that we have such a bad busi¬ 
ness.” said Fred- “ If we get on this farm 1,000 
bushels of early potatoes and 100,000 ears of 
corn to sell this year, which we expect, from 
the 400 loads of manure we have made the past 
winter, and have Ihe cows pay tbeir expenses, 
I think the poor farm can get along.” 
inegularity in price is unavoidable, 
short supply meets a good demand, milk will 
jump up to $1.50 or $1.75 a can, or even more; 
but one man may get the top price and another 
may not. All this is very unsatisfactory to 
the producer; but what can be done ? After 
some experience in the business I am sure that 
there is a6 much nonesty In the milk trade as 
in any other, and that the constant outcry of 
fraud and adulteration is made by persons 
who know nothing of -what they are crying out 
about. But what shall be done to secure to 
the dairyman every cent which he ought to 
have ? 
I see only one way, and that is to make con¬ 
tract with dealers, if possible directly; and 
if it cannot be done directly, to organize 
local associations and have a special agent 
to receive and sell the milk in bulk; then 
every member is sure of having his milk sold 
and of receiving the highest possible price for it. 
Such associations now in operation are found 
to be very satisfactory and have done away 
with all trouble, so far as their members are 
A Milk Producer. 
Sheep and Dogs.— Mr. Bourne says, in the 
Fruit Farm, that he watches closely and keeps 
plenty of hells on the sheep. Tbe sheep¬ 
killing dog is a sly, cowardly scoundrel, and 
doesn't like noise. If we kepthalf of our sheep 
belled, he has no idea the flock would ever 
be molested by dogs. 
Mr. Grubbs.—A pet sheep turned out with 
the flock will whip a dog. 
Mr. Miller.—Yes, I saw this tried the other 
day. A pet sheep was following me as I rode 
over the farm, and it ran at a dog and made 
him travel. I must not forget to mention tbeir 
great value of sheep as scavengers. The 
clean out all the fence corners, destroy sassa¬ 
fras, briers, etc., aud will soon make a farm 
clear. 
THE MILK TRADE 
CENTRIFUGAL FOR SORGHUM SUGAR 
The milk business is not a satisfactory one 
to the producers. By the strictest business 
methods, hard work and some skill in manag¬ 
ing his dairy, one may prodace milk for two 
cents a quart. But what other person than a 
dairyman is expected to sell his product at 
cost ? Yet, on the average, two cents is about 
what milk brings to the producer when it is 
shipped to city markets. Sometimes two-and- 
a-half cents may be procured and occasionally 
an unusually fortunate man may get three 
cents the year round. But the latter price is 
exceptional aud is the result of a permameut 
arrangement with some particular dealer who 
has a specially good class of customers. Now, if 
two cents are to be taken as the ordinary 
value of milk to the producer, one that is 
interested in the business very naturally in¬ 
quires who gets the difference between that 
aud the usual selling price in the cities, which 
is six or eight cents a quart. To pay 200 or 
300 per cent, of the value of any staple article 
for the service of distribution, seems to be ex¬ 
cessive, and fairly beats the cost of carrying 
grain to market, which is rarely more than 
200 per cent, of its first cost, and it is carried 
1,000 miles; while milk is seldom earned more 
than 100. In the first place, the railroads ex¬ 
act one-aud-a-quarter, one-and-a-halt, or two 
cents a quart for transporting milk from SO to 
100 miles. For 20 miles I have paid one-aud- 
a-quarter cent per quart on “ special rates,” 
which is considered a favor. The milk I 
grass or rubbish beneath the plum, peach or 
cherry trees, it will pay to lay pieces of board 
or nark or chips beneath the trees. The beetles 
will hide beneath these traps by day, and can 
be easily gathered up aud destroyed. Mr. A. 
8. Dyckman, of South Haven, Michigan, whose 
plum orchard has been immensely profitable, 
states that this method saves biro $300annually 
over the old method of exclusive jarring. Mr. 
Dyckman uses oak-bark, places two small 
pieces beneath each tree, on opposite sides near 
the trunk, with smooth sarface down. He 
employs boys to gather the insects, and pays 
them according to the number they find. This 
insures close examination. The curculios are 
placed in an open bottle, closed by the thumb 
of the one who is gathering them. 
Often the character of the orchard precludes 
this method, aud even when practised, it needs 
to be supplemented, late in the season, by the 
jarring or sheet process. This is not expensive, 
and often briugs a tremendous profit. To 
practice this we have only to put a Bheet—a 
white sheet is best—beneath the iree, and give 
the limbs a sudden jar. The little beetles fall 
to the sheet, when they can be caught aud 
killed. For a few trees the sheets can be tacked 
or sewed to a cheap rectangular irame, with a 
narrow slit ou one side, so that the trunk of 
the tree can be brought to the center of the 
sheet’s surface. With but a few trees, two 
persons can carry this sheeted frame from tree 
to tree. Iu large orchards it can be placed on 
one or two wheels, when oue person can easily 
manipulate it. The mallet should be of rub¬ 
ber, or else cloth-bound, so that in striking 
the branches they may not be injured. A sud¬ 
den jar is what is needed to fell the insects. 
From several years’ experience, I know that 
with caution no damage need be done. 
ThetreeB should be jarred very early in the 
morning, or j ust before dark, when the wee¬ 
vils are mostly in the trees. The jarring 
In tbe new industry of Sorghum-sugar mak 
iug, one of the chief difficulties with beginners 
has lain in the absence of some convenient 
and effectual device for separating the sugar 
from the molasses. To meet this desideratum 
Mr. 1. A. Hedges, President of the Mississippi 
Valley Cane-Growers'Association, has lately in¬ 
vented a hand centrifugal, a cut of which is 
concerned 
PETITIONING CONGRESS AGAIN8T OLEO 
MARGARINE. 
We have, just received from Mr. Francis D. 
Moulton, President of the National Dairy Fair 
Association, the manuscript of the following 
letter intended to be sent to Congressman 
Thomas, of Illinois, together with that petition 
against abuses in tbe manufacture and sale of 
oleomargarine, given at length in our issue of 
April 22 : 
Hon. John R. Thomas, House of Representatives 
Washington D. C. 
Dear Sir :—I send you by express to-day peti¬ 
tions signed by over twelve thousand dairymen 
and dealers in butter and cheese In the United 
states, praying for the passage of laws by 
Congress putting the manufacture and sale of 
oleomargarine under proper restrictions. Over 
T,ooo of these petitioners are residents of the 
State of New York which produces over half the 
butter and cheese made In tbe United States. 
New York and other states have enacted laws 
on the subject; but they have proved ineffective. 
The mauuiaeturera of oleomargarine have directly 
or indirectly evaded them, to the great Injury, 
not only of producers of, and dealers in, natural 
butter, but also of consumers. The article has 
been sold under the name of butter and Is being 
exported to the great Injury of American dairy 
products in foreign markets, The question con¬ 
cerns every owner of the 13,000,000 mlL cows In 
the United states, and of the land valued at over 
$1,300,000,000, on which they are supported. It af- 
ects au Interest that has, wltnln a few years, risen 
to the foremost place amongst our agricultural In¬ 
dustries, and was fast outstripping all others, 
it affects a class of men who have proved them¬ 
selves the most intelligent, enterprlzlng and 
thrifty of American citizens. It affects a branch 
of commerce which Is paying annually many mil¬ 
lions of dollars to the transportation companies of 
the U. S., and rurmshes an Important Item of our 
exports. It affects an Industry which, if prop¬ 
erly protected and encouraged, wtU Increase our 
exports more than any other article of American 
produce, it being wltbln the powers of this country 
to supply the whole world with butter and cheese 
cheaper and better than can bo made in any 
other country. The industry la more beneflclal 
to the country than any other. Its tendency Is to 
make every occupant of land Its owner, to promote 
Intelligence and advance the beat Interests ol the 
country. The industry improves Instead of 
Impoverishing the land. 
The followers of the dairy Industry have never 
asked for aid at the bands of the Government, 
and only now ask for protection against fraud. 
They do not seek support against fair and honest 
competition; but they need the strong arm of the 
law to protect them trom counterfeiting and dis¬ 
honesty chat affect the welfare of the whole 
country. 
The question has attained national signifi¬ 
cance. In aU seotlous of the country, the dairy¬ 
men feel the effects of the evil and cry for relief. 
The agricultural and dairy press of the whole 
country Is earnest in support of the dairymen’s 
demands, and hits raised lt3 voice against the 
wrongs from which they suffer. All other means 
have failed to stamp out the fraud. The country 
now requires the adoption of such measures as 
will effectually cure the evU. I can hardly hope 
the full prayer of the petitions I send will be 
granted; but they serve to show how deep the 
of oue pint to his customers. One wagon will 
make about 400 deliveries, equal to 200 quarts, 
in a day, aud the waste of dipping 400 times in 
the can loses 10 per cent., so that $4,50 a day 
is not very liberal pay out of which lo keep a 
horse, pay a man, lose 20 quarts of milk, and 
make a living for himself. The retailer, who 
is the most abused man iu existence, and is 
often the suffering victimof prejudice, ill-will, 
and ignorance, is clearly not to be considered 
as an extortioner. The railroad companies fare 
the beet; for the milk msiuess avowedly pays 
them belter than any other of their freights, 
while it is less costly. Doubtless milk might 
be carried 100 miles for half a cent per quart, 
which iB 22 cents per 100 pounds, a rate for 
which freight may he carried 1,000 miles at a 
profit. But the railroad returns the empty cans 
free, which iB to be considered. Ou the whole, 
Eome saving can be, and should be, made in 
the freight. 
When one has a definite thing to contend 
with he may act with some satisfaction. But 
when evety thing is uncertain there is trouble. 
The bulk of the milk business is done iu un¬ 
certainty. Those who have regular consignees 
under contract lo take so mauy quarts daily, 
may be counted happy, with all Iheir admitted 
troubles. But those who consign to a com¬ 
mission agent, like the troubled sea, never 
rest. These are the unhappy men. The agent 
CENTRIFUGAL SUGAR EXTRACTOR.—FIG. 1(4. 
herewith presented to our readers. A machine 
larger in size, but the same iu design, is also 
made for power, with pulleys instead of the 
bandgear. Of this hand centrifugal Mr. Hedges 
writes us: “This little machine is serving the 
needs of our beginners iu this industry, while 
learning lessons iu the primary department. 
1 send you a sample of sugar made from the 
juice of the Early Orange cane—a new hybrid 
—by Mr. J. W. Allen, of Jackson Co., Mo., who 
used only the most simple process, never ex¬ 
pecting to make any sugar at this time ; but he 
found it well crystalized, and upon getting a 
centrifugal aud swinging it out, he found him¬ 
self in possession of a quantity of sugar that 
excels any made from Sorghum, before tested 
by our sugar refiners. 
The polariscopic test showed 97 2 per cent. 
As some of the readers of the Rural may not 
understand this, it may be well to say that 100 
per cent, indicates pure sugar, hence this lacks 
2 4-5 per cent, of absolute purity. This cer¬ 
tainly is highly encouraging, and great was 
Mr. Allen’s joy to find that on the first working 
of his centrilugal, a bucketful of rnelado, or 
mush sugar, all swuug out dry in less than, five 
minutes, and this, too, in the presence of many 
who were skeptical about the production of 
sugar from that source.” 
Htbrid Fish. —At the meeting of the Ameri¬ 
can Fish Cultural Association in this city, 
March 30, Mr. R. B. Roosevelt read a paper ou 
hybrids, in which he said that, since the crea¬ 
tion of the fish hatchery commission several 
attempts have been made to cross varieties of 
fish, and with success in the following varie¬ 
ties : Salmon trout with white fish, salmon 
trout with brook trout; brook trout with fresh¬ 
water herring, with California salmon, and 
