on the same field this year show the effect o 
this cultivation and are now ahead of all the 
others. Esquire Davidson, who now resides 
on this street, and Mr. Wicks, wc suspect, have 
made an advance this year over tbeir former 
good farming, taking neighbor Veeder as an 
example, and have worked tlieir corn most 
vigorously, with a prospect of not being ex¬ 
celled. These farmers assert that corn will 
grow much faster while it is being worked, and 
in dry weather it should be cultivated often, as 
the more the ground is stirred and the mellow¬ 
er it is. the better it will stand tne drought. 
Enquire Davidson and Mr. Wicks excel m 
meadows; better Timothy than they have 
we have not seen. Both of them are cutting 
this grass while in blossom. They think it 
makes belter hay then, while the stems are 
soft. By the time the seeds form the stems 
become woody and lose their virtue, and the 
crop is -made much more exhaustive by the 
maturing of the seed. 
These farmers keep sheep as well as cows 
and make early lambs the source of profit with 
their sheep, eouuting ou the wool to cover the 
cost of keeping. Forty-two cents a pound for 
their wool is a remunerative price, with from 
three to four dollars for each lamb. Their 
flocks are grade South Downs. 
Mr. Wicks is working into Jerseys for his 
dairy, while Esquire Davidson has had faith in 
them for years. The amount of butter lie 
makes from them is largely in excess of that 
from the same number of native cows. He 
once had a notion for grade Short-horns for 
milkers, bat has given it up, as he argues it 
doesn’t pay to keep a big cow for a number of 
years simply because she is big and will make 
a hundred or two pounds of beef more than a 
smaller one, which all of the time will prob¬ 
ably make more butter. The difference in 
one season’s keeping will pay for all of the dif¬ 
ference in beef, and the extra feed for all the 
other years is thrown away. Esquire David¬ 
son has been raising and fattening steers for 
market, but as the Winters are so long he 
doesn’t think they pay as well as sheep or 
cows. 
These farmers think that a stiff sod makes 
the best foundation for a crop of corn, and a 
good sod is best made by using plenty of manure 
with the wheat or rye when the grass seed is 
put in. It takes root better and doesn’t kill 
out as much. They own improved implements, 
as by their use they save labor and can make 
more thorough tillage. Mr. Wicks works his 
farm of more than 100 acres with one team of 
horses. He keeps them up the year round, 
aud although it is a little more expenstve > 
by so doing they will do almost as much as 
two teams running to grass or poorly fed. 
Esquire Davidson has not forgotten the old 
notion for oxen, and they make a second team 
and when fully grown are turned into beef and 
a younger pair takes their place. In this way 
their growth is clear gain, which is often equal 
to double the first cost. These farmers have 
the independent ideas of their forefathers aud 
raise their own breadsiuffs. 
Both of them have their own kind of corn 
which they have grown for years, E-quire Da¬ 
vidson favoring the small 12-rowed Dutton, 
while Mr. AVicks raises a superior variety of 
white. A row of apple trees lines the highway 
in front of a part of Esquire Davidson’s farm, 
which bear excellent fruit. At Kirby Home¬ 
stead. also on Maple Avenne, roots aud stock 
are special features. Figs are oneof theleading 
kinds of stock. The surrounding country has 
been benefited by the stock bred on this old 
farm. An experiment is going on this sea¬ 
son to determine how cheaply pigs can 
he raised and fattened. The proprietor ex¬ 
pects to slaughter 12.1 pigs, and to grow them 
mainly on clover and roots, giving the young 
ones rations of corn three times daily. They 
are now doing well. He thinks he can make 
pork for three cents a pound with his system 
of feeding and management. He ins'sts this 
is the only way we can compete with the West. 
cultivated in other crops. Further, on well 
manured, nicely planled patches, the rust, if 
it appeared at all, has been quite light and its 
attacks have not seriously injured the fruit. 
In fine, it appears that just in proportion as 
the lands have been exhausted of the mineral 
constituents of plant, food, just in that propor¬ 
tion the rust has been violent and destructive. 
The inference then is, that fruits, aud espe¬ 
cially the sour fruits, are very exhaustive 
crops—that there can be no such thing as suc¬ 
cess in small fruit growing except by the re¬ 
newal of the plants and the enriching of the 
field by mineral manures every third or 
fourth year; and finally, attacks of rust, in 
almost any form, are more due to the weak¬ 
ened state of the plant for the want of suitable 
food, than to any real and inherent noxious¬ 
ness in the rust germ itself. 
In the rearing and care of domestic animals 
and in the cultivation of plauts the aim of the 
producer should be to furnish bis stock health¬ 
ful and abundant food and equally healthful 
surroundings, and in that way escape diseases 
which confine their at'acks mostly to the 
weakly. In a majority of cases where an ani¬ 
mal is attacked bv a violent form of disease, it 
dies; but if it lives it has cost more than it 
is worth to save. But iu the case of diseased 
vegetatiou of any kind, recovery is still more 
rare and therefore our efforts should be rather 
to prevent attacks than to attempt a cure 
after the attack is made—for such attempts 
are sure to cost more than they come to. 
Therefore, when rust, mildew aud blight come, 
it their progress cauuot be arrested at once by 
a timely application of manures or fertilizers, 
it will be found far more profitable to grub 
the diseased vegetation up, and replant anew, 
after supplying the soil with something more 
than tho original complement of manures aud 
fertilizers. 
The Fhengh Republic and Agricultural 
Education.—A paragraph is going the rounds 
of the press affording the interesting intelli¬ 
gence that •' tho French Government has or¬ 
dered a course of teaching in agriculture iu 
every primary school in the country.” I sup¬ 
pose this action must be accepted as a right 
and proper thing on the part of the republican 
government of France. But what shall be 
said of another, and older, aud many think a 
better and a greater republic, the governing 
powers of which have suffered a vast system 
ot schools endowed for the express purpose of 
teaching agriculture, to lapse into the insigni¬ 
ficant form of what G'ddwin Smith calls “Oue- 
horse Universities.” If the Republicans of 
France deserve high praise for that recognition 
of agriculture, 6hall it be praise or ceusure 
that shall be meeted out to a collection of 
lawyers and politicians which deny a few 
thousand dollars to the Agricultural Depart¬ 
ment and refuse to make its head more than a 
registering clerk ? 
An Experiment which Odghtto be Tried. 
—It is not a little singular that no attempt, so 
far as reported, has been made to ascertain at 
how low a cost priee cotton could be grown 
when undertaken under favorable circum¬ 
stances and on a large scale. The cotton crop 
of ’78 left first hands at something between 
seven aud eight cents, aud there was a uni¬ 
versal complaint that the crop did uot pay and 
that the cotton country would 80 on be impov¬ 
erished, if such prices continued. Fortunately 
the following year afforded a crop of unusual 
excellence, of great extent aud for which great 
prices were obtained, the advance in price 
over the previous year being fully three cents 
a pound and the increased yield more than a 
half a million bales. What the outcome of the 
crop of ’80 will be, it is too early to speak of with 
confidence, hut the reasonable chances are 
that it will be something more than an average 
one, for which fair prices wifi be had. But 
referring to the title at the head of this para¬ 
graph, 1 repeat that it is a singular circum¬ 
stance that no one ha6 attempted to ascertain 
at how low figures eottou eau be grown, not¬ 
withstanding it is the main crop ot ten great 
States, amounts to five or Bix million bales an¬ 
nually aud letches into this country, outside 
of that which is consumed at home, something 
like $250,000,000, 
In the case of indiau corn, the great and the 
leading cereal, the late Mr. M. Sullivant of 
Illinois, sometime since informed us corn 
could be growu for teu cents a bushel for the 
field work up to the epoch of maturity ; but 
almost anoiher ten cents would be absorbed in 
the husking, cribbing and shelling, making the 
cost of corn 20 cents per bushel in Illinois w here 
grown on a grand scale. As for wheat, Mr. 
Dalrymple and others of the Bonanza farmers 
of the Northwest, have demonstrated that 
cereal can be growu for something like once 
and a half the sum named by Mr. Sullivaut, or 
from 30 to 35 cents a bushel, and now it seems 
to remain for some Southern planter of equal 
acres, energy and enthusiasm to show us how 
cotton may he grown for five and perhaps four 
cents and upwards. And it would appear that 
the thing can be done, since there is no reason 
for supposing those vast improvements in 
methods of culture adopted by Messrs. Sulli¬ 
vant and Dalrymple, and which enabled them 
to make crops at the cost reported, may not be 
applied to the cotton crop, aud with similar 
results. Aud the time is not far off when the 
thing will be done, for at the late meeting of 
the Mississippi Valley Cotton Planters' Asso¬ 
ciation, at Vicksburg, measures were laken to 
hold future fairs at New' Orleans, Memphis, 
Little Rock and Montgomery, for the purpose 
of sbowiug and comparing the various kinds 
of cotton-growing implements, with the ulte¬ 
rior intention of so improving them, and in¬ 
venting others, that the fanners of the South 
may have the use of a system of machines 
which will enable them to do for the cotton 
crop what other machinery has done for the 
great cereal and some of the commercial crops 
of the North. 
Perhaps there is something like a sufficient 
reason why the cotton growers of the upland 
portion of the cotton belt,should stick to old 
methods and continue the use of antiquated 
tools and clumsy and inefficient machinery— 
the broken surface of the country, the acci¬ 
dents to which the land is liable, and its par¬ 
tially Impoverished state may be the reason 
and explanation—but for the vast alluvial and 
level tracts of land in Mississippi, Louisiana, 
Arkansas and Texas, admirably suited to the 
cotton plant, there is no mote excuse for the 
continuance of the old methods of cultivation, 
than for the tanners of the prairie of Illinois 
to grow corn after early New England meth¬ 
ods. What machinery has done for the cereals 
on the fertile prairie of the West, other im¬ 
proved machinery will do for the cotton crop 
on the rich alluvial on prairie land of the 
South and Southwest, and when the time ar¬ 
rives, we may hope to see as great an increase 
in the sum of the cotton crop, as we have seen 
since 1870 in the production of the cereals. 
Champaign, Ill. b. f. j. 
seen a cabbage Plusia worm on the cabbage 
in three years. 
No remedy short of Paris-green seems to be 
of any account and that, of course, is out of 
the question, for the cabbages on which it 
might be employed would be unfit for use. 
Salt, pepper, soot and everything else that in 
one or two instances have seemed to warrant 
recommendation have, in nine cases out of ten, 
failed. I know of a few persons who are rais¬ 
ing small patches of cabbages, keeping them 
from the worms by picking the latter off, and 
that seems about the only way to get rid of 
the pest. G. H. French. 
Normal University, Carbondale, Ill. 
ANNUAL FAIR LIST 
We herewith present a list of State and local 
ratrs which will be held this Fall In various parts 
of the United states. Having been compiled for 
the most part from statements made by the offi¬ 
cers of the several organizations, we believe the 
Information hero offered to be thoroughly trust¬ 
worthy. Secretaries ot associations, the fairs 
or which are not given here, will do us a favor by 
notifying us ot the time and place ot their respec¬ 
tive fairs. 
8 TATK AND INDEPENDENT FAIRS. 
Alabama, Monlstomerr. Not. 8,13 
Ain. Institute. New York City.Sept. la. Xnv, :r, 
Arkansr.ii, Little ltnck. Oct. 18 28 
California, Sucramontn. Sept.20,26 
Canada central. Guelph. Sent. 21,22 
Central Mivliixua. Lansing.Hepi.27, Oct. I 
Central Ohio. MpchaniCKburg.,.. Auk. 24 ?? 
Chicago, Chicago.Sept. 8 . Out.’28 
Cincinnati Indum. Kx.Sept. H, oet. * 
Connecticut. Meriden..... Sept, 21, 24 
Delaware. Dover.Sept.. 27, Out, 2 
Edinburg Union, Edinburg, Did. Sept. 2) 25 
E. Enterprise, SC, Enterprise, Ina. Sopf., 14 17 
Eat Stock Show. Chicago. Nov. 15.20 
Illinois. Sprinudeld.Sept, 27. Oct, 2 
Indiana, Indianapolis.Sept. 27. Oat 2 
International Shoep Show. Philadelphia Kept.. 20 ,’26 
Iowa, De« Moines. Sent. 6 10 
Kansas. Atchison. Kept, mi 
Kentucky, Lexington.Aug. 31. Sept. 4 
Kentucky, Louisville.Aug. 30. Sept, 1 
Knightstown Union. Knlghtat'n, Ind.Aug. 31, g, pt 3 
.Maine. Lewiston. Sept. 21 . 24 
Massachusetts Horticultural, Boston_ Kopt. u, 17 
Minn, Ag. &■ Mech. As., Minneapolis. Sept. 8.11 
Michigan, Detroit. Sept, 13 17 
Melbourne, Australia. Nov. I. 6 mo. 
Miss. Valley Unit. Soo . St.Louis. Sept. 7 , y 
Missouri, St. Louis. Oct. 4 , y 
Montana. Helena .. Kept. 8 u 
National, Washington, D. C. Oet, 4 ,' si 
Nebraska. Omaha. Sept. 20 25 
New Eng. Ag. Society’ll Exhibition Wor¬ 
cester, Mass. Sept. 6 it 
New Jersej*. Waverly. Kept. 20’ 27 
New York, Albany. Sent. 18.18 
Northern On so, Cleveland. Aug 30. Sept. 4 
Northern Kentucky. Florence.Aug. 31, Sept 4 
Northeastern Inct-inn, Waterloo. Oet, i ’ s 
Northern Indiana. Ft. Wayne. Kent, o' 10 
Nova Scotia. Kentvlllu. .Sept. 27. Oct. I 
Ohio,Columbus ......Aug. 30. Sept. 3 
Ohio Tri-State, Toledo. Sopt. 13, (8 
Ontario Provincial, Hamilton..Sept. 20, Oet 4 
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Sept. 1H 
Rhode falauo,Cranston. Kept. 21 ,23 
South Carolina, Columbia. Nov. !l 12 
Southern Ohio. Dayton. ... Sept. 13 I* 
South Eastern Indiana, Aurora. Sept. •, 11 
Texas.Austin. Oct. 111.23 
Vermout, Montpelier. Sept. 14 , 17 
Virginia, Richmond. Oet. 22,59 
Western Michigan, Grand Rapids. Sept. 20, 26 
Wisconsin, Madlaou. Sept. (>, 1(1 
White Hi vor Ag. Sou. (Vt ), Bethel....... dept, 21 , 23 
state and district fairs. 
Eastern Mich. Ag’l Soc.. Ypsllanti. Sept. 21, 24 
North Berrlau & Mich. Lake Shore, Ben¬ 
ton Harbor. Oct. ft, 8 
Toronto (Can.) Exnonit’n, Toronto, Ont. Sept, ti is 
Western New York...Sept. 29, Ont. i 
Southeastern Mo,, tape Girardeau. ._ Oct. 12 , ie 
Subina, Subina, Ohio.. Aug. 23 27 
Farmington. Mo... Sept. 14 ' is 
Charleston. Mo. Sept, 21,24 
Murphysboro, Ills. Sept. 21, 24 
Marion. Ills.SeDt. 28. Oct. 1 
P.ducah, Ky... Oct. 5 9 
Chester, Ills. Oct. 19 22 
It. I. Industrial Exhibition and Cattle 
Show, Cranston. Sept. 21, 23 
COUNTV AND LOCAL—NEW YORK, 
Allegany, Angelica. Kept. 28, so 
Broome. Wdltney’s Pulnt. Sept. 7, 10 
Cattaraugus, Little Valley. Sept. 14 iu 
Cayuga, Auburn. Oet. ft’ h 
Chautauqua. Jamestown. Sent. 2i 23 
Chemung. Elmira. Sept. 22, 25 
Chenango, Norwich. Sept. 8.10 
Columbia, Hudson. Sept, 14, |6 
Delaware. Delhi.... Sept. 28 «o 
Dnntiees. Washington Hollow. Sept. 21, 24 
Erie, Hamburg. Kept. 21,24 
Essex, Westport.,.,...... Kept. )4 16 
Franklin. Malone. Sept. 28, 30 
Genesee. Batavia.Sept. 21,23 
Greene, Cairo.. Kept. 22,23 
Hebron Town. West Hebron. Kept 22,23 
Hemlock Lake... Oct 6, 7 
Herkimer. Ilian. Sept. 14,18 
Jefferson, Watertown . Kept, 21,23 
Lewis, Lowville... Kept. 14 17 
Livingston. Geneauo. Kept. 22, 22 
Montgomery. Fondn. Sept. 21 . 23 
Niagara I.oc It port. Kept. 23. 25 
Ontario, Canandaigua. Sept. 28,30 
Oneida, Rome. Kept. 2u, 24 
Onondaga, Kyracunc. Sept. 21, 24 
Orange, Warwick. Sept 22 24 
Oswego, Mexico. Kept. 7.’ « 
Orleans, Albion. Kept. 24,26 
Otsego, Cooperstown. Kept. 27 , 29 
Queens, Mtneula.,,. Kept. 28. ,10 
Rockland, New City. Sept, 28, ;o 
St. Lawrence, Canton. Sept. 14 , 16 
Schenectadv, Kchnnectiidy. Sept. 21,23 
Schuyler. Wuiklna...Sept. 29. Oct. 1 
Schoharie Schoharie. Sept. 21,23 
Steuben, Bath.Sept 28. Oct. 1 
Suffolk, ltlvcrhcaU. Oct. 6. < 
Sullivan, Montlcello... . Sept, 29 3o 
Tioga. Owego. Kept, 28.80 
Tompkiua, Ithaca. Sept. 14. 16 
Washington. Sandy Hill. Kept. 7,10 
Wyoming, Warsaw.. Kept. 7, 9 
Yates, Penn Yau. Oct. 6, y 
COUNTY PAIRS IN OHIO. 
Allen. Lima..Sept. 28, Oct. 1 
Ashtabula, Jefferson. Sept. 22, 24 
Athena, Athena. . . Oct. 6, 8 
Auglaize, Wapakonetn. Oct. 6, 8 
Belmont. St. Clalrsville. Sept. 15. 17 
Hrown, Georgetown. Dot. 5, 8 
Butler: Hamilton.... Oot. 4, 8 
Carroll, Ourrolton. Oet. 6, 8 
Champaign, Tlrhanu.. Sept. 7.10 
Clarke, Kpringiield . Aug. 17.20 
Clermont. Boston... Kept. 7, lu 
Clinton, Wilmington. Sept. 7,10 
Columbian!!. New Lisbon. Sept. 14,16 
Coshocton, Coshocton. Sept, 21, 26 
Cuyahoga, Chagrin Falls. Sept, 22, 24 
Darke. Greenville. Sept.21, 24 
Defiance, Defiance.Sept. 27, Oot. 1 
Delaware, Delaware. Sept. 28 , 24 
NOTES ON CABBAGE INSECTS 
TnouGH the Rape or European cabbage 
butterfly first appeared here three yeirs ago, 
last year it was so abundaut all over the State, 
that there were more of them to be seen than 
of all other kindR ot butterflies, and even by 
“ eternal vigilance” it was well-nigh impossi¬ 
ble to raise cabbages without the heads being 
eaten by tbe caterpillars so as to be unfit for 
use. As these increased, the native Southern 
cabbage butterfly—Pieris Protodiee— decreased, 
till last year it was a rare thing to see one of 
the latter. 
Besides these two cabbage insects, there ap¬ 
peared last Fall another caterpillar, a little 
smaller than the Rape worm, the larva of a 
moth—Pionea Rimosalis—that we may call the 
Pionea worm. These are irotn one-half to 
three-quarters of au inch loug, gray along the 
sides with a yellowish stripe along the stigmata 
or breathing pores. The back of the worm is 
blackish-gray crossed by transverse white Hues 
of which there are five to each joint. These 
worms, when they leach their growth, enter 
the ground to pupate, where they weave for 
themselves a tough cocoon of silk covered 
with dirt on the outside. Inside of this the 
worm uudergoes its changes, all but tbe Fall 
brood coming out as moths iu two weeks. Last 
year the Rape worms were the most destructive 
till late iu the season, but this year the Pionea 
worms have been more destructive than the 
others. In fact, the Rape butterflies are uot 
so numerous as they were last year, while the 
Protodice are increasing so that one sees more 
of them just now in the fieldsthan of the Raue. 
This shows that the parasites of the Rape are 
increasing, aud these are not wholly confined 
to iusc-cts, for in some places the worms are 
attacked by a fungus disease, I am told, that 
is killing a great many. 
Iu habits of eating, this Pionea cabbage worm 
somewhat resembles tbe Rape in that it not 
only eats the outward leaves but those formiug 
the head as well, and is fully as bad as, if not 
worse thau, our European importation. There 
must, be three broods of the Pionea worms and 
possibly four or five, for tho following rea¬ 
sons:—Ou June 10th we hud full-grown worms 
which produced moths by June 25. The eggs 
from these produced the worms that have just 
disappeared from the cabbages, full-grown, 
to pupate. Last year we had worms late 
till the cabbages froze—aud by the way, I 
do not kuow of a cabbage worm that 
will staud more freezing than this. The 
chrysalids I wintered over produced moths 
from April 23 to May H, Moths hatching at 
that time would jirobabty produce worms that 
would mature by the time I took them full- 
grown from the cabbages, June 10. This will 
give ample time for four broods of the worms 
from the first of May to the time that the cab¬ 
bages freeze in October, and I am inclined to 
think there are that number. 
The Protodice worm does but little injury 
here to cabbages, it feeding more on other 
plants of the crucifent* family. I have not 
THE OUTSIDE AND THE INSIDE 
Rust in the Small Fruits. — For a few 
years past fruit growers have been as much 
troubled with rust on some of the small fruits 
as they have been with blight, mildew and rot 
ou the grape. This year strawberries were 
attacked worse than usual and earlier, and ao 
small share of the blackberry vines, where 
tbe plant had some time stood, has been 
so far injured as to have had a full set of fruit 
nearly spoiled. No reference is here had to 
the orange rust, which is a thing by itself, but 
to a species much less colored and pronounced, 
but none the less fatal to the perfection of the 
fruit. Heretofore tbe Snyder, among black¬ 
berries, and the Wilson, amoug strawberries, 
have been hardy in every respect, but this year 
the fruit has been on many patches either 
wholly lost or greatly deteriorated. But in 
most cases it has been observed that tbe worst 
attacks of this new form of rust (if it is a new 
one) have appeared on fields which have pre¬ 
viously borne two or three large crops—or on 
and which has been previously considerably 
