NEEDLE.—FIG. 322. 
At the present moment there is a great 
market in England for almost every variety of 
agricultural produce, but prices for the general 
run of such animals as are exported, though 
satisfactory to the common graziers aud stock 
farmers, are not high enough to tempt men of 
capital to breed, raise and prepare them for 
672 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
OCT. 
lish Stud Book as pure. Not being familiar of 
late with this publication, we desire to ask if 
that is the rule which now governs it? If so, 
would our cotemporary admit to his Stud Book, 
if tlie editor of one, a fifth consecutive cross, 
originating on the dam’s side from a great 
coarse English Lincolnshire black mare, 
stauding perhaps 18 hands high, and weighing 
2.000 pounds with little better or faster action 
than an old cow ? For our own part, we 
should fear the cart-horse blood of such an 
animal would crop out every little while, to 
the injury of the racer down to four tiineB 
a consecutive fifth cross from him, if not for a 
whole century or more. 
are kept as near a temperature of SO degrees 
as possible. 
This last process gives farmers a hint for 
producing elder as may be desired, by keeping 
the barrel in a warm place and adding cider 
to the vinegar barrel, or by putting a quantity 
of sharp vinegar into the cider. 
The cores and parings left from drying ap¬ 
ples may be used as above described, or they 
may be placed in jars or tnbB and warm water 
poured over them, and set in the sun or other 
warm place for a week or ten days and the 
juice added to the vinegar barrel, or used 
with the addition of cider. The principle 
of vinegar making is fermentatiou, and this 
comes from the presence of sugar, aud may 
be hastened by yeast or similar aids, but the 
best agent to produce fermentation is strong 
old vinegar. The lichcr the juice iu saccharine 
matter the stronger the vinegar, and the warm¬ 
er the temperature and the more the vinegar 
is exposed to the air the more rapid the process. 
Industrial Sorirttfs, 
SADDLE HORSES. 
NEEDLE. — FIG. 323. 
ui ai net., 
Raising trotting aud other horses doeB not 
remunerate very highly, because so few become 
fast enough to sell for the best prices, and as 
trotting is an unnatural pace to race in, a great 
deal of expense is necessary to keep and pay 
trotting men to handle the colts. Breeding 
race horses iB no better, on account of the 
tendency among thoroughbreds to grow light 
and weedy, so that should they fail in being 
fleeter than the average there is no demand 
for them. 
Now. as the best saddle horses in England 
are always in demand, and those of extra 
i merit sell for very large sums, any gentleman 
who would go intelligently to work in select¬ 
ing dams of powerful frames and using a 
stallion of the most fashionable blood, might 
secure an income of many thousands per an¬ 
num by such management as would bring out 
from 10 to 20 young horses just fit for riding in 
the chase, and the thousands might be tens of 
thousands if with proper breeding and man¬ 
agement, these young horses were large and 
strong enough to carry gentlemen of heavy 
weight up to the hounds. 
The art of successful stock farming consists 
in producing such animals as will sell for great 
prices without being obliged to expend heavily 
in preparing them, and these animals can be 
brought out fit for Bale without any expensive 
training. 
Saddle horses commanding prices equal to 
those of the best trotters here will require do 
breaking to harness, for it would be a serious 
drawback to a valuable hunter to have been used 
in any way in harness. o. g. 
Mmitarji. 
TREATMENT OF WOUNDS IN ANIMALS. 
Accidents will happen even with the great¬ 
est care. But as a rule we are not careful and 
run risks recklessly. It would not he so bad 
if means were always at hand to repair dam¬ 
ages. Almost every careful farmer has some¬ 
thing upon which he can lay his hand to re¬ 
pair a plow, a wagon or harness; but if his 
horse runs into a fence, or is kicked in the 
stable, or happens to meet with any such com¬ 
mon accident, or a cow is hooked by a cross 
compauion, there is running hither and thither 
for help, and no help at hand. And so the 
damage is greatly worse in its effects than it 
might otherwise have been, and an animaj 
may be lost or seriously reduced in value for 
want of ten cents’ worth of material and a 
very little foresight. Wounds in horses or 
cows are mostly superficial and consist of cuts 
or lacerations of the skin and subjacent tissue. 
These are very readily healed by prompt and 
proper treatment. 
The first thiug to be done in ease of such a 
wound is to secure the animal, if anj’ surgery 
i6 to be performed, as cutting or stitching. 
The wound is then to be cleansed with cold 
water, which tends to arrest the bleeding, 
while warm water encourages it. If the lips 
or edges of the cut or tear will not be subjected 
to severe strain by the movements of the ani¬ 
mal, they may be held together by plasters of 
common black pitch, or of an adhesive mix¬ 
ture of melted resin and tallow or beeswax, 
spread upon stout cloth, such as strips of bed 
ticking or strong sheeting. The plaster is 
cut into strips about one inch in width, and 
is applied to the Ebaved ekin, in such a man¬ 
ner as to resist the strain which would open 
the wound. Openings should be left in the 
lowest portion of the wound to permit the es¬ 
cape of pus that may be formed, and to inject 
any stimulant needed to produce healthy 
healing action. But it is always safe to close a 
wound with Btitches. 
Surgical stitches are made with a curved 
flat needle, having a thin, sharp-edged blade, 
which will ent its way through the skin. It is 
very difficult to force a round needle through 
be all the less so the sooner the wound is 
operated on after its infliction. So that the 
operator need not be at all nervous about hurt¬ 
ing his patient, and iu fact the less he thinks 
of it the more easy will be the operation. The 
edges of the wound are pierced in places oppo¬ 
site to each other and the thread is drawn up 
and tied and then cut, leaving the wound as 
shown at figure 324, which is the form of a very 
wound. — fig. 324. 
frequent cut or tear made by kicks or collis 
ions with fence posts or ends of rails. If the 
laceration is irregular, the stitches should be 
placed where they will do the most good in 
supporting the parts and keeping them in con¬ 
tact until natural adhesion occurs. 
Sometimes it iB difficult to get the lips of a 
wound in contact, as where the injured part is 
hollow instead of prominent, and in such eases 
a quilled suture is made. This consists of 
placing pieces of quill or cylindrical pieces of 
wood, as sections of common lead pencil or 
peeled twigs of trees, upon each edge of the 
wound and passing the thread over these aud 
tying the ends. This causes pressure to be 
exerted upon the lips which closes the wound. 
A very simple suture is made by passing a 
6 troDgpin through Ihe edges of the wound 
and winding a thread around the pin, and 
across the cut, iu the form of a figure 8, shown 
wound.—fig. 325. 
at figure 325. This is the usual method of clos¬ 
ing the cut made by a lancet in the operation 
of Weeding. 
To produce healing of a wound in a horse or 
a cow, some stimulant is nearly always re¬ 
quired. This may be common spirits of tur¬ 
pentine or the compound tincture of benzoin 
or that of myrrh and aloes. Either of these 
may be applied with a feather once a day, or 
if the wound is deep, the stimulant should be 
injected to the bottom with a common squirt 
can or a syringe. Wounds should always heal 
from the bottom, aud to secure this the open¬ 
ing should be kept free, by means of a plug 
of lint dipped in the stimulant used. Lint may 
lie made by scraping a piece of linen cloth such 
as a towel, with a knife, and collecting the 
loose fibers. Linen only should be used, and 
never cotton or wool for this purpose. If pus 
is inclosed in a wound and the opening is per¬ 
mitted to close, an abscess will be formed, or 
the pus will be absorbed, with some future ill 
effect. In the case of deep, punctured wounds 
careful search should be made for the possible 
presence of splinterB or other foreign bodies, 
and to enlarge the opening will often facilitate 
the search or assist in the ultimate healing. 
If the wound bleeds freely during its treat¬ 
ment, it should be kept clear by means of a 
Bponge or a soft linen '•loth, as an old hand¬ 
kerchief. Profuse bleeding may be stopped 
by pressure by pads, or by twisting a towel or 
a strip of hag cloth above the wound, and 
sometimes by sprinkling upon it powdered 
sulphate of copper, or the dust of puff balls. 
Simple cuts may often be healed very quickly 
by cleansing the part and binding a pad of 
lint upon it, which may absorb the blood and 
graphers' collodion, which is made of gun¬ 
cotton dissolved in chloroform, will be ol great 
benefit, as this substance painted over the 
wound with a soft camel’s hair brush, forms 
an air-proof film which shrinks as it hardens 
and draws the parts closely together, as well 
as protects them from air. 
The appliances needed to be kept ou hand 
for use in emergencies are few and simple. 
They consist of the two needles shown: a skein 
of white, waxed silk; some of the adhesive 
plaster mentioned; some prepared lint; a small 
bottle of tincture of benzoin or myrrh; a piece 
of soft sponge ; a soft, old, worn towel; a few 
stout pine; and, if possible, a foot or two in 
length of fine silver wire for making stitches, 
and lastly a silver milking tube. With these, 
kept iu a safe place, ready to hand, one may 
always be ready to repair damages in case of 
accident, and possibly save a valuable animal 
from loss or serious injury. 
Jarm droiwrair. 
CIDER VINEGAR. 
The enormous supply of apples all over the 
country suggests the idea that a good part of 
them may be turned into cider vinegar with 
profit. Viuegar may be made direct from the 
apples, hut it is much preferable to first ex¬ 
tract the cider. 
When cider is intended for vinegar it should 
be made with the same cleanliness as if intend¬ 
ed for drinking or keeping, and the casks into 
which it is put for fermentation Bhould be 
equally sweet, aud if old whisky casks are used 
it improves the eider as well for viuegar as for 
drink. 
There should be nothing added to the juice, 
as pure juice is best; the mustard seed, 
sulphite of lime, and other such ingredients used 
for stopping fermentation, injure the vinegar. 
The better the apples the better the vinegar, 
and cider made late in the Autumn from fruit 
rich in juices, is much better than that from 
windfalls and early-gathered fruit, as cider is 
better for the same reasons. 
Vinegar may be made from crushed apples 
or from the pomace after the cider is pressed 
out, as is often done from the pomace of grapes 
and of other fruits. The apples are ground 
and put into shallow holders where they are 
left to ferment for a couple of days, then 
pressed and the juice put directly into old 
viuegar casks containing mother of vinegar. 
If the weather is cool the casks are placed 
where they w ill he kept warm, and in a few 
months the vinegar may be drawn off into 
clean vessels. The chief auxiliary to produc¬ 
ing vinegar quickly is exposing the fluid to the 
air at a mild temperature, but for the best 
cider vinegar, where haste Ib not necessary, it 
is better to extract and barrel the cider, allow¬ 
ing it to ferment as in the best process of eider 
nuking, and then using the cider as desired. 
Most cider vinegar, and perhaps the best, is 
made by leaving the bung open and allowing 
the change to take place giadually, which 
will be in a longer or shorter time as the tem¬ 
perature is warmer or cooler. 
Numerous methods are in practice by large 
manufacturers who purchase large quantities 
of cider and expose it to the air in large vats 
iu various ways. One process is to allow the 
eider to run slowly over beech shavings; 
another allows it to trickle down over boards 
or shelves, while still another process is to 
force bubbles of air through the liquor con¬ 
tinuously. 
A French method consists in Bcalding the 
barrels with water and then pouring boiling 
vinegar into them and rolling them until the 
barrels are thoroughly saturated, when the 
barrels are filled about one-third full of cider 
viuegar and Borne two gallons of cider poured 
in each seventh or eighth day until the casks 
are two-thirds full. In two weeks from the 
time of adding the last two gallons, one-half is 
drawn off and the process repeated. The casks 1 
THE QUEENS CO. AGRICULTURAL FAIR. 
First Premiums to the Rural .New-Yorker for 
Seedling Potatoes, Wheats, Corn and Oats, 
(Rural Special Report.) 
All things considered, I deem this one of 
the most efficient and successful fairs of the 
country. I am far from wishing to pay the 
Secretary a compliment such as is nsnally 
passed as a matter of courtesy ou such occas¬ 
ions, when I say that to his intelligent, unre¬ 
mitting, courteous efforts seems to be due in a 
great measure the happy adaptation of all the 
fair machinery to the purposes which aie In¬ 
tended to be subserved. There was no con¬ 
fusion or disorder anywhere. 1 beard on the 
part of visitors only words of praise, and, 
though 15,000 persons were collected together 
upon these grounds during Wednesday (the 
middle day), there was no department, no 
special class of articles, which could not be 
leisurely examined by everyone. 
Only in the stock department was there an 
approach to failure, aud iu that the failure was 
well-nigh complete. A Guernsey bailor so, sev¬ 
eral Jerseys and 8hort-homs; a few 8outh-Down 
ewes and bucks aud a dozen hogs—Poland- 
Chinss, Berkshires, Yorkshires and Ghester- 
Whites—completed the exhibit. The poultry 
department was, however, as usual, varied and 
extensive. 
Among farm implements, Kemp's Manure 
Spreader, described in our fair reports, at¬ 
tracted a good deal of attention and favorable 
comment. A better display than usual of reap¬ 
ers and mowers, pulverizing harrows, grain 
and fertilizer drills of many kinds, was well 
arranged over the lawn appropriated to this 
department. The beautiful “Twine Self bind¬ 
ing Harvester" of the Walter A. Wood M. & 
R. M. Go., attracted while in motion such 
crowds of people that its continued action was 
not deemed desirable. 
The display of vegetables, grain, etc., was 
one of the best, both in quantity and quality, 
ever exhibited. Mangels and beets, caboages 
aud pumpkius were of immense size. The 
Rural Nbw-Yobker took the first premium 
for varieties of wheats and seedling potatoes. 
Twelve ears of the Chester Couuty Mammoth 
Cora also took the first premium tor heaviest 
ears, and the Blount for the greatest uumber of 
ears ou a stalk. The Mold’s Ennobled Oats 
also took the first premium as the best in their 
class. Thus the Rural’s first exhibit at fairs 
has proven very gratifying, everything which 
was entered for competition having taken a 
first prize. 
The Rural Branching Sorghum elicited 
maDy remarks from farmers who read the 
explanatory labels. It is a suggestive fact 
that most visitors do not read labels, unless 
they are in conspicuously printed letters or 
the article itself excites the curiosity to fur¬ 
ther inquiry. Upou each plate ol seedling 
potatoes the Roral had been at the pains of 
writing upon the label the number of eyes 
planted and the exact weight of yield in 
pounds. I did not observe one person who 
seemed to notice it—as if the potato itself, and 
not the yield, were all that it was worth while 
to look at. Again, 1 have never seen the fact 
better demonstrated that size is with judges, 
among vegetables as with fruits, that which 
determines the awards of premiums. The first 
premium for late potatoes was given to the 
largest potatoes, with large, goggle eyes and 
homely shape, while a bushel of Late Suow- 
llakeB of uniform, medium Bize and perfect 
symmetry, with small, surface eyes, were 
passed over as If they had been buried in the 
earth. It was the same with themaugelB, beets, 
squashes, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, etc., etc. 
Mr. Ricketts exhibited at this fair his grapes 
for the lirBt time. Among them was one which 
struck my fancy immensely. It was numbered 
97, and is a seedling of the Concord aud Tren- 
tbarn Black. The hunch is very large, loosely 
Bet; berry very large—as large as the mon¬ 
strously exaggerated pictures of Moore’s Early 
—black, blue bloom; flesh tender, aromatic, 
sweet, vinous, juicy. Mr. R. says the leaves 
form a clot which will protect it from the irri¬ 
tating effects of the atmosphere. Nothing else 
more irritates raw flesh than contact with air ; 
and the first thing to he done to soothe the 
pain of a wound, is to protect it from the at¬ 
mosphere. 
Injuries to cows’ teats are very common by 
one animal stepping upon another when the 
latter is lying down. Such wounds can only 
be treated by stitches so placed as to restore 
the injured parts to their natural position. To 
insert a silver milking tube into the teat, will 
help to keep it in position while the stitches 
are being made, and in this delicate organ the 
fine needle (fig. 322), should be used. The milk¬ 
ing tube should be left in the teat so that the 
milk may escape as it is secreted. In such 
delicate operations as this, the use of photo 
tough skin, and for this purpose a needle 
shaped as shown at figure 322, is used. This 
may be used for a delicate operation and the 
coarser needle shown at figure 323—which is a 
common packing needle—may serve for rough¬ 
er work. The needle should be kept sharp and 
whetted upon a fine stone to secure smooth, 
keen edges to the blade, which will enable it 
to pass through the skiu with ease and with 
the least pain. Usually the lips of a wound, 
especially when it is contused, as if made by a 
kick or blow, are not very sensitive and will 
