MOV. 13 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
753 
Hairs iusbattiim 
THE DAIRY COW. NO 15 . 
HENRT STEWART. 
The Use of Ice In Dairies. 
The use of ice is one of the modern improve¬ 
ments and has done more than anything else 
to raise the quality of the butter made in dai¬ 
ries. A family dairy can scarcely be conducted 
successtully without the use of ice: the milk 
dairyman find3 It indispensable; aud the but¬ 
ter maker who desires to produce a fine quali¬ 
ty of goods cannot dispense with it. The 
consumption of ice is regulated by a few pre¬ 
cise conditions upon which Its economy de¬ 
pends. to a large extent; and without some 
iknowledge of which much waste will occur. 
X>AIHX AND ICE HOUSE.— FIG. 361. 
The most economical use of ice is when it is 
applied directly to the cooling of the milk 
alone, aud is not wasted iu cooling the sur¬ 
rounding air or the readily conducting walls 
of ill-adapted vessels or receptacles for the 
milk. Probably the most convenient manner 
of using it is in a non-conducting refrigerator, 
closet or tank of the kinds which have been 
heretofore described. In using these it is well 
to remember that once the water or the air in 
the tank, or closet, aod the substance itself of 
these, have been cooled to the lowest degree, 
the greatest economy consists in preserving 
the low temperature by keeping up a supply 
of ice. The loss of ice by conduction from a 
well constructed closed refrigerator is very 
small; but If this Is left open when not in use, 
a considerable quantity of ice will be required 
to cool it down again, and this waste is loss. 
One pound of ice will cool one pound of water 
of 174 degrees to a temperature of 33 degrees. 
In other words, one pound of ice in melting 
absorbs 142 degrees of heat. This is known as 
the measure of the latent heat of water at 32 
degrees, and which must all be given off to the 
atmosphere before the water can become com¬ 
pletely changed to ice. It may be said, then, 
that water absorbs cold, which is the same 
thing practically, as giving out heat; and this 
result may often be turned to good aceouut in 
milk rooms or dairies in cold weat ter, to pre¬ 
vent the milk from freezing, by parting a tub 
of warm water into the dairy. The water will 
freeze before anything else, and iu freezing 
actually warms the air aud contents of the 
dairy, or rather, in reality, takes up all the 
cold In excess of 83 degrees, until it is frozen. 
One pound of ice, therefore, iu melting, will 
absorb Buffieieut heat to reduce four pounds of 
milk from 80 to 45degrees; and if a good re¬ 
frigerator is used, there will be little loss of 
MILK AND ICE ROOMS.—EIG. 362. 
ice in overcoming the waste from the cooler. 
The qnantlly of ice to be provided may there¬ 
fore be readily calculated, by considering that 
every pouud melted, will take 142 degrees of 
heat from a pound of milk ; 71 degrees from 
two pounds; 47 degrees from three pounds; 
36 degrees from four pounds; or eighteen de¬ 
grees from eight pounds. If therefore the 
milk is first Bet in cold spring or well water, 
and reduced down to 63 degrees, one pound of 
ioe will then be able to reduce nearly 10 pounds 
of it to the still lower and perfectly safe tem¬ 
perature of 45 degrees. At this temperature 
the cream may all be raised from milk in 13 
hours, and milk may be kept sweet for 72 
hours or longer. 
An ice house aud a supply of ice will be 
found indispeusable to every well conducted 
dairy from a one-cow establishment up. The 
supply of ice may be procured without diffi¬ 
culty by throwing a low dam across a small 
stream, and collecting the water in a pond, or i 
by excavating a pond, where there are no other 1 
means of getting it. A cubic foot of ice weighs < 
about 55 pounds, or one ninth less than water. t 
A surface of less than 80 square feet of ice six i 
Inches thick will yield a ton. and a pond of a { 
quarter of an acre will therefore give 136 tons i 
with ice of this thickness only. The ice house I 
and dairy should be contiguous and yet sepa¬ 
rate. The communication may be by a double 
door, as in the plan here given, in which the 
ground floor and elevation of a buildiDg pro¬ 
posed by the writer and built by a Western 
dairyman, are shown. The grouud plaD in¬ 
cludes a churn-room with a milk-room at¬ 
tached. and an ice house Iu the rear commu¬ 
nicating by double doors. The dairy is in¬ 
tended for the use of portable creameries and 
is supplied with cool spring water from a well 
under the floor, to which a windmill is at¬ 
tached. A couuectlon with the windmill oper¬ 
ates the churn. The upper Btory is used as a 
store room for butter pails and spare utensils, 
and Is reached by a stair-way in the milk-room. 
This upper story provides excellent ventila¬ 
tion iu the milk-room. The method of con¬ 
struction Of the milk room, as regards floor, 
light, etc., and of the furnishing, is similar to 
that previously described and need not be re¬ 
peated. The construction of the ice h'-uee is 
ot sufficient importanc *. to occupy the next 
chapter. 
- «♦» - 
AMONG THE CREAMERIE3. 
It is not many years ago—not a score of 
years at most—since the farmers of Orange 
and Chenango Counties manufactured the 
butter and cheese from their dairies of 20. SO 
or 40 cows, storing it carefully through the 
Summer, sure of securing a good price for the 
entire stock in the Autumn. Times have 
changed. Creameries have started up every¬ 
where. Instead of a score or two of dairy 
women engaged in butler making, one deft- 
haoded maiden does the work of all. Tne 
creameries of Chenango County are thickly 
scattered over hill and valley throughout its 
entiie extent. I'hey do not attempt to com¬ 
pete in size with the mammoth Western cream¬ 
eries, which have taken away the reproach of 
the old-time Western butter. From two hnu- 
dred to six huudred cows are perhaps the 
usual number for a Chenango County cream¬ 
ery. Let ns look in upou one where the milk 
of more than 400 cows Is manufactured into 
butter and cheese. 
The building is situated in the valley of the 
Unadilla, near the base of a hill from which 
an abundance of pnre cold water is brought in 
large iron pipes. The large cheese room is 
furnished with counters which fill ail the 
space, aDd extend over the entire room. 
The rooms below are three: first, the “ make 
room," containing two huge tin vats within 
wooden vats for cheese making ; a gang press 
where 15 cheeses are pressed by one screw ; an 
old-6tyle press for four cheeses, and a steam- I 
engine. Second, the churn room, where four 
two barrel churns are worked by the engine 
in the room below, and huge stacks of “ white 
clover ’* creamery pails and a batter worker 
complete the furniture. Third, the milk-room 
filled along its entire length with laige tin 
vats standing in larger vats filled with water. 
Opening from this room is the platform where 
the milk is lifted from the wagons by a wind¬ 
lass and huge iron tackle, poared into the 
weigh can which stands on large F lirbank’s 
scales, and is thence through tin conductors 
carried to the milk or cheese vats. 
If “full stock" cheese Is to be made, the 
milk is carried at once to the cheese vats, ren¬ 
net, etc., added and the whole brought to a 
proper temperature by heated water around 
the vats from the steam-engiue. Then, when 
the curd is formed, it is cut b? curd knives, 
perpendicularly and horizontally, into small 
squares, scalded and salted, the whey drawn 
off, the curd ground through a curd mill, and 
then packed Into hoops and placed in the 
press. It half-skim cheeses are to be made, 
half the milk is allowed to stand in the vats 
for 12 hours. The cream from this is slightly 
soured, and churned the following morning. 
The cream being at the exact temperature re¬ 
quired—58 to 60 ^—and the motion of the churn 
dasher steady and exact, the golden globules 
t appear in about 30 minutes. The butler is 
F washed in co:d water, salt is added and in a 
i few hours the butter is worked through the 
i patent worker, and packed lu pails, a gilt- 
edged article. Everything about the creamery 
i is clean and sweet. The forewoman has oue 
, male assistant through the entire season, and 
E a seoond through the press of work. The 
i most perfect cleanliness Is exacted, and the 
air is aB sweet as in a Jersey woman's dairy, 
a In many creameries large pools of water hold 
3 the “ coolers"—deep pail6 in which the milk la 
3 placed. 
Creamery butter brings in market from 
3 three to ten cents per pound more than dairy 
1 butter, a most potent argument In favor of 
a thus uniting the small dairies into one wcere 
a pei feet article is made. Western butter it 
I was once thought would never interfere with 
State; creameries have proved this opinion a 
fallacy. Near E'g'rn, Illinois, forty cream¬ 
eries scattered over the prairies gather no the 
milk so easily produced, and manufacture an 
article rarely equaled. 8o with as good a 
grace as possible we have only to resign our¬ 
selves to the inevitable, thankful for the insti¬ 
tution of creameries, Mrs E J Richmond. 
Jntrustrial JSoriftifS, 
VIRGINIA STATE FAIR. 
["Rural Special Report.] ] 
The 20th annual exhibition of the Virginia < 
State Agr cultural 8ociety, opened at Rich¬ 
mond on October 25. and the exhibits, both in 
variety and quantity, were fully t-qual to those i 
of former yeais. The weather during the en- J 
tire fair was pleasant, and no rain interfered 1 
to trouble the exhibitors or prevent a large at¬ 
tendance. Tbe fair on the first two dayB was 
poorly attended, farmers and others prefer¬ 
ring tbe circus and o her outside attractions. 
On Thursday and Friday, however, the atten 
dance was very large, aud the receipts suffi¬ 
cient to place the fair on a paying basis. 
The grounds of the society are fine, and well 
laid out. Tbe location is good and easy of 
access; aud, with a few additional buildings, 
now in coatemolftlion, this Society will have 
grounds of which it may justly feel proud. 
The. officers Bpared no pains to accommodate 
the exhibitors, and their rff mts in this direc¬ 
tion have met with universal approval and 
made many warm friends. Owing to the ab¬ 
sence of a suitable bouse for the shelter of 
poultry, comparatively few coops were shown, 
but wbat was wantiugin quantity was made up 
iu the quality of the birds exhibited, and thus 
this department was far from a failure. Some 
very fine Houdans, Light Brahmas, White and 
Brown Leghorns, Plymouth Rocks, Golden 
and Silver Pheasants. Cayuga, Rouen and 
Pekin ducks. Games, Bantams, etc., attracted 
large crowds of visitors. 
In the Stock Department the entries showed 
forty-six bead of Jerseys, fortv-four Short¬ 
horns, twenty Devons, seventeen Ayrshires, 
six Holsteins, fourteen grades and a few Eere- 
fords. Of farm horses only a few Clydesdales 
and PeicberoDs were shown, and these wete 
notextra-fine specimens of the breeds. The Ag¬ 
ricultural implement exhibit was one of the 
largest ever shown on the grounds, local deal¬ 
ers especially seeming to vie with each other 
In the quantity and variety of their exhibits of 
implements of which they were the manufac¬ 
turers or general agents. Tbe Baltimore Plow 
Co. hud a variety of their plows on exhibition 
iu which they met with sharp competition from 
local manufacturers and dealers. A string- 
binder manufactured by the Walter A. Wood 
M. and R. M. Co., was run by an engine manu¬ 
factured by Wm. E. Tanner & Co,, of R ch- 
mond. and was especially admired by all who 
examined its perfect operation. Space will not 
admit of a minute account of all the imple¬ 
ments exhibited, but we give bcluw a brief de¬ 
scription oi the implements and machinery 
which were especially noticeable. 
Mr. M Williams. St. Jobnsville, N. Y., had 
on exh bition a thrasher made by him. aud 
sold daring the past season to Mr. Morrison, 
Frederick-burg, Va. The thrasher was shown 
in full operation, and tbe purchaser informed 
us that he hud thrashed 15 000 bushels of graiu 
with it daring the past season, aud that, entire 
satisfaction was giyeu in every ca-e- So great 
has been the demand for these separators that 
the manufacturer has found it necessary to 
enlarge his works ia order to supply bis large¬ 
ly increasing business, and hopes to be able to 
fill all future orders with promptness. 
Mr. W. Hutchens, general agent of the 
Baltimore Plow Co, Btliimore, Md., exhibited 
a full line of tbe R >laud chilled plows, from a 
single to a four horse implement. These plows 
are of the latest improved patterns of chilltd 
plows, aud the sales during the past season 
have exceeded anything ever before known in 
tho history of the company. They are now 
using the celebrated Bower’s patent reversible 
point, which is claimed hy the manufacturers 
lo be the most advantageous and economical 
improvement ever made in a plow. 
Mr. V. Wethekill exhibited the "Little 
Giant itnasher and cl aner," manufactured by 
Messrs. Heebner <fc Sons, Lant-dule, Pi, Tbis 
company has been in business since 1840, 
and th ir long practical experience of the 
needs of farmers In this line and the best 
way of meeting them, has enabled them to 
place a dr6t-.lass machine upon the market. 
Among the many points of excellence of the 
“Little Giant" we notice an Iron cylinder, a 
new iron concave, a patent duster and a self- 
adjusting wind regulator, and steel teeth, 
which combine with other meritorious points 
to make this separator atl that the manufac¬ 
turers claim for U, 
New Jersey Agriculi ural Works, Tren¬ 
ton, N J., exhibited the Butterworth thrasher 
•nd cleaner. This separator is supplied with ad¬ 
justable boxes throughout, which cntlrelv pre¬ 
vent all lost motion ; this is effected by simply 
setting tbe set-screws. This separator was a 
center of attraction, its noLe’ess motion being 
particularly admired. It won the highest 
prize—a silver raedil—at the North Carolina 
8 tat« fair, held at Raleigh Oct. 13-33 18S0. 
W. H. Brown general Southern agent of the 
Empire Grain Drill Co.. Sbortsville, N. Y , 
had on exhibition one of their force-feed fer¬ 
tilizer drills. As the principles of force feed 
applied to the sowlne of fertilizers is a n velty 
in this class of machines, the "Empire" at¬ 
tracted the attention of a great m my farmers, 
ard its meritorious points were shown np by 
Mr. Brown much to tbe satisfaction of all who 
carefully examined its workings. g. b b. 
Big Giant Lorn and Cob llnt 8. In notic 
ing these at the St. Lonis fair we neglected to 
report that they were award* d tbe first pra- 
mintn overall competitors. This Is the thi'd 
year in sncceesion that these celebrated mills 
have carried off the first premium at tbe St. 
Lonis fair. They were also awarded the first 
premium at the Bdtiraore, Md fair and at 
every place where they were exhibited tbis 
year. Their new cast-steel grinders are a 
valuable improvement. At a recent, trial the 
Big Giant No. 1. which is the smallest size, 
ground oue bushel of ears of corn in four 
minutes with one mule, showing a draft of 110 
pounds. This was the best record in the trial 
—and shows a remarkably l : gbt draft in com¬ 
parison to the wotb done. k. 
fljc apiarian. 
THE DRONE BEE. 
The drones are bees of larger size, stouter, 
and more squarely built than the wotkers. 
They commonly raske their appearance in the 
hives in April, May and June; and are usually 
expellid from the colonies by a summary pro¬ 
cess in July or August. The head of the dimte 
is much more spherical than that of the work¬ 
er, the body is more balky and hirsute, and 
tbe abdomen terminates more obtnsely. 
Drones fly more hear ly and make a louder 
bumming than the wo»kers when on the wing. 
But their apparently most distinguishing char¬ 
acteristic Is the want of a sting, which con¬ 
stitutes the formidable weapoL of the worker, 
and with which even the queen is armed. 
Singularly contradictory opinions respecting 
the sex and functions of this kind of bee have 
reen entertained by eminent apiarians, and are 
Btill cherished and advocated by some, recent 
writers. Some, indeed, go so far as to refuse 
to acknowledge them to be natural aod neces¬ 
sary members of the busy commonwealth, re¬ 
garding them rather as misbegotten monsters 
or parasitical intruders. Such extravag nt 
notions scarcely deserve notice otherwise 
iban as curious vagaries not eerionr-ly requir¬ 
ing refutation. The workers build the cells 
in which the drones are bred; and the queens. 
In healthy colonies, lay the eggs from which 
they are hatched They and the wotkers are 
the offerings of the same mother, and have 
an equal claim to be regarded a6 constituent 
members of tbe community. 
But, conceding their rank and, equality, of 
what sex are they, and what is the design f 
their brief aod mono onous existence? lh*y 
are the male hees. and a»e hate tied fr**m no * - 
pregtiai*ft eggs. The fnncihm > f the drone is 
rolelv to impregnate tbe qteen. Wittio t this 
the queens would remain narren, and the race 
could not tw perpetuated. Bees are well aware 
that drones are absolutely indispensable in 
certain conditions of the colony At the wry 
time when, from want of pasturage and the 
unfavorable state of the weather, other colo¬ 
nies will destroy even the drone larvae t ose 
which are q.icenless and engsgrd in rearmg 
qm-t ns will cheri-h their drnue-bracd ss care¬ 
fully as they do the loyal cells. Si'ODg colo¬ 
nies alone and such as.' in the consciousness of 
iuci easing numbers, contemplate swarming, 
P' oduce droues. After the swann ha" del art- 
ed. and wnen the yonog queens are making 
their nuptial excursions, the droues are a wavs 
most numerous. True, a colonv which does 
not t-warm. or rearB no queens, would hare no 
occa-iou tor drones. But as the commaencies 
which may prevent sw«r ruing cannot he fore¬ 
seen, drones are, nevertheless, produced, be¬ 
cause m the event * f being wanted they could 
not be suddenly b*#d. 
Just w h it the longevity of the male bee is, I 
am unable to state. It is probable, j nigtng 
from analogy, that they live till acoidem. the 
worker bees’ or the verformmee of th*-ir nat¬ 
ural function cause their death. Tne wo ker 
bees are liable to kill off th*‘ domes, which 
they do by constantly bltiug and worrying 
them- They mav also destroy the drone brood. 
It is not vtrv rare to -ee workers carrying out 
immature drones even tn Mid summer. At 
the same time, too. they may destroy inchoate 
queens. Such action is prompted by a sudden 
check in the yield of honey, asd it case of the 
droDes it is moot common at the cloeo of the 
seaeoa. The bees seem very cautious and far¬ 
sighted. If the signs of the times presage a 
famine, they stay all proceedings locking to 
the increase of colonies. On the other hand, 
unlimited honey, rapid increase ot brood, 
crowd*d quarters—whatever the ace ot the 
queen—are sure to produce many male bees; 
1 while any c rcuinstaiie*‘s that turiiea e. a future 
need of drones will prevent their destruction 
even in late Autumn. Ligurian. 
