ary field stoues aud no mortar. This filling is 
not shown in the eut. Place boards of suit¬ 
able length, lb<xl6 inches, inside the ladders. 
Spread in plenty of mortar and lav in com¬ 
mon Held stone, chiuck well with little stones 
and pour on mortar, thin enough so that it 
will enter all the interstices. Spread ou mor¬ 
tar of the usual thickness and place in more 
stoues, and so ou until the top of the retaining 
plank is reached. In about two hours the 
plank may bo raised—as shown in the fig¬ 
ure—and supported by a small stick nailed 
beneath. When completed the walls should 
be trimmed up a little with some good mor¬ 
tar. While the work is progressing it is well 
to have a few broad, flat stones laid in the 
corners aud about the windows to bind the 
wall. 
The University silo walls are 20 inches 
broad and 20 feet high, and they were laid as 
described above. The mortar was made of 
one part of Fayetteville water-lime—fresh- 
ground—and five parts of sand all thoroughly 
mixed. When carefully built, such a wall is 
nearly perfection. It is something cheaper 
than an ordinary wall, and can be built by 
farm hands with a good mason to superintend 
and lay the corner. If a common wall 
is laid, the utmost care should be taken to 
chink and fill with mortar all interstices. In 
order to do this perfectly, the mortar must be 
thin, and it must be used liberally. The 
inodeni stone-juasou, without exhausting half 
of his possibilities, cau build a w'all that will 
let air through with far greater facility than 
will building paper. 
Figure 2 (Fig. 39) shows the general plan 
of the floor above the cellar; where the 
cellar windows and doors—all of which 
should be double and well fitted—are to be 
located as well as the door (10 feet wide) 
for the entrauce of carriages. The win¬ 
dows for lighting the carriage-hous? are not 
shown. They should be more numerous and 
larger than those in the cellar. Those where 
the carriages are to stand, on the left-, should 
have wooden inside shutters which should be 
closed when necessary, to keep the sun from 
sbiuing on the wagons. The squares 1111 
show trap-doors through which the roots can 
be shot into the cellar. The shoot should be of 
slats, and the upper end for two feet should be 
covered with a sack or blanket, and the lower 
end should have an old blanket attached with 
a little ingenuity, so that the roots will not 
be bruised. These doors should have strong 
hinges so that wbeu it is warm they may be 
partially raised. Thus fixed, nothing can step 
into the opening. 
When cold weather comes a false lid sup¬ 
ported by cleats at the bottom of the joists 
will holdthe packing—chaff—between it and 
the upper door. Figure 39 shows (= = thus) 
fivo wagons backed in, any one of which can 
be reached without disturbing the others 
The granaries are at- o oo; the tool-room and 
shop at II. The former have loose boards in 
front, and the latter is furnished with a door 
wide enough to allow a carriage to pass, and 
one-half of the floor is laid inclining toward 
the center. The boards of this floor are cut 
into, and rest on, a three-inch oak plank, hol¬ 
lowed out on top and let into the joist, or 
perhaps it would bo better to add to the w idth 
of the joists, to get the incline desired. Hard 
pine well seasoned and put together with 
paint, and kept well painted,will make a dura¬ 
ble, water-tight floor. There is room to 
place a narrow- work-bench at one side of this 
floor. This arrangement enables one to w ash 
carriages and harness in the coldest of weather 
by beatiug a little water on the stove. The 
chimney should start in the cellar so that a 
fire may bo built there if necessary in ex¬ 
tremely cold weather, ns wc can’t afford to 
take any risks with all our potatoes in one 
cellar. The tool-room should be lined with 
planed, matched boards; a place should be 
fixed for each tool and a picture of it should 
be painted in black paint immediately beneath 
the jflace where it is to hang. The floor of the 
entire building should be deafened with three 
inches of mortar and upon this, except in the 
wash-room, should bo laid a seasoned, two- 
inch matched and surfaced hard piue or hem¬ 
lock floor—the former is much the better. 
A fine harness room might be constructed in 
the triangle shown by the dotted lines. Don’t 
forget to put a large window in it, nor to hang 
the bridles in the tool room in Winter w here 
there should lie a little tiro. The dotted lines 
ruoniug across the building, show the locatiou 
of the “summer,” the ends of which are built 
in and rest upon the cellar walls, the top be- 
iug flush with the top of the walls (see Fig. 
(!) of the buildings. The middle is supported 
by three posts. The sills may be of two by 
eight plank doubled, spiked together aud 
laid in mortar. The corner formed by the 
sill and joist is the place whore much cold 
enters, aud it would be well, after the sills and 
joists are laid, to continue the balance of the 
i wall not Covered by them up to the floor line. 
the grain, to prevent it from warping or split¬ 
ting. I fastened the fourth leg to the hoop by 
means of a strong screw, and a pair of hoop 
iron braces made it complete. 
having pushed a straw in the teat too far and 
let it escape him. The consequence was that 
he lost the cow, after having a great deal of 
trouble himself and causing the cow much 
suffering. A quill is not so dangerous, but 
should never be used without wrapping a 
waxed thread around the lower end of it, so 
as to form an obstacle to its entrance further 
than it should go. Also the extreme end of 
the quill should be used, as this is naturally 
rounded and narrowed, aud thus has a good 
shape for its passage through the ducts. It is 
ODly necessary to cut off—or to file off is better 
—a part of the extreme end to prepare it for 
use, aud it should be oiled before it is put into 
the teat. But every one who owns a cow 
should have and keep a silver tube expressly 
for this purpose, as he may never know the 
day when he will want to use it. 
pains are taken to produce the best sorts, the 
potato crop will soon sadly deteriorate from 
the best varieties of 50 years ago. Such po¬ 
tatoes as the Long Pink Eye and Mercer of 
that time would be very hard to excel with 
anvtbiug we have at the present time. 
Rome, N. Y. Jonathan talcott. 
Sunt Akuz-YovLr.» 
A NEEDED CAUTION. 
Milking Stool. —Fig. 37. 
The pail sets in the hoop and rests upon the 
cross-piece. In this position it is so high above 
the ground that the cow canuot get her foot 
into it, ana though I used this stool for several 
months, I was never troubled by having the 
cow kick the pail from the hoop 4 ‘elm.” 
The cow’s udder, with its teats, is not a 
mere vessel with pipes for outlets, but a mass 
of intricate ducts which run together very 
much like those of a sponge. Fig. 36 shows 
the peculiar structure of the cow’s teat. The 
skiu is seen turned back, ami under it at the 
extremity i? shown the fibrous tissue of which 
the sphincter muscle is formed. This muscle 
is a voluntary one, and subject to the cow’s 
will, by which she contracts it, and so closes 
the outlet of the teat and prevents the escape 
of the milk. It is by the contraction of tins 
muscle as well as by the contraction of the 
A MILKING STOOL FOR A KICKING 
COW. 
All who have had experience in milking 
know how extremely annoying it is to have 
the pail unexpectedly kicked over, or a cow’s 
foot unceremoniously planted in the center of 
it. Some cows have learned this malicious 
trick so well that the most careful milker is 
not always shrewd enough to ward off their 
well-aimed strokes. A very severe case of 
CARRIAGE HOUSE, ROOT CELLAR, ETC, 
PROFESSOR I. P. ROBERTS. 
I am glad to learn that some at least are 
aware that it is neither pleasant nor healthy 
Cow’s Teat.—F ig. 36. 
whole of the udder that the cow holds up her 
milk when so disposed, aud one may see when 
a cow is thus engaged in thwarting the desires 
of the milker, how she will lift up the udder 
and contract it, and so draw together the 
sponge-like mass of ducts and cause it to retain 
the milk. 
But this peculiar structure of the teat offers 
a warning to owners of cows against any un¬ 
wise interference with it, more especially as to 
inserting straws and quills into it for the pur¬ 
pose of drawing off the milk. If the teat 
were provided with a distinct and well defined 
straight canal or duct, there would be little 
danger in pushing a straw or quill into it, 
providing it were done cautiously and with 
care, to avoid letting it escape into the orifice, 
where it would certainly do mischief. But by 
looking at the illustration, it will be seen that 
there is no continuous or direct channel 
through which any sharp-edged or slender, 
brittle tube, like a straw, could be pushed with 
safety or without dangerously irritating the 
sensitive membrane which lines the ducts. 
The structure of the teat may be thus ex¬ 
plained: In the center are seen the lactiferous 
ducts which run into each other in precisely 
the same manner as the cells ot a sponge; 
around these ducts and holding them, as it 
were, in place, is a fibrous tissue which is ex¬ 
tremely elastic, which is a part of the fibrous 
structure of the udder. Around this mass of 
tissue aud. the connecting ducts which ramify 
through it, is a layer of glandular tissue which 
is the same as that of the udder. These glands 
are made up of vesicles clustered upon fine 
tubular ducts, like grapes upon their stalks, 
secreting the milk which flows through the 
fine ducts into the larger ducts, where the 
milk secreted from these glands meets 
that which flows down from the udder, 
so that the teat is really a part of the 
udder aud does its part in producing milk, 
and is not a mere channel for its passage from 
the udder. A section of the udder, hi fact, 
shows a very similar structure, in each of the 
gland j or quarters, to that of the teat, aud the 
teat really differs from the udder in its struc¬ 
ture only at its extremity, where the real 
channel for the escape of the milk is very 
short and no longer than the thickness of the 
muscular covering. 
For these reasons one should be very cau¬ 
tious about interfering with the operation of 
the teat and especially iu trying to push any¬ 
thing iuco it. At times it is necessary to do 
this, but quills and straws are extremely ob¬ 
jectionable. They may be used without any 
apparent injury, but no one can tell how much 
harm may be done or wbeu a straw may take 
a wrong course aud tear the membrane or 
break off, and do very serious damage. A 
neighbor came to me not long ago in a hurry, 
PLAN FOR ROOT CELLAR, CARRIAGE HOUSE, ETC.—Fig. 39. 
to live over a cellar filled with vegetables. 
W. G asks for plunsfor a carriage-house, tool¬ 
room, work-shop aud granary, with a root 
cellar beneath that will not frec/e. 
A grout wall keeps out the cold far better 
than one laid in the usual way. Fig. 1 (Fig. 39) 
represents two 2x4 pieces, with narrow boards 
nailed on, leaving them 27 inches apart The 
cut shows the lower one removed. Set those 
“ ladders” about eight feet apart and stay- 
lath them plumb after the bottom is firmly 
fixed iu the ground to the depth of about six 
inches. If drainage is wanted, fill the trench 
below the level of the cellar floor with ordin- 
this kind once stimulated my mind to devise a 
means of saving the pail, with its contents, 
during the fits of insubordination. The result 
was the contrivance shown iu Fig. 37. 
Although the device looks a little compli¬ 
cated, only a few minutes were required to 
make it. I nailed a strong hoop from the top 
of a nail keg to one end of a piece of board, 
cut in the shape of an octagon; put three legs 
in the board, to support the weight of t.he 
milker, aud attached a fourth to the hoop, 
connecting the legs by cross-pieces, as indi¬ 
cated in the figure. I nailed a slat across the 
under side of the board, at right angles with 
