FES IS 
off when they reach the second horizontal 
wire, whereby the laterals are forced into 
stronger growth, each forming a medium- 
sized cane, which is shortened in the Fall 
from four to six buds. One of the two main 
canes may be layered in June, covering it. 
with mellow soil about, an inch deep, leaving 
the ends of the laterals out of the ground. 
These will generally make good plants iu the 
Fall for further plantations; with varieties 
which do not grow easily from cuttings, this 
method is particularly desirable. Figure 60 
shows the vines tied and pruned accordingly, 
at the end of the second season, the cross-lines 
through the canes showing where they are out 
off or pruned. 
Another good mode of training, recom¬ 
mended by Mr. A. S. Fuller, is to bend down 
in the Fall, at the end of the second season, 
the two main canes of the vine in opposite 
directions, laying and tying them against, the 
lower wire or bar of the trellis, as shown in 
figure 50, and shortening them to four feet 
each. Then let five or six of the buds on the 
upper side of the arms be grown into upright 
canes. (See fig. 01.) All buds and shoots not 
this variety some miles distant in another 
collection. The Rural's illustration and de¬ 
scription as to time of ripening, color, etc., 
fully coincide with my experience. R. W. 8. 
two-and one half inches wide and one inch 
thick, one strip or bar being placed one foot 
from the ground and the other at the top of 
the posts. Then take Mo. 1(1 galvanized iron 
wire and put it on perpendicularly, twisting it 
around the lower and upper bar at n distauce 
of about 1:2 inches apart. y* 
Galvanized wire is pre- 
ferable. and as a pound 
of Mo. 10 wire gives 10:2 \ j 
feet, the additional ex- } ( v ’ fiy 
pense is but very small. ♦ 1 
This trellis will prob- 
ably cost less than one C'-XT* 
with horizontal wires, 
and is preferred by ^ 
some. Practical expe- •. * 
rience, however, speaks 1 
iu favor of horizontal l -\:-. 
wires, and a method v f 
with only two horizon- Wk? 
tal wires, the lower ' ' 
about three feet high E b^ru 
and the upper about JM '' 
five-and-one-half feet 
M ?V* E T in8 th '’ T? Single "staVk 
..pm'on of v,Me.y»r.J^« Training.—F ig- 57. 
East and West. A good 
many grape growers train their vines to 
stakes, believing it to !»■ cheaper. 
This method has also the great advan¬ 
tage of allowing us to cultivate, plow and 
cross-plow the ground in all directions, leaving 
but little to hoe around the vinos. Some use 
one stake only, as shown iu figure 57, but with 
our strong growers this mode is apt to crowd 
foliage and fruit too much; others therefore 
use two, and, where timber is plenti¬ 
ful. even three stakes around each vine, 
about 111 inches from it, winding the canes 
around them spirally until they reach the top. 
The disadvantages ol training on stakes are, 
that these soon rot in the ground, and must 
be almost aunually taken out, repointed and 
driven into the soil, consequently they require 
more labor, and are not as durable as a trellis, 
unless cedar poles are used, or other very dur¬ 
able timber. A very simple combination of 
the trellis and stake system, shown in Figure 
58, is also highly recouimendable, requiring 
but one wire for tlie bearing canes, and much 
with the foot. Lay the vine m slanting, ann 
let its top come out at, the stake previously set. 
Then with the knife, cut back the top to a bud 
just above, or even w ith, the surface of the 
ground. Do not leave more than two buds 
on any one of the youug vines which you me 
planting, however strong the tops, or however 
stout and \\ iry the roots may be. One cane 
is sufficient to grow, and merely to be prepared 
for possible accident, both buds are allowed to 
start. The weaker of the two shoots may 
DAIRY NOTES FROM ENGLAND. 
PROFESSOR J. P. SHELDON, 
ON DAIRY BREEDS OF CATTLE, 
Yet, after all, I hardly think that we in 
Britain need yield very much to you in 
America in appreciation of the Jerseys and 
Avrsbires, though perhaps we say less about 
it than you do, and if we do say less about it 
it is because we aro, as a people, more given 
than you are to taciturnity, and so are less en¬ 
thusiastic in our loves, so far, at all events, as 
outward demonstration goes. This last idea, 
supposing it to be true, is, just as in the case 
of the cattle I spoke of before, a question of 
the influence of climate, whose part >nd lot in 
season, tie tne canes ro me creius. * ui 
tying, any soft string or stout woolen 
yarn, the shreds of old gunnies, maybe T*' 
used; some obtain their tying material j r=^\ 
from basswood bark, soaked for two ^£ « 
weeks or longer in ruuning water. Tie 
closely, and as young canes grow keep 
them tied, but, in all cases, take care 
against tying too tightly, as the free flow of 
sap may be obstructed. 
The ground is now plowed and hoed again, as 
before. Give one (H in.) deep plowing in Spring, 
taking care, however, uot to cut or tear toe 
roots of the vines, and two more shallow 
(three or four in.) plowings in Rummer. From 
each of the buds left at. the last pruning (as 
shown in the preceding figures), canes can he 
grown during the third year, and each of 
these canes will probably bear two or three 
bunches of fruit. There is danger of their being 
injured by over-bearing, on which account 
the hunches should be thinned out by taking 
away all imperfect bunches and feeble 
shoots. In order to secure future fruitful 
ness of the vine, and ai the same time to keep 
it in convenient control, we would allow no 
more wood to grow than is needed for nexl 
season’s bearing, and for this purpose resort to 
Spring pruning. 
We are under many obligations to Bush & 
Son and Meissner of Bushberg, Mo., — 
for most of the facts of this article, 
which has been made up in great - 
part from their excellent Bnshherg 
catalogue already several times re¬ 
ferred to in our columns. The cuts 
also have been re-engraved from I he £ 
same with the kind permission of theE^^^C 
authors. - 
Arbor Trellis.—F ig. 50. 
the ecouomy of nature are more potent and 
subtle than we are in the habit of thinking. 
Letting that pass, however, may say that 
we look upon the Jerseys as the best of milk¬ 
ers and the finest of butter-makers, so long as 
they are kept in a genial climate and carefully 
tended. They are, however, too fragile and 
delicate ever to become generally diffused 
throughout the British Islands: but you, I 
understand, include the Guernseys in the term 
Jerseys? |Oh, no.— Eds.] The Guernseys, 
which are bigger and hardier, are excellent 
milkers withal. On the Ayrsbires we also look 
as excellent milkers, probably giviug a larger 
yield of milk, relatively to the size of the cow, 
than almost any other breed, yet milk that is 
inferior in quality to that of the Jerseys, and 
probably not superior on the average to that 
of our other breeds of cattle. We also regard 
them as the hardiest of our essentially dairy 
breeds, the most active, and probably the 
most pugnacious, doing well on food and iu 
Wire Trellis, Braced.—F ig. 54. 
any vacancies have occurred, fill out, as soon 
as possible,with extra-strong vinesof the same 
variety. 
Trellises —During the following Winter, 
the trellis- should be built. The plan adopted by 
most of our experienced grape-growers, as pos¬ 
sessing some a d vantages over other plaus, espec¬ 
ially if grapes are grown in large quantities, is 
as follows: Posts of some durable timber (Red 
Cedar is best) are split three inches thick and 
about, seven feet long, so as to lie five feet in 
hight after being set; these posts are set in 
holes two feet deep, 10 to IS feet apart iu the 
rows iso t hat either two vines eight feet apart, 
or three vines six feet apart, are between two 
stakes); thre<- wires are then stretched hori¬ 
zontally bet ween the posts, being fastened to 
each post with a staple fl. which is driven in so 
firmly that the wire is prevented from slip¬ 
ping through. The two end posts should lx* 
larger than the others, and braced (Fig. 54), 
so that the contraction of the wire (in cold 
weather) will not loosen them. The first wire 
is placed about 18 inches from the ground, 
and the others 18 inches apart; this brings the 
upper wire about four feet six inches from the 
ground. The size of the wire used is No. 10 
annealed iron; No. 12 wire is strong enough. 
At the present prices of wire the cost per acre 
will be from 810 to 800, according to distance 
of rows and number of wires used. 
In place of the wire, slats or laths may serve 
the same purpose, as shown in figure 55, but 
Trellis with STAKE Combination.—F ig 58, 
lighter stokes, which need not be set as deep 
into the ground as where no wire is used to 
hold them.and consequently they will last long¬ 
er; hut by this method one cannot cross-plow. 
To secure this advantage, and at the same 
time to give to our strong growers more space 
and tbe r benefits of high training, an arbor 
trellis, such as shown in Figure 5'.*, may be 
used. The construction of this is more ex¬ 
pensive on accountof the necessary high posts 
(of which the end posts only need be quite 
strong'and of w ire; but the productiveness 
and exemption from disease art* also greater 
in proportion. By this method the ground 
might also be used for grass culture, and Sum¬ 
mer pruning and tying are almost entirely dis- 
Layering a Main Cane.— Fig. 00. 
climates that would bring about more or less 
deterioration in the bulk of other breeds. 
As you have such a hankerin' after small 
cattle which give rich milk and plenty of it, 
and aro comparatively indifferent on the 
score of beef, l wonder you do not go in for 
the Kerry cattle of Ireland. In them you 
would have the smallest of the British breeds, 
and almost the hardiest of them all, hardier 
in any case than any purely Euglish breed. 
The milk they give is uncommonly rich iu 
quality, though not so high-colored as that of 
the Jerseys, and they give au extraordinary 
quantity of it. I am, in point of fact, not 
clear that they would uot even beat the Ayr¬ 
shire*. when the size of the animals is taken 
into consideration, and the butter they give is 
MULCHING GRAPE-VINES. 
Iu the Rural for January ‘20, page 51, 
under the head of Mulching Grape vines, the 
question is asked, “Is it a good plan to mulch 
grape-vines with leaves?" The answer is, 
"We do not know, never having tried it." 
Let me say that 1 prune my vines, after the 
leaves have fallen, back to two good buds uud 
then lay them dow n beforo freezing, on the 
ground and mulch them with leaves, fourto 
six inches deep, held In place with small 
brush. Since 1 pursued this course the vines 
have had a healthy growth, and have yielded 
more thau double the amount of fruit that, 
they did before. I thiuk that no necessity ex¬ 
ists for testing their power of endurance. 
The Winter winds affect unfavorably the 
canes, both as to their vigor r ^ __ ^ 
and fruitage. It is better to £ * 
protect the hardy canes with j~j (j "^*7^ y± 
a mulch of leaves. 
Slat Trellis. 
they are not durable, and the posts must then 
be put in much closer. Another mode of 
making wire-trellis (the Fuller plan) is wiih 
horizontal bars and perpendicular wires, as 
shown in figure 50. 
peused with. The fruit gathering is, however, 
less con venient, and none but quite hardy, vig¬ 
orous varieties should lx* thus trained. 
If you covered your young vines last Fall, 
remove the earth from over them at the ap¬ 
proach of Spring, as soon as danger from frost 
is past: then cultivate the whole ground, 
plowing between the rows from four to six 
inches deep, and carefully hoeing about the 
vines with the two-pronged German hoe or 
karst , or Hexamer’s pronged hoe. The ground 
should thus be broken up, inverted, and kept 
in a mellow condition continually; but do not 
work the ground when wet. 
During the second Summer a cane or shoot 
is produced from each of the two or three 
buds which were left on the vine last Fall. Of 
these young shoots, if there are three, leave 
only the two strongest, tying them neatly to 
the trellis, and let them grow unchecked to the 
uppermost wire. 
With the strong-growing varieties, especial¬ 
ly when we intend to grow the fruit on late¬ 
rals or spurs, the two main canes are pinched 
Although 
they might uot be badly In¬ 
jured by exposure during the 
Winter, fruitage will be in¬ 
creased, L. s. K. 
Osage, Iowa. 
Wire Trellis, Fuller Plan —Fig. 56. 
Posts of good, hard durable wood, three 
inches in diameter, and six-aud-one-half to 
seven feet long, are placed between the vines, 
at equal distances from each vine, uud iu a 
line with them, two feet deep in the ground. 
When the posts are set, nail on strips about 
