335 
ifitUi Crcjps. 
THE BUBAL HEW-YOBKEB. 
farmers who have grown tired of the vicissi¬ 
tudes of the milk trade. 
WHERE IS THE INCENTIVE ? 
“ E. A. H.” (on page.306) objects to my state¬ 
ment that butter and chee3e sell on their 
merits. He says: “One may make an extra 
flue quality of butter and put it on the market 
without a name, and it will sell for only mar 
ket. price,'’ all of which is true. There is an 
old story of a man who put his candle under a 
bushel, and do one ever saw it, which applies 
to this case. I have frequently said that it was 
one of the necessary acquirements of a good 
butler-maker to know how to market his pro¬ 
duct. If he does not know this, he is putting 
his candle under a bushel. Now It is all wrong 
for “ E. A H, ’ to go back, as he does, ou good 
butter. A good butter-maker can produce as 
good an article with shallow pans, in a clean 
room, etc., etc., and without any of the mod¬ 
ern improvements as with these, no doubt. 
But- an ordinary butter-maker, with only or¬ 
dinary facilities, may do better with a cream 
er and improved churn; but that is not the 
great point; it is the saving of labor which is 
made with all the improved appliances. I have 
used the common ladle in working over 26 to 
40 pounds of butter in the winter time, and 
have now a hard lump in the palm of my hand 
where the handle of the ladle first blistered 
and then calloused it; and these who know 
how this is themselves, will agree with me 
that a good butter-worker is far easier to 
handle than the ladle, and also that churning 
with an iip-aud down churn is hard w^rk, 
and positively injurious to any woman; while J 
one can sit down and turn a rectangular, o*a ] 
Blanchard, or rock a Davis with great ease 
and comfort. 
But this is not the main point. If butter 
does not sell on its merits, will “ E. A. H ” say 
how it does sell / A name will never sell poor 
butter. “ E. A. H.” will no doubt cheerfully 
admit that. Then there is an incentive to 
to make good butter. I have said, in these 
columns, to encourage good butter-making, 
that one must wait to become known and 
prove that his or her butter is always of the 
same good quality, because this is a very im¬ 
portant element iu getting good sale, as must 
be obvious; because if one make is good and 
another poor, all the good goes for nothing. 
Now I will tell 11 E. A. H.” bow I got more 
customers in one day than I could supply, at 
65 cent- a pound. My butter was good, and 
always the same, because the conditions never 
varied. When my fresh cows came in late in 
the Fall, I had a surplus over wliat supplied 
my regular customers, so 1 put an advertise¬ 
ment in a suitable paper, which reached the 
right sort of people, saying I had some fresh, 
pure Jersey butter for sale, put up in neat five- 
pound pails, and would deliver it weekly at 75 
cents a pound free of cost. The next day 
1 bad 14 applications asking for sample 
pails, and inclosing the money. Five of these 
I had to return, as I could only supply nine. 
Every pail was acceptable, and some of the 
customers kept on taking the butter for three 
years. 11 netted mo ho cent9. When I wanted 
new customers, I got them in the same way. 
Now there was no name about that. If the 
people were not pleased with the butter, they 
would not have taken it. Fortunately I was 
well situated for such a business; but I have 
sold butter in a small village at 55 cents a 
pound, which shows that opportunities can be 
made wheu one knows how to market his 
products, and this is always a necessary part 
of a business-man's business knowledge. And 
if this is not an incentive to make a good, 
sweet article by whatever means we can, then 
‘•E. A. H. " is right, and there is no use in try¬ 
ing to do good, and we might just as well 
quit, and lie down and die. 
HENRY STEWART. 
£l)f ^oultnj Jiflrir. 
BREEDS 
AND THEIR 
ISTICS. 
CHARACTER- 
as having strong legs, either long or short, 
snaky-looking heads, tierce eyes, feathers close 
to the figure, and heavy, bony bodies. They 
are variously called Chittagongs, Khaokbngs, 
Malay Games, Indian Games, Culm Fowls, 
Jago Fowls, Muscovite Black Games, Pheasant 
Malays, and by many other names. Indeed, a 
specific name—GalluR gigantens—was given to 
this class of birds. 
The earliest description I know, of these 
fowls is by Bennington Mowbray, iD his fifth 
edition of Domestic Poultry, in which he says: 
“The Chittagong or Malay, another Indian 
variety. Is, as a contrast to the Bantam, being 
probably the largest of the gallinaceous tribe. 
The birds are in color, striated yellow and 
dark-brown. They are long-necked, serpent- 
headed. and high upon the legs; their itesh 
dark, coarse, and chiefly adapted to soup. 
have tried to prove bio much for their own 
mysterious systems of breeding; hence the 
many acrimonious controversies have ariseu 
on the appearance of Cochins aud Brahmas. 
Bergen Co., N. J. henry hales. 
> ♦♦ ■ 
THE PHfENIX COCK OF JAPAN. 
Among the mythological animals of Japan, 
a very prominent place is assigned to a holy 
bird called Fung, which plays a great role in 
religious services, and which is often repre¬ 
sented with a long tail, descending from hea¬ 
ven and lien ring a divine figure on its back. 
It was probably the stories about this mytho¬ 
logical bird, which induced the Japanese to 
breed a race of cocks with marvelously long 
tails, and which uro known by different names 
in different provinces of the empire, the most 
GROUND PLAN OF BARN. Fig. 163. 
They are good layers and, being well fed, pro¬ 
duce the largest of hen’s eggs ’’ He also says 
o f the Shackbag breed, “It bos been entirely 
woru out for some years. It was called the 
Duke of Deed’s breed for over 50 years.” Its 
flesh was white, tender and fine, one weighing 
ubout 10 pounds. Still, it will be found in 
poultry books of a later period, that Chittu 
gongs had the characteristics or both these 
kinds in America. Of the Bucks County 
breed, described in The American Poultry 
Yard, Browne says “It is a large bird, weigh¬ 
ing at maturity eight aud even 10 pounds; 
rather thinly feathered, of various colors from 
gray to black, and frequently speckled black- 
and-white. The fowls are coarse in the legs, 
tall and bony, and t here Is evidently a cross of 
the Malay iu their composition.” 
Another breed of this Asiatic type, men¬ 
tioned by this and other American writers, is 
common being Chou-vi-Kei — Cock-With- 
Long-Tail. This breed originated in the 
Province of Tosa, in the islund of SIbohu, 
about 60 years ago. Tails three feet long are 
quite common, and specimens nine to ten feet 
ioug are by no means rare, l’be French illus¬ 
trated paper Chasm <■/ Peehe, lately had 
three pictures ft urn life of this remarkable 
breed—two of cocks, and one of a hen. 
There is nothing extraordinary about the 
last; nor is there about the cocks, except their 
tails. One of these, “represented with scrupu¬ 
lous fidelity,” is composed of about 30 plumes 
nearly half-an Inch broad and 1J^ feet long! 
Starting from the back, the rail feathers are 
very numerous at first, but end one after an 
other within the first two or three feet, leaving 
the wonderful plumes to trail along the 
ground. The tale of this tail will doubtless 
be too marvelous for belief for some of our 
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SECTION OF BARN FRAME. Fig. 164. 
That there is u ilistiuct difference between 
birds of Asiatic origin and those of European 
descent, no one denies; but probably all fowls 
are of Asiatic origin, for the Gallus Bankiva 
of India is, doubtless, the species from which 
all domestic fowls are descended. The fowls 
which have been fouud in India and China 
have, for centuries, differed from those found 
in Europe. There are two kinds of Asiatic 
fowls; one is still of the Game, or Malay type, 
and the other of the Chinese or heavier type, 
with a milder disposition, shorter neck, etc. 
The former fowl was introduced into England 
more than a century ago, and probably from 
several sources and at different times. Some 
may have come by ships, and as they are 
known all over Europe, probably some may 
have come through Russia. All are described 
the Jersey Blues, large birds of a slaty color. 
They can still be found quite numerous in the 
southern part of New Jersey. 1 have kept 
them several times, but neglecting to intro¬ 
duce new blood, I lost them all. With mo they 
seemed tender. 
I have thus shown that, previous to the in¬ 
troduction of Brahmas or Cochins, there was 
a strong element of Asiatic blood in farm 
yards both in England and America, especially 
in New Jersey, New York and the Eastern 
States. Many local names were given, as dif¬ 
ferent peculiarities appeared by crossing, and 
the term Chittagong, Gray, Black, etc., was 
applied generally to such as retained a marked 
degree of the old Malay or Indian type. 
Poultry literature and poultry fanciers, have 
been too anxious to ignore these facts, and 
readers; but we are assured that the birds are 
quite numerous, not only in the Province of 
l'osa, but al>o iu Tokia, Yokahama, aud other 
parts of Japan, while some have been ex¬ 
ported to Siam, Corea, and the Flowery 
Kingdom. A cock and hen of this race were 
imported into France some time back by the 
Baroune.-s Ultn-Erbach, but although they re¬ 
covered promptly from the fatigues of the 
voyage, both died soon afterwards in moult¬ 
ing, before any fertile eggs hud been laid. In 
187!), M. Wichmann imported some to Ham¬ 
burg, Germany, and gave them the name of 
Phoenix, and, we undemand, he is still breed¬ 
ing them. Mr. H. Reiche, of New Jersey, last 
year imported five trios from Germany, an il¬ 
lustration of a couple of which was given iu 
the Rural of March 1. 
HOW TO GROW MANGELS. 
No farmer who expects to attain the highest 
success in farming should fail to work up all 
the hay and forage grown upon the farm, 
together with a suitable quantity of grains, to 
furnish manure to keep up the fertility of his 
fields. And no farmer can expect the best 
possible result of winter feeding unless he fur¬ 
nishes liis stock a supply of roots or other 
succulent food, to enable them to eat and 
properly digest the largest amount of food in 
a given time. Thus it will be seen that roots 
are a prime Factor iu successful farming. The 
Canadian farmers rally realize this fact, and 
hence root fields of from 5 to 20 acres are as 
common on the farms as any other crop. The 
reason American fanners do not pay more 
attention to these crops is, the mistaken notion 
which they have of the enormous expense of 
growing, harvesting, aud storing roots. I 
have been growing root, crops for years, con¬ 
stantly Increasing the area, and in an ordinary 
season con grow and store a root crop at a 
cost not exceeding seven cents per bushel. I 
have experimented largely in growing and 
feeding the different kinds of roots, and have 
finally settled on the mangel as, all things 
considered, the best for these reasons:—the 
carrot is, without doubt, the best root; but it 
requires so much and such close hand-weeding, 
and the digging is so slow and laborious that 
it cannot be grown for what it is worth; the 
Swede Turnip is good for all stock except 
milch cows; but the seed should be sown about 
the 10th to 15th of June, and we are so liable 
to have dry weather about that time, or the 
crop is so liable to be destroyed by the flea, 
that I prefer the mangel. 
Although the catalogues are filled with the 
names of varieties, practically there are only 
four, the Long Red, the Long Yellow, the 
Red Globe, and the Yellow Globe, aud all 
others are onlv slight, modifications of these. 
I prefer the Yellow Globe; it Is easy to har¬ 
vest, of good shape to handle, yields well, and 
is the best keeper of the lot The seed should 
be sowed as soon iu Spring as the soil is iu 
good working condition, and not later than 
the first of June. 
To grow the best crop of mangels, the land 
should have been manured last year and 
have grown a crop of corn or pota/oes and 
been again mauured and plowed last Fall; 
but I succeed iu growing fine crops by 
using clover sod well manured aud 
plowed in the Fall, or even manured aud 
spring-plowed, l>eiug careful to have it well 
plowed. After plowing, if you have it, apply 
ten two horse loads of well rotted manure per 
tide, cultivate and harrow until all is made 
fine aud mellow; then mark the grouud 30 
iuehes apart for the rows, sow along those 
marks 400 pounds per aero of some fertilizer 
containing not less than 10 per cent, of pot¬ 
ash. Let a horse follow those marks, uud use 
a cultivator having what are called biffing 
teeth, and let these be reversed, aud set the 
right distance apart, so as to make a moder¬ 
ate ridge. Go over the whole field in this way. 
This will make ridges 30 inches apart, and the 
special manure will bo mixed with the soil. 
On these ridges the seeds should be sown at 
the rate of four pounds per acre. It can be 
done with any style of drill that distributes 
evenly and covers well. After sowing, it is a 
good plan to go over the field with a light 
roller so as to press the ridges firm, and break 
all lumps. I use for sowing, a Canadian drill 
drawn by a horse, aud sowing two rows at a 
time. It first rolls these ridges, then makes a 
mark and sows the seeds aud rolls the row the 
second time, aud with it I can easily sow one 
acre an hour. 
As soon as the plants aro up, go over with a 
baud cultivator or with a horse cultivator, hav. 
ing outside teeth of such a shape that they can 
be run within one inch of the plants without 
throwing any dirt towards them. This is one 
reason for sowing ou ridges, as the lumps, 
clods and stones roll down hill aud away from 
the little plants. In another week cultivate 
agaiu, aud follow this with sharp hoes; leaving 
six inches ol' the row. chop out one foot, 
thus leaving the plants in hills one foot apart. 
In another week cultivate again, and follow 
this with hoes and lingers, leaving from two 
to four plants in a hill, rcmoveall others with 
all weeds. If thorough work is done this 
time, there will be very little hand-work 
thereafter. The reason for leaving so many 
in a hill is, that the hill system will produce 
the largest yield of medium sized roots, and 
these are more valuable for feeding than the 
overgrown ones produced on rich lands by 
growing singly. The crop should tie culti¬ 
vated about once in two weeks after this, as 
long as a bor.se and cultivator can be got 
through without breaking the tops, and it is 
well to go through about the middle of August 
