4SM 
THE BUBAL HEW-YCBKEB, 
3 S3 
and an average per week for thesix, including 
the dam Lady Netherland, which was injured, 
of 16 pounds 12 11-13 ounces. Netherland 
Baroness, a niece of Lady Netherland, soon 
after being imported, tiefore becoming accli¬ 
mated, made 17 pounds 5 ounces in a week. 
Several younger representatives of this family 
have been tested with very promising results. 
These records, all but one, wore made in Win¬ 
ter, on dry feed, without any increase or 
variation from the ordinary feed of the herd. 
These figures, we think, establish the fact, 
that no other family of Holsteins, so closely 
related, as a family, has done so much to bring 
this breed to the front as a butter breed, and 
make Netherland Prince without a peer as a 
butter bull. While the Holsteins have been 
bred exclusively for milk and cheese for more 
than a century, and have but just entered the 
arena to compete for the honors as a butter 
breed, with their rivals, the Jerseys, still, for 
the sake of comparison, will not some Jersey 
breeder publish the records of a similar num¬ 
ber of animals of as close relationship and of 
similar ages, including the entire family, that 
have surpassed these records. 
SMITHS A POWELL. 
blicfj) IjitshatuXnj. 
SHEEP IN KANSAS. 
The Kansas prairies are, perhaps, the finest 
sheep pastures iu North America. A dry, 
porous soil, rich herbage, a favorable climate, 
and almost constant breezes, with an ahun 
dance of lime in the soil, pure water, and a 
remarkable absence of swamps or wet lauds, 
all together provide the essentially necessary 
conditions for the successful rearing of sheep. 
It Is, therefore, no reason for surprise to find 
the Hocks of Kaunas rapidly increasing in 
numbers us well as improving in quality. A 
good tost of the condition of the flocks of any 
locality is famished by the annual sheep 
shearings, and a reference to the recent gath¬ 
erings of this kind iu Kansas may be of inter¬ 
est to many readers. 
. Just now the subject of wool production is 
meeting with a good deal of attention, on ac¬ 
count of the unfavorable action of Congress 
iu regard to the tariff. But although wool- 
growers may he quite willing to accept any 
benefit which may accrue from an import 
duty on foreign wool, yet there cannot bo a 
doubt that wool may be produced profitably 
iu this country In spite of the competition of 
any other country in the world; and that it 
will remain a staple product in spite of any 
unfavorable action that might be taken in 
this diroctiou. however much many wool- 
growers might regret such action. Perhaps I 
may be ‘excused one passing remark in this 
connection in favor of the wool producers, 
and that is, that to single out this Important 
agricultural industry as an object upon which 
to try political experiments looking towards 
the large decrease of import duties, is an ex¬ 
ceedingly unjust discrimination, and tlmt in 
tins respect, if the American wool-grower is 
to moot the competition of the world in grow¬ 
ing wool, at least he should be able to clothe 
himself and provide himself with all other 
necessaries of life on equal terms with those 
upon which bis sheep’s clothing is produced. 
It is uofc an abstract question with him as to 
whether a tariff is good or not. but a relative 
question as to whether he is to work on the 
same terms as men engaged in other indus¬ 
tries, or not. 
The Kausas shepherds have, for years past, 
expended a great deal of care and money in 
the improvement of their flocks. In no other 
State have sheep breeders given more atten¬ 
tion to this part of their business, and their 
success has been proportionate. It has been 
their habit to make visits to each.others’flocks 
for comparison and for information, with the 
purpose of effecting every possible improve¬ 
ment. How they have succeeded, the results 
will show. At the recent annual shearing of 
the Ai kan-sas V alley Wool-Growars’ Associa¬ 
tion, a four-year-old ram, Rip Van Winkle, 
whose live weight is 166 pouuds, sheared 39 
pounds of wool. A better fleece, however, 
was that of Lord Wool, the last .year s prize 
ram at the State Fair. This ram weighs 163 
pounds, and sheared 33 pouuds 13 ounces, but 
the wool is comparatively tree from yolk, and 
will yield more clean wool than the heavier 
fleece. Two ewes, weighing 118 and 126 
pounds respectively, sheared 34 pounds 4 
ounces, aud 24 pounds 5 ounces. A two- 
year-old ram weighing 160 pounds, sheared 27 
pounds 4 ounces of wool; a one-year-old, 
weighing 128 pounds, sheared 19 pounds; a 
three-year-old, weighing 158% pounds, gave a 
fleece weighing 30% pounds. Among the 
other ewes were the following weights and 
fleeces: 65% pouuds, fl eece 34 pounds; yo 
pounds, fleece, 19% pounds; and 12 1 pounds, 
fleece 18% pounds. 
At the Butler County sheep-shearing the 
» heaviest weights were: rams, 193 pounds, 
, fleece 34% pounds; 186 pounds, fleece 27% 
1 pounds: 164 pounds, fleece 23% pounds; 152 
i pounds, fleece 29 pounds. The ewes hero were 
mostly of light weights of carcass, but had 
good fleeces, viz.; 137 pounds, fleece 30 
’ pounds; 116% pounds, fleece 20% pounds; 
102% pounds, fleece 18% pounds; this was a 
two-year-old; of one year-old ewes there were 
as follows: 66 pounds, live weight, fleece 15 
pounds; 70% pounds, fleece 14% pounds, and 
58% jiounds, fleece 13% pounds. 
The length of staple of these sheep is worth 
noting, as showing the result of the breeding 
of Merinos for long-staple wool for the past 
few years. The 192 pounds Butler County 
ram’s fleece measured four inches on the 
shoulder, tbree-and-seven-oights on the hips, 
and four-and-one-quarter on the belly: the 
longest fleece was that, of a owe sheared at 
Wichita, whose wool measured four-and- 
throe-quarters on the shoulders, four-and- 
three-quartors on the hips, and two inches on 
the belly. The owners of the sheep here re¬ 
ferred to are David Fox, Fox & Hoffman. 
E. Copeland & Son, T. C. Taylor, owner of 
the 192-pound ram, l. Stalker and Wtu. Cole, 
all prominent bleeders. Indeed, every exhib¬ 
itor deserves honorable mention, if space ad¬ 
mitted of it. As a rule, all the fleeces were 
clean, and the length of staple and size of the 
the sheep were quite equal to any exhibition 
that has !>eeii reported outside of Kansas. 
It is to bo hoped that the present dull feeling 
among sheep men may uofc lead some of t hem 
to lose heart in the work of improvement they 
have undertaken, for it is those always who 
stick and who persevere unto the end, that are 
saved, as we are told by the highest authority. 
_ A STOCKMAN. 
farm Cconomij, 
CON8TRUCTION OF UNDER-DRAINhT 
PROF. R. C. CARPENTER. 
proportioning of tiles for A long drain. 
1 n is subject is an interesting one, from the 
fact that opposite views ure said to be held. It 
was stated at the 1884 meeting of the Michi¬ 
gan Tile Drainage Association, that a philoso¬ 
pher in Ohio had found that the size of tiles 
should decrease as we near the outlet. Ilis 
method of reasoning was doubtless as shown 
iu the example stated; for instance, lie has no 
ticed that if a long line of six-inch tile be sim¬ 
ply filled at the upper ond, in a short time it is 
not tilled, and if it is long enough and not re¬ 
ceiving water throughout its length, the 
stream becomes less aud less, and finally could 
be contained in a five-inch, aud then in a four 
inch, and then in u three-inch tile. If a mile 
long, its discharge is only seveu percent, of 
whut would pass through the first tile under 
the same head, aud the remedy proposed was 
to make the tile decrease iu size just as fast us 
the stream decreased, so as to have everv tile 
full. 
Had he considered that the true cause of 
the decrease of the stream was friction, and 
that could this bo entirely eliminated, there 
would be no decrease, his reasoning would 
have brought a different result. The friction 
is mor e in small tile, in proportion to capaci¬ 
ty , than in large tile, aud the change proposed 
would simply add obstructions to those already 
existing in the pipe. While It Is impossible to 
make a long line of tile run full at the outlet 
without some considerable bead, because of 
this friction, still the aim should be rather to 
construct the drain so as to discharge what 
passes through the first tile than to make the 
outlet tile run full. To do even this, will re¬ 
quire tiles which continually increase as the 
outlet is upproached. 
The following table shows the effect of in¬ 
creasing the length of a pipe. If the discharge 
through a pipe one foot long be called 1,000, 
the discharge through a pipe one mile long 
would be shown by the following table; 
Diameter I ''"uiunt discharged by pipe one inile 
><f pipe I 0,1 supposition thai pipe one foot 
la lnehi-K fi' r JF^8Hine size and head dl.s.-harges l.eoj 
UKMA UK-This pipe would 
4 56 » « ‘tlx condition 
5 IS “ •• ^heu laid on a level and 
6 73 “ •• pressure. 
8 18 » •• t V h h “ ,tll< l ou an incline. 
10 „ .. O there would be a com inual 
2 . Increase of head, and cou- 
Is in I! ^queutlv uie t or 
117 _I friction would be less. 
The amount discharged is seen, by above 
table, to vary from three per cent, with the 
one-inch pipe, to 13 per cent, nearly with the 
18-inch pipe. The friction holds back in the 
first case 97 percent, of the water received, and 
lathe latter case 88 per cent. The Formula 
for the flow of water through pipes is ob¬ 
tained by comparing with the actual flow, 
the one most commonly used aud giving re¬ 
sults very close to the observed ones; the veloc¬ 
ity in feet per second equals 50 times thes quare 
root of the diameter, multiplied by the bead 
and divided by the length, plus 50 times diame¬ 
ters, as follows; ®=&0 V ' , in which r ve- 
t+SOrf 
locity; d diameter; a - total head or fall; I 
length. The volume is found by multiplying 
the area of the stream issuing, by the velocity. 
This formula is seen to vary inversely as the 
square root of the length. The velocity of 
water is not sensibly affected by the nature 
of the pipe, provided it is smooth. 
Since a line of tile canuot lie placed under 
pressure of a head except when the soil is 
saturated, tho necessity of having every inch 
of the tile so laid that the water will run off 
becomes apparent. Thus iu Fig. 188A.D. E. B. 
represent a lino of barfly laid tile, tho true 
B ' ^-a-^ 
Section Tild Drain. Fig. 188. 
grade being from A. to B. Such a drain may 
work quite well when the ground is full of 
water, the pressure above carrying the cur¬ 
rent through the depression; but as tho 
ground grows dry the current becomes less 
strong; sand or silt is deposited in the depres¬ 
sion, and in time, be it longer or shorter, the 
tile will surely be filler! to the grade lino A. M. 
I had some experience with a drain of ex 
aotly that nature. It was built iu 1874, uf 
three inch tile through a very wet place, and, 
in 1880, it had become completely choked. 
Digging down, we found the tile us shown by 
the crook A, D. K, R. 'There is no doubt that 
the tiles had always been as we found them, 
yet the drains worked efficiently, or at least 
kept the water down, for six years; but when 
we opened them, the sand was packed firmly 
clear to the grade line, filling eight tiles coni 
pletely full. This may explain why drains 
that often give good satisfaction for several 
years, finally clog up and fail. Nothing is 
more permanent than a tile drain properly 
luid. [I will except peat soil from the above 
statement, us that frequently settles when the 
water is drawn off, carrying the tile with it.J 
When such an eveut happens with a lino of 
tile laid by a farmer, ho is likely to ascribe the 
failure to tho tile, and is ready to condemn the 
tile furnished by a certain manufacturer, or 
else the whole system of tile drainage. 
Besides the ability uf the tllo to carry off 
water, we must know the amount of water to 
bo carried Off before wo can determine theca 
pacify of given-sized drains. The water conies 
principally from the rainfall—all primarily 
from that—but wo will put it from rainfall 
and springs. No rules can be laid down for ttie 
size of pipes that will drain springs; each case 
would have to be taken by itself. Tho rain 
fall iu this part of our country is to lie taken 
iuto consideration; its amount is about 30 
inches per year. That amount would be, for 
loo days, only three-tenths of an inch per day, 
and at first glance it might seem that if the 
drains were large enough to remove from each 
acre that amount, they would answer very 
uicely. A study of the uieterologlcftl records, 
however, gives one a different opinion. Then 
it is seen that about 50 per cent, of our rain 
falls iu heavy showers, amounting to an inch 
iu 24 hours. During each year we have three 
or four showers that bring from two to three 
inches of rain within 34 hours. Tho soil itself 
is a gi **at retainer of this moisture, dry sand 
holding 25 per cent., loamy soil 40 percent., 
clay loam 50 per cent., and pure clay 70 per 
cent, of its weight, that cannot be drained off. 
If the soil was already very wet, a greater pro¬ 
portion of a ruin would pass iuto the tiles, 
than if dry, 
Mr. Dickinson, of England, found that the 
discharge, as compared with the rainfall, 
was, from October to March, 75 per cent.’; 
from April to September, eight per cent,; 
average 41 5 per cent. Mr. Tracy, of Boston,' 1 
concluded that it varied from 44 to 45 per 
cent. Experience seems to show that if drains 
be made of a capacity sufficient to convey off 
half an inch of rainfall each day of 24 hours, 
they will give excellent results in practice, 
and it has also been shown that if sizes much 
smaller be used, the results are uot satisfae 
tory. To use larger tiles than such as are 
necessary, is extravagant: tiles should also 
run full at certain times in the year in order 
to be flushed Out. The following table for 
sizes of tile is very car efully computed, each 
acre being considered the equivalent of 1,815 
cubic font of water, which is an amount just 
sufficient to cover one acre with wuter half an 
inch in depth. This amount would weigh 
about 47% tons; consequently a system of tile 
drains would have a carrying capacity of 4,750 
tons for each acre drained for each 100 days. 
As regards the use of the table for the capa¬ 
city of drains, 1 would say that no doubt in 
many cases smaller tiles than the sizes indicated 
by the table would answer; for the reason that 
only a system of random or casual drainage 
is intended. The table will answer for thor¬ 
ough drainage in regions where the rainfall is 
no greater than in Southern Michigan, and 
thorough drainage indicates at least, the con¬ 
veying off of the water within 34 hours, If 
only a tew drains arc used, the water would be 
longer in reaching the drains, and consequently 
more acres could be cared for. The pro¬ 
bability is, however, that at some time thor¬ 
ough drainage will bo required on the laud, 
and us the digging is the most expensive j art 
of drainage, tile large enough for thorough 
drainage had better be put in, and a perman¬ 
ent job completed as far as may be, rather 
than to do what, must be done over again. 
As regards tho practice of tile laying, I 
would say that both in this country and in 
England, ft is customary to lay larger tile 
than formerly. In England tiles as small !1R one 
inch have been largely used, and are still used 
to a considerable extent, while 3% aud three- 
inch are considered qciite large tile. In this 
country there tan growing prejudice against 
the use Of tile smaller than three-inch, and the 
majority of tile-makers are not making smaller 
sizes. In ray opinion, this prejudice against 
smaller tllo is unreasonable, and due princi¬ 
pally to the fact that drains of small tile, if 
carelessly laid, are more likely to fall than 
larger ones. Thus, for example, a variation 
of two inches from the grade line would, iu 
time, be iatal to a two inch drain, whereas it 
would only partially choke up a three-inch 
draiu. 
The reason two-inch pijies have failed utterly 
is, no doubt, duo to cur less construction, 1 
claim that there are many places in a system 
of drainage when these tiles, properly laid, 
will answer every purpose. I know that a few 
years ago, great, expectations, Unit were never 
realized, wore aroused by euthudusts iu drain¬ 
age work, regarding the capacity of small 
tile. I even remember to have heard one ar¬ 
dent advocate claim tlmt a two-inch tile would 
carry all the water from 40 acres. That same 
man put in miles of drains on that principle. 
A failure by using too small tile, is likely to 
be followed by the other extreme of using too 
large tile. 
TABLE. 
The following table 1 first computed from 
tables given by B Latham, In his work on 
sewers, in 1877. ilis table shows discharge iu 
cubic Ret per minute, when full. Ho far as I 
know, it is the only table which gives the acres 
drained by a given-sized tile on a given grade. 
The rainfall to be removed is considered equal 
to one-Ualf inch in depth each day of 24 hours. 
1 ho table has been used quite extensively by 
drainage engineers in this State, and has been 
found to give good results, i have revised it, 
corrected some errors and indicated, by omis¬ 
sion of figures, what should bo the maximum 
and minimum grade for each size of tile; 
TABLE FOR SIZE OF TILE. 
Hath or Inclination. 
Feet to one of rise. 
(Exact.) 
1 foot In lo feet 
Rise In Inches per rod. 
(Approximate.) 
1 
4* 
“ * 31 •• 
10 
* * 
1 
it 
“• 25 “ 
8 
(4 
1 
u 
“ 30 •* 
6 1-3 
.( 
1 
1% 
■ < 4,, •• 
5 
hi 
1 
“ 
“ 50 *• 
4 
If 
1 
«* 
“ 60 “ 
3 1-3 
4 4 
1 
<1 
“ 70 ** 
3 
if 
l 
14 
so •• 
2 1-2 
44 
1 
44 
80 “ 
2 1 4 
44 
1 
<4 
“ 100 *• 
2 
if 
1 
4* 
“ 150 •• 
1 13 
** 
1 
44 
200 “ 
1 
4 4 
1 
41 
“ 350 " 
4-5 
U 
1 
44 
“ 300 “ 
2-3 
44 
1 
• 4 
“ (Mi •* 
1-2 
l 
44 
*• 500 ** 
2-5 
44 
1 
>4 
“ fine “ 
13 
*4 
1 
4 4 
“ 800 “ 
1-4 
44 
1 
I* 
“ 1.000 •• 
1 5 
* 4 
1 
a 
1,500 •• 
2-15 
« 
1 
4< 
“ 2,000 “ 
1-10 
44 
20 Inches to I roil. 
10 ** •* t “ 
8 “ « i *- ’ 
-3 •* “ I “ . 
5 •* •« | •• 
4 *< I* [ 41 ’ 
1-3 “ “ 1 “ 
» “ “ I In 
1-2 *• ‘ l •< \ 
, 4 14 a | i* 
i •< 
1-8 “ " 1 “ . 
'J •• 4* J 44 * 
15 " *« 1 ‘ 
i-s •* •• i « 
i-3 •* *• i ; 
i 3 -t •< i «. * 
1-1 “ •• t “ 
l ,5 “ “1 ■ 
15 " *• x •< 
10 “ « 1 « * 
[nearly 
2 Inch 
Tile. 
• . 
8 -Iuch 
Tile. 
4-Inch 
Tile. 
6.6 
_ 
18.9 
4.7 
13.0 
26.8 
4.2 
11.4 
21.0 
3.9 
10.9 
21.9 
3.4 
9.4 
19.0 
3 0 
8.4 
17.0 
M 
7.6 
15.6 
2.5 
6.9 
14.5 
2.3 
0.5 
13 4 
2.2 
6 1 
11.6 
2.0 
5.7 
11.9 
1.6 
4.5 
9.5 
— 
8.9 
8.2 
— 
3.5 
7.5 
— 
— 
6.9 
— 
— 
.6.9 
— 
— 
_ 
— 
— 
_ 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
_ 
— 
— 
— 
Acres Drained 
fr Inch 
Tile. 
8 -Iueh 
Tile. 
In Inch 
Tile. 
12 Inch 
Tile. 
— 
_ 
* 
— 
— 
— 
— 
—■ 
_ 
126.4 
_ 
_ 
109.6 
ms 
__ 
98.0 
170.1 
269.0 
90.0 
156.0 
246.0 
88.0 
114.4 
228.1 
77.0 
135.0 
213 0 
72.5 
127.0 
200.5 
119 2 
120.6 
150.5 
56 0 
97.3 
151.4 
48 0 
83.9 
182.5 
13.1 
74.4 
117.0 
38.2 
65.5 
107.0 
32.6 
60,3 
90.7 
30.1 
64.0 
81.6 
23.0 
48.6 
74 0 
21.0 
41.9 
65.0 
21.2 
37.2 
56.0 
— 
30.8 
47.0 
— 
40.8 
[Note. Tile shoulirnot be laid to grades when numbers are replaced by a dash. | 
STALK RAKE. I . , 
Fig. 190 shows an arrangement much used 
in the West for raking stalks. It will be seen 
that one important part of it is a two-horse 
farm wagon with the box removed. The 
head of the rake should be twelve feet long, 
six inches square, and the teeth stout sticks of 
wood two feet long, fitted into two-inch auger 
holes bored into the head. The poles should 
be about twenty feet long. They rest upon 
the rear bolster, aud should so nearly balance 
