553 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
as to the materials of which butterine is con¬ 
cocted; that a large proportion of it is sold 
under the name of butter, or under no name at 
all, the public who buy it being victimized; 
and t hat the standard of commercial morality 
is lowered. 
That. American cheese in geueral has suf¬ 
fered in British estimation, because of the 
known manufacture of oleo cheese, is a fact 
which needs no argument to enforce; and it is 
impossible to estimate the extent, to which this 
loss of reputation has resulted iu loss of cash 
to the bona fide dairymen of America. Some 
years ago, before oleo cheese was beard of, 
American cheese was purchased without sus¬ 
picion by British consumers; but now, on the 
contrary, it is universally felt that, caution is 
necessary, and the public fancy bos veered 
round a good deal in favor of English cheese. 
This, of course, has improved the position of 
cheese making fanners in Britain, ns it may 
be said to have correspondingly injured that 
of cheese-making farmers in America A 
nation cannot, with impunity, permit the 
intermingling of legitimate and illegitimate 
productions, and there is less excuse for oleo 
cheese than for oleo butter—so far, at all 
events, as supplying a felt want is concerned. 
Let both of them, however, tinder heavy pen¬ 
alties, be ordered to be made of honest mate¬ 
rials, and sold for what thet are, and then we 
shall have not much more to say. 
The dairy is demoralized: in your case, by 
the making of nefarious compounds; in ours, 
by want of assiduity. The French and the 
Danes have, on the contrary, done far more 
than you or wo to elevate and ennoble it, 
and far less to demoralize it, and so far the 
balance of credit rests with them. The Dutch, 
who were once a highly respectable dairying 
different. In the wheat crops grown by salts 
of ammonia alone, mixed samples, taken over 
a period of 10 years, give the products per 
acre of the total crop—straw and grain—as 
follows: nitrogen, 30 pounds; potash, 23 
pounds; phosphoric acid, 13 pounds. The re 
lation, therefore, between these two import¬ 
ant minerals and nitrogen is as 1 to 1. 
In the potato crop, on 
the other hand, the pro- 
portion of nitrogen to 8 
the minerals is nearer 1 
of nitrogen to 8 of min- 
erals, the demand upon 
the soil for potash lieing 
much greater in the 
case of potatoes, than 
where wheat or barley mm.. 
It must l»e a 
so that they may be completed before planting 
time next Spring. Carefully-drawn illustra¬ 
tions will be presented of those which seem 
worthy. 
POTATOES. 
SIRJ. B. LA WEB, BART , LL. D., F. R. B. 
t/ J 
is grown 
very largo wheat crop 
indeed which removes 50 
pounds of nitrogen from 
the soil, but In some of 
our potato crops we car- 
SfSISS m 
ry off more than 100 
pounds of that sub- 
stance per acre. 
A s very few soils could 
furnish so large an a- 
mount as this from their 
own resources, when po¬ 
tatoes are continuously grown, it becoi 
necessary to furnish a supply of potash eit 
iu dung or chemical salts. The following to 
gives the products of the crop grown in If 
being the ninth in succession without i 
change in the manures. 
TABLE 
Potatoes per acre 
In long tons. cwts 
1. 14 tons of (limit.Jl. 
2. Mineral* without Dltrotren... S. 
8. Nitrogen without mineral,... 8. 
4. Minerals anil ammonia..8. 19 
5. Minerals and nitrates.8. 2 
Amount Of mineral matter and nitrogen per cent 
In dry tubers. 
Mineral 
matter. Nitrogen. 
. . a.ft 1.09 
i ' .8.86 0 73 
a.. .2.64 1.47 
4 .. ..8.67 1.08 
5; .s.sb ma 
The character of the manure is most clearly 
shown in the composition of the crop. In No. 
2 , manured with minerals, the minerals are 
more than five times as high ns the nitrogen; 
while in No, 8 , where ammonia or nitrates 
are used, the minerals ure considerably less 
than double the amount, of nitrogen. In both 
cases there is a waste of power, shown by small 
crops, and unused manures. The loss, how¬ 
ever, is not equal in bot h cases, as the min¬ 
erals remain in the soil to bo taken up at some 
future time, while the nitrogen is probably lost, 
liothainsted, England. 
Vick’s Extra Early. Fig. 840. 
ies people, have been tempted by you into the 
]( , r evil ways of butterine; you send them the 
bJe oleo, and they work itoffinto butter! “Bosch” 
83 i s a word of Dutch derivation, and “bosch 
' butter” is known too much in England. And 
we, too, tempted as the Dutch were, are male 
ing this staff at the present time, and Rhall, I 
regret to say, continue to make it; for it pays, 
this bosch butter, because a good deal of it 
can be disposed of, to innocent folk, as the 
genuine thing. A Frenchman of unhallowed 
memory iuveuted it, we are told; you took it 
crops,any appreciable amount ui i m-.H puuue 
not taken up by the first. By means of the 
same mineral manures alone, we have grown 
_over the same period—one half the crop we 
obtained by the application of minerals with 
nitrogen, the soil hnviug supplied a sufficient 
amount of that substance to give a produetof 
200bushels; but one-half of the minerals ap¬ 
plied remained inactive in the soil; those, 
however, might bo made available to the crop 
by an application of nitrogen. 
The quantity of potash removed iu potatoes 
is very large. Iu the 400 bushels it amouutsto 
about 130 pounds. Compare this with the 
amount removed by animals. An ox, weighing 
1,400 pounds, which was killed for the purpose 
of analysis, contained only two-and one half 
pounds, iu the whole carcass and offal. Hay is 
another crop which takes a good deal of potash 
from the soil, and farmers iu England rarely 
grow either hay or potatoes for sale, unless 
there are facilities for the purchase of towu 
dung. Artificial manures are certainly not 
used alone,by practical farmers,iu the growth 
of their crops. 
iu our experimental field, the character of 
the manure is always represented in the stem 
and leaves of the plant. Ammonia aud nitrate 
without minerals, give a low stem and green¬ 
ish-brown leaves, which iu the evening appear 
almost black. Minerals without nitrogen, 
give a thin, low stem and yellowish-green 
leaves, while minerals and nitrogen together 
give a luxuriant, and sometimes an over-lux¬ 
uriant, stem, with leaves of a bright green, 
There is no difficulty in accounting l'or these 
peculiarities, A plant takes up whatever 
food is most abuudaut iu t he soil, with the 
hope, as 1 sometimes put it, that soouor or later 
it.may fiud the food which suits it best. In 
the dark green leaves, the nitrogen is in ex¬ 
cess; but starch cannot be formed without 
potash, and the supplies of potash are uot 
sufficient to use up the nitrogen. It is far 
more easy to change the yellowish-green of the 
mineral manured potatoes into adurkgieen. 
than it is to lighten the color of potatoes 
which receive nitrogen: a solution of nitrate 
of soda wilt effect the one in a vury few days, 
but us both potash and phosphoric acid form 
insoluble compounds with the soil, they are 
much more slowly taken up by plants. 
We always, however, obtain a larger crop 
of potatoes where we apply tho mineral ma¬ 
nures alone, than where wo apply the nitro¬ 
gen without the minerals, though iu the next 
field, suits of ammouia applied without min¬ 
erals for 39 years in succession, have grown 
larger crops of wheat over the whole period, 
than mineral manures without ammouia. To 
explain this apparent inconsistency we must 
consider the great difference in the character 
of the two crops. 
Wheat in England is sown in the Autumn, 
and being n deep-rooted plaut, it has a greater 
range of soil to obtain a supply of mineral 
food than the spring-sown potato. The rela¬ 
tion between the potash, and the phosphoric 
cid and nitrogen in the two crops is also very 
THE MARLBORO RASPBERRY 
CHARLES DOWNING. 
Your correspondent, A. B. C. (why not give 
his real name?), in the Rural New-Aorkkk 
of July 19, page 463, states that be saw “the 
Marlboro Raspberry in all its glory, or at 
least all the glory it wdl ever attain in New 
Jersey. It was on the best of soil and given 
the best possible treatment, but the canes were 
faltering, and would not bring out their first 
crop,”etc., etc., “aud mv firm conviction is,” 
continues this anonymous assailant, “from 
what I have seen of tho Marlboro, it will not 
do ior New Jersey and locations southward. I 
can see nothing In it but I dams blood.” 
Having examiued the Marlboro Raspberry 
carefully, 1 think otherwise, and I doubt if it 
has very much, if uuy, Idieus or foreign blood 
iu it (except in its mature leaves) ; but I be¬ 
lieve it to be au improved seedling of the 
American red (Rubus strigosus), or it may he 
the result of a succession of improvements or 
crosses, etc. The growth, and habit of throw¬ 
ing up numerous sprouts or suckers; the strong, 
vigorous, upright canes, branching a little 
toward the top, nearly smooth, with a few 
short, scattering spines; the peculiar reddish 
•:.v. 
, ■■ ' . r 
f . 
. ; \ \V~" 
!)Y.' Fig. 341. 
long as they were made of honest and health¬ 
ful materials. I am willing to admit, indeed, 
that the manufacture of these imitation goods 
is a fair thing enough in itself, wheu there are 
people who really want to buy them, and who 
know what it is they are buying. It may be 
contended, also, that there is a legitimate func¬ 
tion for these goods to fulfill, under due regu¬ 
lations as to manufacture and sale, because 
genuine butter, at all events, cannot supply 
all the purposes for which, in the absence of 
the spurious article, it would bo wanted; and 
it may be admitted that butterine may boused 
w'hen you see we deserve a rap. But in auy 
case, we are tolerably innocent as regards de¬ 
grading the dairy, for ours arc sins of omis¬ 
sion, while yours are sins of commission, of 
inventive and deliberate perversity. Knav¬ 
ery bas been let iu, aud we ure scarcely tho 
knaves this time. The difference may be as 
between the ass and the knave, possibly it is; 
but. at all events, wo are uot the knave. The 
difference, indeed, may be small, so far as 
merit or credit is concerned, but you are the 
active, and we the passive agents in the 
business. 
STRAWBERRY NOTES. 
PRES. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 
In regard to strawberries, I would state- 
that I have found the Primo to be large, regu¬ 
lar iu form, of a bright color, as well as of 
very good quality, late and productive, 
