THE RURAL HEW-YORXER. 
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florimtlurf. 
C FI RY8 A N T HE M U M S. 
WILLIAM FALCONER. 
While t,h(‘ oak and maple. the Swi ft gum 
Tree and the Tupelo, are arrayed in crimson 
and gold, and the woodlands and hill sides are 
glowing pictures of autumn foliage, our 
chrysanthemums are only bursting the buds of 
their floral loveliness. The flowers of the 
fields and woods hove passed, unless it be a 
stray aster or golden rod, or maybe a Fringed 
Gentian in the meadows, or the modest Witch- 
hazel in the thicket, yet the gayest of our 
garden treasures is only being announced. 
It is the middle of October, and our coleuses, 
heliotropes and dahlias have been destroyed 
by frost, scarlet geraniums appeal for protec¬ 
tion, the summer garden has been broken up, 
and litter and decaying vines, stems, leaves, 
and plants cry aloud for removal. But the 
eud is not yet; brighter and gayer than Sum¬ 
mer's gaudiest masses ad vanoe the fall chrys¬ 
anthemums. There are many 
KINDS OF CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 
For instance, the vicious white weed of our 
hay fields, the Paris Daisies, white and yellowy 
so much grown in greenhouses by florists for 
winter flowers: the annual tricolor varieties 
of our summer gardens, and others; but the 
most esteemed of all is the Indian or Chinese 
Chrysanthemum, the one to which I now re¬ 
fer. The varieties of these are legion, und I 
shall endeavor to arrange them in classes or 
sections under the designations of Japanese, 
Chinese, Anemone flowered, Pompones, but 
there is no rigid line of separation The Jap¬ 
anese have large, loose, ragged-looking, 
bunch of ribbons or mop of-shavings like flow¬ 
ers, as we find in La Frizure, Ceres, and Julius 
Scharff. The Chinese have large, symmetri¬ 
cal flowers, many of them being as full, regu¬ 
lar and double as those of the finest dahlias 
and the flower leaves incurved, as in Mr. 
Gladstone, Golden Beverly and Prince of 
Wales; or they may be flat or recurved, as in 
Mrs Forsyth or Itefulgens. The Anemone- 
flowered may be Japanese, Chinese or Pom- 
pone, and are beautiful though peculiar flow¬ 
ers; the disc florets—those in the center—are 
short, tubular and toot hed, while the outer or 
ray florets are broad, flat and longer than 
those of the disc. Mrs. ltitbers, Fleur de 
Marie and Mario Stuart represent the three 
classes. Pompones have the smallest flowers, 
and though not very showy, are peculiarly 
neat and pretty, and, as a rule, have the full¬ 
est double and most perfect flowers; the 
plants are stocky and extremely copious. St. 
Michael, Souvenir de Jersey and Brilliant are 
fair examples. 
PROPAGATION BY SEED. 
Seeds are advertised by all prominent seeds¬ 
men. The seeds sown in pots or boxes in the 
house or greenhouse in Spring, or in frames 
or hotbeds, germinate freely, and with due 
care afford fair-sized flowering plants by the 
next November. But it is unlikely that one 
plant among u hundred will be worth perpet¬ 
uating. The bulk of thechrysantheuittui seed 
upon the market is raised in the Channel Is 
lands, the smith of France and Algiers; but 
of recent years. Dr. H. P. Wuleot of Boston, 
among amateurs, and Hallock A: Thorpe, of 
Queens, N. Y,, among florists, have devoted 
earnest attention to chrysanthemum culture, 
saved seeds and raised multitudes of seedlings 
from their own plants, and produced some of 
the loveliest flowers iu cultivation. Amuug 
Dr. Waleot’s seedlings, President Packman 
aud George Waleot among doubles, and Asa 
Gray among singles are marvelously (iue with 
me just now. Of John Thorpe's I have a 
score or more in bloom and all bewitchingly 
pretty. Among doubles, Julius Scharff, Mr. 
W. Barr, Mrs. Bret and Mrs. Hallock are 
prominent; and Zephyr, James Y. Murkland, 
America, Peter Henderson and Pyrethrum, 
among singles and semi-doubles. 
CULTIVATION OUT-OF-DOORS. 
As soon as the chrysanthemums are done 
blooming, cat them over for tidiness’ sake; 
see that they ure securely labeled, and mulch 
them with leaves, sedge, evergreen branches 
or other handy' material. On the approach of 
Spring, uncover them, and after they have 
started to grow a little, lift and divide them, 
replant the healthiest pieces ami throw away 
the rest. Never preserve the old plants undis¬ 
turbed, as young plants produce finer flowers. 
Indeed, single well-rooted sprouts make large 
specimens before Fall, and I much prefer them 
to pieces having several sprouts. Thegrouud 
should be well enriched. In dry summer 
weather it will pay you to give occasional 
heavy waterings to your chrysanthemums. 
In order to secure nice, stocky plants, their 
shoots should be shortened two or three times 
before the end of June; after that let them 
grow unchecked. And if you supply one stout 
stake to each plant and tie 1 lie shoots thereto 
as they grow, you will have nice, shapely 
plant* In the Fall. Of course, you may let 
them blossom where they have been growing 
all Summer, or lift and replant them elsewhere 
at your pleasure; if carefully lifted and re- 
plantod and well watered then, and kept 
watered till the next rain omes, they will go 
ahead and grow' and blossom as well as if they 
had been left undisturbed. During the sum¬ 
mer months, I grow my chrysanthemum* in 
plots by themselves in rows three feet apart 
each way, and as my geraniums, abutilons 
and other summer plants begin to appear 
shabby, I root them out and replace with 
chrysanthemums. And in order to prolong 
the blossoming period, I have transplanted a 
lot into a sheltered nook, where I can spread 
some cotton cloth over them in the event of 
frosty weather. 
CULTIVATION IN POTS 
is mostly practiced by those having green¬ 
house room. The plants are raised from cut¬ 
tings or slips in Spring, repotted as they re 
quire it, and kept moderately cool till the end 
of April, after which they are fully exposed 
till about the middle of May, when they are 
planted out, and cared for during the Summer 
mouth* as advised for out of door grown 
plants. Between the first, of September and 
October lift and pot them, water well, keep 
faintly shaded, as under a tree, for a few days, 
stake firmly, and plunge out-of doors till there 
is danger from frost, when remove them to a 
cool, light, airy greenhouse. When they tie- 
gin to blossom, keep them dry overhead, but 
water abundantly in their pots, and weak 
liquid manure will greatly assist them. Some 
grower^say they get liner blooms from plants 
that have been grown all along iu pots than 
they do from those planted out in Summer 
and lifted and potted in Fall; but such i* not 
my experience, und it is a notable fact that 
the Boston growers—the most successful In 
the conntry-rplant out all of their chrysan¬ 
themums in Summer. Unusually large flowers 
may be had by disbudding, that is, by remov¬ 
ing all the buds except the end one* on the 
shoots, os soon as they appear; also by pinch¬ 
ing the lateral shoots of the main branches so 
us to throw the strength of the plant iuto the 
flower buds at the ends of these branches. As 
cut flowers they are very useful and last, in 
perfection a week. Like duhlius, gladioli and 
lilies, they look better alone than when mixed 
up, lxwquet-fnshlon, with other floWei’s. All 
are pretty in d»\ light, and the golden-bronze 
colors particularly so by lamp light. 
THE GREATEST IMPROVEMENT 
in chrysanthemums in recent years is the 
raising and introduction of many fine Japan¬ 
ese varieties. Among the Chinese sorts we 
cannot boast of better flowers tban were 
grown several years ago; and, alas! many of 
the choicest sorts as Golden Beverly, Souvenir 
de Mercide. and Mrs. George Bundle, are very 
subject to mildew. But the Japanese are a 
sturdy, vigorous, hardy race; so, too, are the 
many varieties of American origin. At 
Queens, the other day, 1 saw some Japanese 
varieties iu bloom, which W. Waterer had 
imported from Japan. They were finer than 
anything 1 had ever before seen, and 1 left au 
order for a set of them. 
EARLY FROSTS. 
A correspondent from the mountains of 
Virginia writes me that, because of the early 
frosts, chrysanthemums are of no use there. 
Now in answer to that 1 would say: Before 
you expect frost, lilt, and replant into warm, 
sheltered nooks, nuil stake firmly. Four or 
five degrees of frost, if of short duration, will 
not materially hurt the plauts or flowers; but 
wind* aud drenching raius will mar them 
considerably. There are some early flowering 
oues, as Madame Desgranges, and its yellow 
form, Red Dragon, Gloire Rayouante, La 
Frizure, Mdlle. Muncey, Madame Baehoux, 
Auastasio, Petit© Marie, Buis Duval, Preco¬ 
city, Fressorier Laeoste and Frederic Maronet. 
that come into blossom several weeks earlier 
than the general mass. Or the plants may be 
planted into pots, kegs, boxes, etc., and, in 
t he eveDt of frosty nights, placed on the piazza, 
taken indoors, put into a shed, or elsewhere 
overnight. 
INSECT ENEMIES 
are green aphis iu early Summer, followed by 
black apbis later. Tobacco water destroys 
them both, but as they are very persistent, we 
must t»e vigilant. Grasshoppers eat the leaves, 
aud can be got rid of only by hand-picking. 
Dr. Waleot complains of an evil root-louse, 
which is still master of the situation. 
THE ILLUSTRATION. 
The accompanying illustration. Fig. 530, 
(p. 849) represents the Chrysauthemum Show 
in the Middle Temple Gardens, London. These 
gardens are situate between Waterloo and 
Blackfl'iars bridges, on the north bank of the 
Thames,and in the middle of London. Chrysan¬ 
themum-growing is made a specialty there, and 
every October the plantsare brought together 
under cover, as shown in onr picture, and the 
public are invited to see the exhibition, which 
is at its best in November. No charge is 
made. I have seen these Temple exhibitions 
many times; the last time, when I revisted 
London two years ago, and I am not sure that 
I ever saw finer flowers anywhere. This shows 
what an excellent plant, the chrysanthemum is 
for city gardens, no matter how dull or 
smoky the atmosphere may be. 
VARIETIES 
are many. We have in bloom now some 200 
varieties and some 2,000 plants. From among 
our own plants I make the following selec¬ 
tion :— 
Japanese. —Admiration, rosy lilac; Ben 
d’Or, .yellow; Boule d’Argent, rose purple; 
Bouquet Fait, rose and white; Ceres, pale 
purple to white; Comte de Germiny. brown 
and yellow; Duchess of Albany, darker than 
the last; Elaine, white; Fair Maid of Guern¬ 
sey, white; F. Delaiix, velvety crimson; 
Gloire Rayonante, satiny rose; Golden Dra¬ 
gon, yellow; Grandiflorum, yellow; Julias 
Scharff, deep purple; La Charmeuse, deep 
purple and silver: La Frizure, silvery purple: 
Md. C. Andiguer, nosy pink; M. I’lanehenau, 
rose, purple and white; Md. Desgranges, 
white; P. Delaux, crimson; Red Dragon, 
crimson and yellow; Iiubra striata, red and 
yellow; Holeil Levant, yellow; Source d’Or, 
red and yellow; Striata perfecta, purple and 
white; Triumph de la Rue du Chatelet, buff 
and nankeen. 
Chinese. —Barbara, yellow; Baron Beust, 
buff bronze; Duchess of Connaught, pink- 
purple; Felicity, white; Golden Beverly, yel¬ 
low; Jardin des Plantes, yellow; Gloria Mun- 
di, yellow; Mabel Ward, yellow; Mrs. 
Forsyth, white; Mrs. N. Hallock, yellowish 
white: I’rinceof Wales, deep purple; Procure, 
bright amaranth; Venus, rosy lilac. 
Some that I should regard as too small to be 
classed with the proceeding und too large with 
the small pompones; Am^e Ferrtere, white, 
purple tipped; Eleonore, crimson and yellow; 
Md. Baehoux. lilac purple; Mdlle. Marthe, 
white; Golden Mdlle. Marthe, yellow; Mrs. 
Cnllingford, white: Perl© des Beauties, yellow' 
tipped with crimson: Princes* Miletia, white 
and pale purple; Webb’s Queen, white. 
Pomponk.— Amphilla, bright crimson; An- 
astasio, pink-purple; Arbre de Noel, bronze 
and chrome; Fanny, crimson; Inimitable, 
yellowish; Lucrece, crimson or yellow; Mdllo. 
Mancy, pink-purple; Salamon, cherry red; 
Sanguinouxn, red; Secretaire Daurel,chestnut 
aud yellow; Tressorier Laeoste, yellow 
shaded chestnut. 
Single and Semi double. -America, 
white tinged purple; Bonnie Rose, deep rose- 
purple; Cassiao, deep purple; Cineraria, rich 
purple, white baud around eye; J. Y. Murek- 
lund, white; Marigold, brown-rtd; Mrs. C. L. 
Allen, deep rose-purple; Mrs. Robertson, 
creamy white, tinged purple; Peter Header 
son, clear, bright yellow; Zephyr, yellowish 
white. I have several other singles of more 
or less importance, aud some, as Attraction, 
ltosaliud aud Yellow Gem, that are not worth 
growing. 
farm Cconomq. 
FODDER RACKS. 
Very many fanners axe so situated that 
they are compelled to let their stock run in 
open yards, aud we are sorry to sav that very- 
many of them make no provision for feeding, 
except to place the fodder upon the bare 
ground; the consequence is that a large pro¬ 
portion of the fodder is trodden upon, and 
thus muddied and soiled to such an extent 
that it is refused by the stock, aud lost to the 
owner. Farmers so situated should at least 
provide suitable feodiug racks, or boxes, in 
which the fodder can be placed and where it 
will be impossible for the stock to run over 
and soil it. 
We show such a rack or feeding box at Fig. 
524. It is made six by six feet, and will ac¬ 
commodate four cattle at one time. The 
posts in the corners are of four-by four-inch 
scantling, and are six-and one half feet high. 
On top of these is a plate two-by-four inches, 
and another such strip is put in as a girth 18 
iuebes from the bottom, and this forms the 
bottom of the opening through which the 
cattle eat. The horizontal width of this open¬ 
ing is 15 inches, and it slants, as shown, to the 
top of the corner posts. The boarding on the 
sides is of one inch stuff, put on perpendicu¬ 
larly, and a strip one inch by four should be 
nailed along each slanting edge. Each box 
should have a roof, as shown, and this can be 
made of half-inch stuff tungued and grooved. 
A small eve trough should be put under each 
eve to carry the water to the corners and 
prevent it from dripping upon the stock. 
Another and much better modification is 
shown in Fig. 525. This is made in every way 
like the first, save that the roof is so put on as 
to project on each side five feet beyond the 
side of the box, thus affording full protection 
from rain to the stock while eating. These 
racks cost but comparatively little money, 
and if well painted with cheap paint, or even 
whitewashed, they will last many years; 
especially if always placed on blocks or 
stones to keep the sides from the ground. 
ppmalogicai 
NOTES ON THE CHERRY. 
PROFESSOR j. l. budd. 
On the pi'airies west of Lake Michigan, and 
indeed in the whole Mississippi Valley, em¬ 
bracing an area of rich drift deposit, large 
enough to take in several of the European 
kingdoms, cherry growing cannot be voted a 
success. North of the Missouri lino the early 
Richmond, Late Kentish, and English Morello 
stand at the head of the recommended list t 
and even these are short lived and uncertain 
as to producing paying crops of fruit. As the 
years go on, this uncertainty seems to increase; 
except in a few favored localities the foliage 
for the past five year* ho* shown a fungous 
growth on the under surface in August, 
causing a premature falling of the leaves 
and an imperfect storing of the cell structure 
of the wood. 
Even iu the Central and Eastern States, 
where the tall growing sweet cherries and 
Dukes are on the recommended lists, we can¬ 
not say that the cherry is a favoi'ite with 
orchardists, except iu a very few favored 
sections. I notice that the Pennsylvania hor¬ 
ticulturists report a success too variable—even 
with the English Morello—for satisfactory 
profit, and the increase of the rot of fruit and 
fungu* on leaf is. each year, more apparent. 
In view of all this, is it nut time to inquire 
if our original importations of the cherry 
were not from the wrong portions of Europe? 
Our commerce has beeu mniuiy with Eng¬ 
land, France and the west coast of Europe; 
and the temperature of all this region is 
modified by oceanic currents, as is that of our 
west coast. In this equable region the Mont- 
morencies, Dulces and tall-growing, sweet 
cherries are long lived and regularly fruitful, 
as they are in a very few localities in this 
country where the climate is modified and 
evened by contiguity to large bodies of water. 
If the horticultural student will carefully 
note the condition of the trees and the abun 
dance and perfection of fruits of the mam¬ 
moth specimens of the sweet cherry at Brus¬ 
sels, aud will then pass directly eastward on 
the plain to Breslau—a distance, perhaps, of 
500 miles—he will find a marked change in 
climate aud soil, and an equally marked 
change in the leaf, bud aud habit of growth 
of the favorite fruits. The Carpathian 
Mountains on the south precipitate mainly the 
moisture from the ocean, while the common 
east and northeast winds pass over the vast 
interior steppes from Central Asia. As to 
soil, the clays, loams and sand of Belgium are 
changed to a drift deposit almost identical 
with that of our Western prairies. 
On well-kept estates, and on the grounds of 
amateurs and specialists from Breslau to Op- 
peln, will be found it greater number of varie¬ 
ties of really good cherries than can be found 
south and west of Prague, Bohemia; but they 
all belong to Eastern races of which we as yet 
know very tittle. Sweet cherries are still 
plentiful, but they grow on low, round-topped 
trees quite unlike those of the West and South. 
Varieties resembling the Dukes are also abun¬ 
dant, but the trees are changed iu habit, leaf, 
and fruit. The Morellos—hei’e known as Ama- 
l-els—ax-e low and round topped in form, and 
are everywhere common, gi’owing as road¬ 
side f rees, and on the boundaries of estates. In 
