27 ® 
WHY 5 
labor, and is better than no trimming. It 
cannot be denied, however, that the judicious 
into of the knife, in the hand of one who will 
exercise his eye and his judgment in curtailing 
its struggling growths and encouraging the 
force of the plants in the needful direction, 
will insure much better results iu the produc¬ 
tion of well-formed and well-balanced trees. 
Even the immediate effect of such treatment 
on an open, straggling young evergreen shows 
a wonderful improvement; and after the re¬ 
moval of one-fourth of its projecting spray the 
three-fourths left upon the plaut give the effect 
of added foliage rather than a diminution. 
CONTOUR. —As the young trees increase in 
size, and after they have left the nursery to 
occupy their permanent stations in the park 
or lawn, it is necessary to exorcise care in the 
preservation of their contour. The. nursery¬ 
man must not neglect this in training his 
trees, and the first requisite is to avoid crowd¬ 
ing in the rows, as the laterals damaged or 
lost by such crowding cannot be reproduced, 
as in deciduous trees. Each upright ever¬ 
green should be well furnished on every side, 
and should form a perfect cone from the sur¬ 
face of the ground to its apex. * * * The 
lower limbs will become relatively shorter 
than the more thrifty ones above them. Now, 
as we have learned that even t he leader of an 
evergreen may be amputated without endan¬ 
gering the vitality of the tree, you need have 
no apprehensions about cutting back the ends 
of the lateral branches, and this must be done 
whenever they project beyond those below 
the ii. The physiological effects of these lower 
branches, and their necessity to the success of 
the trees were clearly pointed out in a pre¬ 
vious article, entitled “Larch-mere,’ 1 un pages 
•j’d and fill? of the previous volume of the R. 
N.-Y., of Sept. 23 and 30, In ornamental 
planting the beauty of an evergreen is lost 
whenever the lower limbs grow shabby and 
have to bo trimmed away, as is too often done. 
The branches should rest on the surface of the 
ground, or near it. 
Postulates. —Trimming of coniferous ever¬ 
greens has for its object the perfecting of their 
shape, and the increased density of their 
foliage. To rva h the best results it is impor¬ 
tant that we study the natural habit of each 
species as a guide to our labors iu trimming 
and training. Preserve a single leader in the 
young plants, and more especially In those of 
a fastigiate character. This trimming should 
be done while young, and continued while 
they remain in the nursery. The leader, how¬ 
ever, is not vital to the tree, os once supposed, 
and may be cut, back with impunity, so may 
the branches. The hist leader may very easily 
be reproduced; it is often naturally restored. 
Take pains, nevertheless, to guard the lead¬ 
ing shoot from accident or injury. In trim- 
ming the knife is better than the shears. The 
tree-digger is invaluable as a root-prunor to 
check excessive vigor of growth in the nur¬ 
sery. Carefully preserve the contour of your 
trees, and keep them well furnished with 
lower limbs, observing these two positive laws: 
1. Let no upper limb extend so as to project 
beyond those beneuth it; 2, Never trim up 
the bole of a young evergreen, but carefully 
preserve aud encourage the lower branches 
from the very ground. 
al)c l)crt)sman. 
IMPROVED STOCK. 
HON. CASSIUS M. CLAY. 
The Art of Stock-breeding. 
This, like all other arts, depends upon the 
knowledge of all the conditions which sur¬ 
round the animal, as well as his physical 
structure, the means of producing the greatest 
quantity and best quality of feed from given 
areas, the laws of chemistry and climatology, 
and all that. In u word, successful art iu 
stock-breeding requires a knowledge of many 
sciences. For instance, before the discovery 
of the circulation of the blood, the highest cul¬ 
ture of live-stock was impossible, for the fact 
that animal heat, depended upon the oxidation 
of that llnid and the conversion of feed into 
blood iu the support of the tissues, which are 
ever lost and renewed, was but dimly conjec¬ 
tured, if at all thought of. Now, when it is 
known that a bullock may eat a given number 
of pounds of grain all Winter without gaining 
a pound in absolute weight, every sensible 
feeder increases the ration and secures less ex¬ 
penditures of feed in keeping up animal heat 
by shelter, etc., or abandons all attempts at 
Winter fattening. Those laws upply to stock 
of all grades, genera, species and varieties. 
ItlUillCR A NIVAL STRUCTURE. 
Tliis is another step in improvement. A 
bullock that will not mature in less than four 
or tive years, with their four or live Winters, 
is replaced by one that will mature in a less 
number of years, thus saving that absolute 
loss which is uuule by mere existence, animal 
heat and renewal of tissues. This difference 
may be called higher animal structure; for wo 
fiud by experience that, as a general rule, the 
animals maturing first are the best assimila- 
tors of feed. Thus the Short-horn cow, which 
of all the breeds attains the earliest maturity, 
is also the easiest to fatten and the largest pro¬ 
ducer of milk and beef on a given sum of food. 
FORM AND CONSTITUTION. 
Every animal must, of necessity, be of good 
constitution, and certain forms of certain spe¬ 
cies or genera are best adapted to the ends of 
their existence. Thus we say of a race-horse; 
this is the best form for running and endur¬ 
ance—a deep chest, a thin head and neck, a 
strong, broad loin, a long, muscular thigh, etc. 
And so a cow for milk has peculiarities which 
unlit her for beef, and the reverse. Experience 
teaches us that form has to do not only with 
health and digestion, but with the perfection 
of parts which are most useful in cousump- 
tion. Thus the Alderney, the great milker, 
with her narrow chest, long neck, immense 
paunch, i rrogular back, high hip bones, large 
bag and Hat tliighs, would bo a poor frame for 
the best beef, however much her high digest¬ 
ive powers might aid her in the assimilation 
of food. 
BEAUTY IN FORM. 
The elements of beauty are not easily de¬ 
fined. If it is in proportion, what proportion? 
If color, what color ? If outline, what out¬ 
line ? If utility of parts, then what consti¬ 
tutes ugliness ! And yet upon the observation 
of all objects certain pleasurable sensations 
arc caused by some, which are not excited by 
others—sensations different from those of in¬ 
tellectuality, novelty, utility, etc., which we 
agree to call lovely or beautiful. Beauty, then, 
in all animal life is desirable, because of the 
absolute pleasure derived therefrom, which 
constitutes one of the blessings of life. Other 
things, then, being equal, I should not hesitate 
to choose those animals which are most beau¬ 
tiful. 
FIXTURE OF TYPE. 
The animal being selected, that most fit for 
the end proposed, the best suited to the soil, 
the climate and the accessible markets, and 
the personal wants or tastes of the owner, the 
next consideration is, how can that type be 
perpetuated aud improved ? There are two 
forces in auiinal life, like the centripetal and 
centrifugal forces in matter: one towards 
fixity of type and another towards variety or 
“sporting.” The force of variety enables man 
to use a plastic hand iu the production of ani¬ 
mals, so that the forms and color and other 
attributes of domestic animals are “ made to 
order.” The centripetal force enables us, by 
rejecting, by selection of the best or the most, 
desirable, to reproduce the same type or to “fix 
the type.” 1 have read carefully the scientists 
who claim that from one type many or all 
other types arc evolved by long natural pro¬ 
cesses; but I do not hesitate to say that 1 have 
not seen one single fact to prove any such the¬ 
ory. But, on the contrary, duringull the time 
of history we see no new creation of genera by 
natural forces; but “ every seed produces its 
own kind.” Now, science is one thing and 
theology quite another tiling; and in this con¬ 
nection it is not necessary to say that all things, 
the Flora aud the Fauna, were created at the 
word aud will of God, or to claim that long 
eras of natural forces produced them. The 
fact remaius, that, in our flay no such creations 
take place; and if tliev ever did. which 1 don’t 
assume or deny, the circumstances and forces 
then producing them exist no longer; or the 
infinite time of such change is not and cannot 
be comprehensible by finite man. We find, 
then, in fact certain genera and species; and 
these genera and species are fixed. All the 
tendencies of our animal life is not in the direc¬ 
tion of new species or varieties, but of the re¬ 
turn from artificial culture, under mans hand, 
to the normal typo. The best thinkers, then, 
are against the attempts to aggregate desirable 
qualities iu domesticated animals by crosses of 
genera, species or varieties, but rather to se¬ 
cure such qualities by selection from the same 
genus, species or variety, The improved 
breeds, then, are uot the made-up fancies of 
some empiric, abusing the credulity of pur- 
cbftseiN. but the normal breeds, advanced by 
selection, shelter and generous food. Hence 
pure bloods, fixed types aud Hocks, and herd- 
books to guard against foreign elemeuts aud 
depreciation. 
Breaking Calves or Heifers. 
W. H.,in a late Rural, tells how lie breaks 
his heifers and kicking cows to milk. 1 think 
my plan is better, viz.; 1 commence breaking 
when they are young by handliu, them amt 
pulling their teats. Mv heifer calves will 
stand nke on old cow while 1 go through the 
motions of milking. 1 huve just had two 
young heifers calve, one not two years old, 
and I never thought of such a t hing as “break¬ 
ing" them. The youngest one 1 milked myself 
soon after calving: she was iu a box stall, un¬ 
tied. and never raised her foot during the op¬ 
eration, except to w alk after her calf once or 
twice. All they need to learn now is to stand 
still till you are done milking, and by feeding 
at milking lime or tying with a lmlter they 
soon learn. a. l. c. 
PEACH TREES. 
We offer a very large 
and complete stock 
of the be9t sorts—new 
and old. Trees In the 
best condition. Spe - 
clal prices for large lots. Address 
ELLW.tNtiER & BARRY, 
Mt. Hope Nurseries, 
ROCHESTER, N. Y. 
“/Lx- practiced working exceeds my expecta¬ 
tions I believe six cords of manure spread 
with KEMP'S MANURE SPREADER will 
produce as m uch benefit as ten cards by the old 
method. I find it very valuable for spread¬ 
ing ashes Have topdressed grass at the rate 
of 15 bushels per acre in a most satisfactory 
manner." (Warren Brown.) See page 283. 
THE NEW PATENT 
DUST-PROOF 
Stem Winding Open Face Case, 
MANUFACTURED BY THE 
American Watch Co., 
WALTHAM, MASS. 
This case is formed in one solid piece with¬ 
out joint or seam, opening in front only , thus 
avoiding the usual Cap, and securing greater 
strength and durability'. 
These Watches are all open face. The bezel, 
into which an extra strong crystal is fitted 
with an especially prepared water-proof ce¬ 
ment. is attached to the case by screwing it 
thereon, and thus forms an ai r-tight junction 
with the body of the case, which is proof 
against dust and moisture. 
To railroad men, travelers, miners, lumber¬ 
men and others who are almost constantly ex¬ 
posed and who have to make frequent reference 
to the watch, these qualities are of the utmost 
importance. 
The following letters tell tlielr own 
story: 
“Valdosta, Ga., July 20, 1882. 
“ I sold one of your Patent Dust-Proof Cases 
about ten mouths ago. aud the other day it came 
back to me with the request to make it sviud 
easier. On examination I found that the stem 
was rusty, and 1 inquired into the cause of it. 
The gentleman stated to me that he was start¬ 
ing some saw-logs that had lodged in the bend 
of the river, when his chain caught in a bush 
and throw his watch into atiout twelve feet of 
water, and he was about two hours finding it. 
When he got it out it was running and he 
thought all right. In about three mouths he 
found that the stem was hard to turn and sent 
it to me. 
“ I can say that the watch is all that the 
company claims for it, and recommend it to all 
railroad and mill ineu. B. W. Bently.” 
“ Clinton, Iowa. April 29, 1881. 
“ I wish yon would send me a spring for the 
Wm. Ellery Watch * + * By the way this 
Ellery' is a watch I sold in your Screw Bezel 
Case to a farmer last Fall. The first of Janu¬ 
ary he lost the watch in the woods, and found 
it this week iu about one foot of water. It. had 
lain three months and over in suow aud water, 
with but slight injury to the watch—only a 
hair-spring. C. S. Raymond.” 
The above were very severe tests, and dem¬ 
onstrate beyond a doubt that for any reasona¬ 
ble length of time during which a watch might 
be under water it would receive no injury 
whatever. 
We make these eases in both gold and silver, 
unit it* a Perfectly Dust-Proof Stem Winding 
Watch Cri*p, Challenge the Worldtu Produce 
its Equal. 
FOR SALE BY ALL FIRST-CLASS JEWELERS. 
The Cheapest Force Pump 
IN THE WORLD. 
K»p«rially A<Ui> d foi 
!- praying Fruit Tree*. 
Can be applied to any service 
t hat n Cistern or Force Pump oau 
be used. l*rice, S6.00. 
FIELD FORC* 1 HUMP CO.. 
Lock Box 4*51, Lockport, N. Y 
SMITH’S SELF-ADJUSTING SWING 
O CATTI.K STANCHIONS! 
Is ttie most practical, useful and beet fastening In¬ 
vented. Adjusts ithklf when opened so the animal 
cannot turn It when bni'ktng out, and locks its to. s' 
when closed. Medal awarded at New York state Fair 
Elmira, N. Y., 1881. Send for Illustrated Circular. 
Manufactured by C. D. BROOKS, 
Addison, Steuben Co., N, Y. 
BUCKEYE 
JUNIOR and SENIOR 
Lawn 
Mower. 
Easy to Work. 
Strong and Durable. 
Most Reliable Mower in Use, 
TRY ONE and YOU WILL BUY IT. 
Send for Illustrated Circulars to 
MAST, F00S & C0„ 
Springfield, Ohio. 
XCELSIORAND 
CUPPER 
GUARANTEED 
BEST & CHEAPEST 
LAWN MOWERS/hand 
MOWERS 
10 to 20 IN. 
ORSE 
IN PRICE^^MtOWERS 
25 TO 40 IN. 
CHAOBORN & 
COLDWELL 
Send for MANUF’G CO. 
I” a Price-List V.) *** NEWBURGH. H. ». 
AHEAD OF ALL COMPETITION 
OVER 1 00,000 SOLD. 
Lawn Mower. 
FOlRTKI5\ SIXES FOR HAND ISE 
Wetgliiiur from 21 to 51 lbs. 
THREE SIZES for HORSE-POWER. 
GRAHAM, EMLEfl & PASSMORE, 
Patentees and Manufacturers, 
631 MARKET ST., PHILADELPHIA. HA 
We are General Atrents. and sell the above at 
Manufacturer’s Prices at Rochester, N. Y„ or 
Chieatro, IU; Send for Catalogue und prices. 
Ill RAM SIBLEY A CO., 
Chicago. III. Rochester, N. Y . 
BUCKEYE 
.n use Salable fbr Private a*sljcucvv Parks. Court Hoaus, 
Ccmetcrtea nr I’tiMla tirum .ts—Tua.lr utte r Plata or Ornament- 
il. Also. mariutv.-turersotthc Iron Turbine W bid Engines. 
Buckeye Force Pump*, liaekeyc lawn Motion, Etc. 
Bend for Iltaatratol Catalosaea and Price) te 
MAST, FOOS & CO., 
BPIiLSUYUfcXlX OHIO* 
Adjust A>il<’fc4ttnnfr» 
t m 4 fl-trker. A 
PARNELL’S ] FURROWER 
J*AI EN T ‘l*: MARKER 
i Annol 
ch li hud 
Of* a.* a. 
A'ljutiaMlc ^few ■ belief kiw la' 
to all lnt> )u itHw Mil or hard 
ilies of ifTtiua<i ,-TXHU/d tiui oajr other Marker. 
Leaves the earth well pulverized »t bottom of furrow. 
Marks any width from 2 1 *) to 5 feet, aud from a mere 
mark to 6 inches deep. 
“Tako pleasure lurvromtui'iidinc it. 1;,In,, the business; is 
well made and will lust for J'tsari. J.S.CWIiii^,JKi>or*»rown..V./. 
“It far exceeds at. t-.v je-etalions. If iho real merits of this 
oheap imptemeut were known to potato* .-'wen alone, the mtk'S 
wouldl»e Immense." K (h, Iv w , It.jxt,Co.f V. V1 acT.-XoaoSti 
H.W.DOUGHTEN 
V%nufHot‘r. .\liHirtv«toM'ti 
BuHlufftaa Co., V J 
EVERY' ONE Who Owns a WAGON Wants 
A El RER \ FOLDING 
I CANOl’I TOP. 1 Id- ip 
llike an umbrella.Weighs 
llcss Ulan 12 lbs. Can ba 
Ptaken oft or put on in 3 niin- 
I utes. Made In sixes to fit 
business wagons, pleasure 
l wagons and Vmfrgios.' Send 
1 for Illustrated circular ami 
' price list. Ascents wanted 
/every a hero. State where you 
saw this. D. G. BKER8 & 
CO„ Patentees and M'f’rs, Sandy Hook, Conn. 
