374 
JUNE 46 
s 
drills, and this will make feed enough to keep 
twenty pigs growing for a full month. It should 
be cut at the roots and scattered in the pas 
ture twice a day. There is nothing better to 
keep up the flow of milk from the cows. It can 
be planted by baud, putting three or four seeds 
a short step apart in the row, and covering 
them a half inch deep. The ground should be 
rich and as mellow and el* an as possible As 
soon as the little plants appear scrape the 
weeds and dirt away from them, which leaves 
the rows plainly to be seen, It grows slowly 
at first, but after the scraping and cultivating 
it will grow very fast and with one more 
dressing will take care of itself The early 
sugar cane may be planted after t lie com is 
put iu, and it will be in season. Thirty-live 
cents were paid for two quarts of seed aud the 
express charges. 
TWO MANY EGGS AND TOO HOT. 
Being too greedy, several settings of eggs 
have been lost, More were put in the nests 
than the hens could cover and keep sufficiently 
warm. As the eggs are changed about in the 
nest by the hen, each one in turn got on the 
outside where the warmth of the br>dy could 
not reach aud they were chilled. This is my 
explanation of the loss. The old-fashioned 
notion was, when eggs were pipped and the 
young did not come out, that the thunder did 
the mischief. My idea has been that when 
tliis was the case with aquatic birds, it was 
because the skin under the shell was made 
tough by lack of moisture, which might lie 
the ease when duck or geese eggs were set 
under a hen, the hen not wetting her feath¬ 
ers when she came off, as the others would do. 
I heard a new explanation the other day that 
the trouble was, the eggs were kept too hot 
and the goslings or ducklings were made 
feeble on this account. My informant said 
that whenever hens were set on duck or geese 
eggs, they should be taken off from the nest 
every day aud kept off long enough for the 
eggs to get quite cool. This was noticed and 
when it was done they would always hatch 
well. We have kuovvn a setting of eggs to 
hatch, although she had left them uncovered 
for 34 hours. A great many eggs are doubt¬ 
less thrown away when found to be cold, 
supposing they are worthless, when if they 
were wanned aud kept warm they would 
hatch. To-day a hen left her nest and did 
not return to it at all. After the eggs had 
been uncovered for half a day one was found 
to Is; partly hatched, and the hatching had 
been done while exposed, but the cluck was 
apparently dead. It was, however, put un¬ 
der another hen aud in a few horn’s it was 
able to walk. 
GAPES. PROFIT. 
A hundred chickens have died with us in 
one year with the gapes. Rid of this trouble 
there is nothing more profitable than raising 
chickens. The flesh will bring almost twice as 
much per pound os most other kinds of meat 
and does not cost any more. Prevention is 
the best and really the only cure for gapes. 
The chicks must ke kept out of the wet; must 
have clean water to drink; clean coop** aud no 
sour or fermented feed. Kept in warm coops 
and not allowed out of them until the dew is 
off, one hen cau take care of two broods. 
The coops should be light and airy and roomy. 
Chickens will not do well in a dirty place or 
iu a duugeou. I This is the key of the situa¬ 
tion. It is dirt that encourages gapes in 
chicks. The pests that cause the ailment are 
picked up by the young birds in filth about 
the yards. When the ground is dean or is 
kept or made clean and fresh by digging or 
plowing, gapes never trouble the chicks.— Eds. ] 
CARK OF CA1.VES. 
The Jersey calves will be kept in box-stalls 
all Summer, it is less trouble to feed them 
there than in the fields. They will not be ex¬ 
posed to the changes of the weather, or to the 
Hies, as they would be out-of-doors. They are 
less liable to sickness, aud will grow just as 
last, and faster, with a feed of skim milk, oat 
meal aud oil meal, three and one mixed, and 
plenty of hay. They should Ik* well bedded 
and the stables be frequently cleaned. Calves 
kept iu this way will have shining coats and 
be tame, quite the re verse of their condition if 
running wild in a field. The meal should lie 
fed sparingly at first, beginning with a pinch 
and gradually increasing up to a quart a day 
by the time they are two mouths old. As they 
begin to take more meal, they will require 
leas milk, as they will at the same time cat 
more hay. Clover hay cut when green is the 
best. When they can get this kind of hay 
they will do with less milk. One Ayrshire 
cow feeds three calves until they are six weeks 
old, aud then they get the same amount of 
milk with twelve hours' cream taken off. 
When ten op twelve weeks old they get four 
quarts daily of sour milk. Calves raised for 
cows should not be made fat, but be kept in a 
thrifty, growing condition. There should lie 
an equilibrium of fat, muscle, bone, etc., uud 
not an excess of fat, which will spoil any calf. 
farm Ccouoiiuj. 
FOOD AND MANURE. 
HENRY STEWART. 
One is not always surprised when something 
is propounded as a scientific fact that seems to 
conflict with common ideas—I was going to 
write common seuse—aud perhaps 1 might as 
well have done so. For it is a popular impres¬ 
sion that science is something above the com¬ 
mon apprehension and not easily understood 
by common practical people, 
Some are now trying to make it appear that 
we may feed a ton of bay or bran to a cow 
aud get more than its value back in manure, 
or as a gentleman whom I highly respect and 
admire puts it in a recent article of his “our 
domestic animals have the remarkable power 
of extracting the food value from bay. grain, 
etc., and leaving almost the entire fertilizing 
value condensed and more available in their 
liquid and solid voidings.” This idea is based 
on Sir J olm B. Lawes’s experiments at Rotliara- 
sted in which he was led to conclude that the 
manure made from certain food substances 
was worth more than the food itself. For in¬ 
stance, he states that the manure made from a 
ton of clover hay valued at the market prices 
of the nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid in 
it, is worth $11.04; from a ton of bran, $14.50; 
from a ton of cotton-seed meal $37.88, aud 
from a ton of malt dust $18.21. Now this 
staggers the farmer who cannot see how he 
cau feed a ton of bran to his cows at a cost of 
$12 aud get back $14.59 in the manure, and the 
same with cotton seed-meal and malt dust. 
And the gentleman referred to (your interest¬ 
ing correspondent, W, I. Chamhorlaiu, of 
Ohio) makes an equally surprising statement 
when he says the food value is taken from 
these substances and the fertilizing value is 
left. There is a fallacy somewhere certainly. 
“ You cannot have your cake and cat it too.” 
And it is necessary l'or our peace of mind to 
get at the truth at ten it this, it seems that the 
food value and fertilizing value must lie dif¬ 
ferent from each other, otherwise wo must use 
one or the other twice over; or else the values 
put upon the manure are fictitious. Now 
what are the facts? Let ns take a ton of clover 
hay and trace these values. Iu a ton of Red 
Clover there are 38’£ pounds of nitrogen; 30’£ 
pounds of i*otash and 11 pounds of phosphoric 
acid. Every person of common sense must 
know that when an animal eats a ton of clover 
hay it has used up some portions of these ele¬ 
ments of nutrition which go to make up blood, 
flesh and lone aud milk. But to find out pre¬ 
cisely how much of these is used we have to 
go to the scientific men and take their figures. 
We are told by Dr. Wolff that the quantity 
of nitrogen left in the manure from 100 pounds 
consumed by the following animals, are: 
68.8pounds by the cow; 80.8 by the ox; 95.5 
by u sheep and 83.4 pounds by a horse; while 
of the same amount of mineral matter left 
there are 07 pounds by the cow; 117.5 pounds by 
an ox; 103.5 pounds by a sheep and 101.0 pounds 
by the horse. These are extraordinary figures 
autl seem to indicate tlmt so far as some of 
the food and manure values are concerned, the 
auimnl could have lived very well without 
them, aud indeed from some source actually 
adds to tli cm. 
I must say that I have not a complete faith 
in these figures which are made the basis of 
the estimates of all the writers upon agricul¬ 
tural matters in those respects. For on refer¬ 
ring to Prof. Armsby’s Manual of Feeding, I 
find tlmt an animal commonly digests 75 per¬ 
cent. of the protein or nitrogenous portion of 
its food, and that this protein is disposed of iu 
a very different manner from that previously 
supposed. Formerly it was believed aud 
proved, too, that the vital heat and the fat of 
an animal were produced from the consump¬ 
tion of the carbohydrates of the* food, and the 
nitrogen went to make up tile waste of the 
muscular tissue, or form flesh. Now it is be¬ 
lieved and proved, too, tlmt the fat of the 
body, and some of the animal beat, are pro¬ 
duced from the protein of the food, and t-hut 
much more nitrogen is consumed than has 
been supposed. The truth is tlmt. there is not 
enough known of this matter with certainty 
to distinguish between the food vulues and the 
fertilizing values of ftxider. 
But we know enough at least to show that 
these values are nearly the same, that is, that 
what is valuable in the food is also valuable in 
the manure, aud that nitrogen, potash aud 
phosphoric acid, the clxief and most valuable 
elements of u fertilizer, are indispensable ele¬ 
ments of food. Were it otherwise, these most 
costly foods could be dispensed with and the 
animals fed much more cheaply. A farmer 
does not buy bran or cotton-seed meal, Or at 
least very few do—1 do not—for the purpose 
of enriching the manure as a primary object. 
They use these to get out of them the nitrogen, 
potash and phosphoric acid, chiefly in the form 
of milk or flesh, and the benefit to the manure 
is a secondary object. These foods are used 
to make more manure, and help out the other 
fodder, aud keep more animals. I admit that 
the manure made from my animals fed on 
bran aud cotton-seed meal is much richer than 
that made from liay-fed cows; but it*is a 
source of loss and worry lieeanse I know it is 
the valuable food that is going out undigested 
iu the manure which 1 would rather have 
turned to profit as food. The truth is that 
the food values and the manure values are the 
same, and a farmer might as well use clover 
hay, bran and eotton-seed meal at once on his 
laud for manure, as to feed them to liis 
COWS. There would be no loss iu that.. At 
least, Joseph Harris, in liis Talks on Manures, 
says "there is no loss, and 1 cannot see how 
there can lie. The whole difference is in avail¬ 
ability of the elements. When a cow eats 
five pounds of bran aud digests half of it, aud 
half goes out with the manure, that in t he ma¬ 
nure is softened aud mixed with other soft, 
wet matter which usually ferments and be¬ 
comes available as a fertilizer. But there is 
no necessity to feed it for this purpose except¬ 
ing tor the profit of feeding it. Connecticut 
farmers use brau as a fertilizer for their to- 
liaeeo. I have used cotton-seed meal in the 
drill for corn and potatoes and melons, and 
t hink it worth its cost for that. use. But it is 
worth more forfeiting, if the cows eoidd only 
‘ 'extract the food value'' from it, but that, they 
cannot do completely aud what is left is the 
manure value. Tt might be putin a formula 
ns follows:—Food-value plus manure-value 
equals cotton-seed meal; and the two equiva¬ 
lents are equal and no more; or otherwise we 
must get something out of uot.liiug. 
Cut Your Grass Early. 
My own hay is in the Imru by July 10th; 
sometimes by the 4th. The result is I can 
make more butter from bay than from grass. 
It is ensilage of the right sort. Buteompelled 
to buy hay for one month this Spring, my 
Jersey cow fell off one-third in milk. Thu 
matter is so plain that dried-up grass is only 
fit to keep cows alive, that it seems needless to 
argue with farmers the. duty of early haying: 
yet many are in the habit of boginuiug iu July 
and ending in August as late as the middle of 
the month. The direct loss is as great as a 
plague that should kill half their cattle, e.p.p. 
5lrbimcuttm*al. 
HOW EVERY FARMER CAN GET 
RICH. 
Every Land Owner in the West Should 
Plant a Grove of Black Walnut Trees. 
The following facts about Black Walnut 
culture cost me a good deal of trouble and re¬ 
search. The best way we can get. people 
interested in tree culture is through their 
poekets. Thin article hits the pocket. 
Out on the Santa Fe Road, in Kansas, May 
23,—A new interest in tree planting has 
struck the people in Dakota, Nebraska and 
Kansas. Upon the St. Paul Road in Dakota, 
the other day, the settlers were all talking 
about walnut trees and the wonderful wealth 
to be realized in raising them. Around 
Mitchell and Plankiugton the Iowans were 
coming in prepared to plant black walnut 
tree claims. 
Over iu Logan Valley, Nebraska, just south 
of Sioux City, one man had just sold a young 
walnut grove which he planted ten years ugo. 
This sale was the first I have beard of, but. it 
is opening the eyes of the people to a source of 
wealth surer and more profitable than an 
Arizona silver mine. Tliis Nebraska grove 
whs sold by Col. Van, of St. James, Neb., near 
Wayne. Dr. R. B. Crawford, of Wayne, who 
planted 47 bushels of walnuts lost Fall, tells me 
that Col, Van was paid by uu Indiana lumber 
man $8,000 for his ten-aei e grove. It was ten 
years old. Col. Van bought the laud ten 
years ago for $1.25 an acre. At the end of 
ten years he sold it. for $800 per acre. If he 
hud put his entire farm of 100 acres into black 
walnuts ten years ago if. would have sold for 
$48,000. This sale, 1 suy, has set the farmers 
to tliiukiug. 
Dr. Crawford told me that he had ten acres 
of walnut trees which he had refused $300 per 
acre for—ton years old. 
“ Why do you refuse such a price ?" I asked. 
“ Because,” said he, “ they are worth more 
money. They stand 400 trees to the acre. 
When they are 20 years old 1 sup|>oso I will 
then thin them out to 200 per acre. I know 
every one of these 200 trees, when they are 20 
years old, will lie worth $10. I believe my 
tou-acre field will 1 h> worth $2,000 an acre, or 
$20,000. You can see what 200 trees at $10 
each would bring.” 
“Then you still have absolute faith iu the 
sure profits attending black walnut culture ?" 
I asked. 
“Yes sir, 1 have. This ease of Col. Van’s 
settles it. It also settles the idea that we 
haven't got to wait for black walnut trees to 
mature, We can sell them three years old, 
or five years old.” 
“ How do you plant your trees ?” I asked. 
“I put. in 47 bushels of black walnuts last 
year this way: I put them in a thin pile on 
the grouud in the Fall. I spread straw on 
them an inch thick. The rains aud frost 
cracked them, and iu the Spring I planted 
them iu prepared ground, six feet one way 
and two feet the other.” 
“ That in too thick, isn’t it ?” I asked. 
“Yes, that is too thick for permanent use 
but some of them will die. By and by 1 will 
cut them out to a stand 4x(i feet, aud then 1 
will let the 'survival of the fittest' theory be 
given them. The strong ones will kill out the 
weak ones.” 
To Dr. Crawford’s information, T will add 
my own. I saw nine acres of black walnut, 
timber, much of it second growth, sold iu In¬ 
diana last. Winter for $10,000. They thought 
it would average 50 years old. Many of the 
very largest trees had been out out. This was 
native forest. I also saw one tree sold for 
$000. The lumber man who bought it said he 
could get $750 for it when sawed into boards. 
It was a very large tree and there were a good 
many bidders for it. The tree was 250 years 
old. Ho this tree had gained in value over 
$2.50 a year. 
I saw 20 trees near Jacksonville, Ill., set out 
21 years ago, which were 18 inches through. 
They were $20 a tree. Ho young trees will 
gain a dollar a year in value while old trees 
will gain much faster. Trees increase accord¬ 
ing to their age, by the old theory of light, 
heat and sound radiating from a common cen¬ 
ter. That is they increase inversely as the 
square root of their age. 
The home of the block walnut is in Southern 
Kansas, Missouri aud Arkansas. Farmers 
ulong the Haute F6 Railroad, in Kansas, tell 
me walnut trees grow very fast with them- 
Man}* shrewd farmers are; planting them. They 
begin to see that an acre of ground will pay 
$50 every year planted in walnut. There is a 
sale for young groves when large enough for 
a black walnut timber dealer to buy and handle 
thorn. The English farmers, between Flor¬ 
ence and Newton, on the.Santa Fd Road, are 
planting acres of them. They say black wal¬ 
nut is worth as much in England as mahog¬ 
any and always will lie. 
A shrewd Indiana black walnut dealer tells 
mo that any person setting out annually black 
walnut, trees can make $25 an acre for the 
first five years, $50 an acre anuually for the 
second five years, $75 an acre annually for the 
third five years, $100 an acre annually for the 
fourth five years; $150 au acre annually for 
the years from 20 to 25, $200 anuually for the 
years from 25 to 80, und so on increasing every 
year till the tree gets to be 75 years old. These 
figures are startling, but the more 1 investi¬ 
gate t he black walnut growth, value, demand, 
etc., the more 1 am assured of their truthful¬ 
ness. The rich farmer in the future is the 
farmer who will sit down aud reflect a moment 
and then go and put in 20 acres of black wal¬ 
nuts. The figures apply to Illinois, Missouri, 
Kansas and Nebraska. I believe the best 
place to plant, those trees is along the Arkau 
sas River aud along the Hanta Fe Road. 
M. L). Landon:—Eli Perkins. 
CONCERNING PARASITES IN MEAT — 
THE TAPE WORM. 
MARY WAGER-FISHER. 
Anaximander lately gave me an account 
of uu informal talk by Dr. Leidy, before the 
Pennsylvania Club ill Philadelphia. This Club 
is composed entirely of men in the professions 
—all college-bred—and Dr. Leidy is one of the 
most eminent scientific men in tills country, 
aud a Professor iu the Medical Department of 
the Pennsylvania University, When Profes¬ 
sor Huxley was to visit this country, and he 
was usked what men he wished to meet, he 
mentioned Dr. Leidy as one. Dr. Leidy was 
the first to discover trichina* in pork aud trace 
its propagation in the human body, aud he 
lias made parasites an especial study. 
In this iuformal talk ho said that in his 
practice he had almost never met with a ease 
of pork tape-worm, the tajie-worm nearly 
always, with Americans, 1 icing produced by 
the eating of under done beef. The parasite, 
as it, exists in the beef, is in a larval state ami 
does not develop into the tape-worm until it is 
transferred to the stomach or digestive organs 
of the human living, where its development is 
of the most, extraordinary character, most in¬ 
geniously diabolical, although it is uow very 
successfully “treated” and raptured. Because 
