JUNE 30 
is it as good in quality. It is smooth, dark- 
red, while Nickajack is rough, and a lighter 
red, mixed with gray. 
MISSOURI PIPPIN, 
The fruit of this apple (Fig. 353) is medium 
to large; form, roundish-oblate, slightly conic, 
oblique, truncated; color, light yellow, mixed, 
shaded, splashed aud striped with light and 
dark red; dots small, numerous, gray; stem 
medium to short, slender; cavity wide, deep, 
regular, russeted; calyx small, closed or hall' 
open; segments short, erect; basin narrow, 
deep, abmpt, somewhat furrowed; core small, 
closed; carpels medium, slightly hollow; seeds 
small, short, plump, dark; flesh yellowish, 
rather coarse, tender, moderately juicy, mild 
subacid; quality only good; used for market 
and kitchen; season, January to April. Tree 
vigorous, healthy and hardy, upright, spread 
ing; an early and abundant bearer, originated 
in the orchard of Bviuk Hornsby, Johnson 
County, Mo. This is one of our standard 
apples in Kansas, and has generally been sat¬ 
isfactory, and may be classed with Ben Darts 
in profit and quality, but the fruit is not so 
large in size. J. Stayman. 
Leavenworth, Kansas. 
GRAPE TRELLIS. 
C. S. S., Aiken, S. C .—1 have about 8,000 
Niagara grape vines and propose increasing 
the vineyard next Winter to 20,000, so it is 
necessary to start right and avoid all mrneces- 
saxy expense. The accompanying sketch 
Fig. 354) represents my idea of a trellis and 
training. Posts 0x0 feet, and stakes three 
inches in diameter, seven feet long; the two 
feet which enter the ground to be coated 
with something to preserve them, Ls it nec¬ 
essary to stake each vine or at intervals to 
support the two wires which are run two and 
five feet from the ground? At what dis¬ 
tance should the posts be set? How is the 
wire best attached to posts or stakes? The 
rows are 1,100 feet long and the vines 10 feet 
each way. 
VIEWS OK E. WILLIAMS. 
Regarding the queries of your correspond, 
ent, I w ould say that a stake to each vine till 
they reach the wires Ls necessary; afterwards 
less stakes will answer, and their size will 
regulate, in a measure, the number of posts 
needed. If very large they might serve as 
posts to a great extent; the difference in cost 
as well as the labor in setting the two should 
be considered. The dimension of the trellis 
(Fig. 354) I apprehend is a mere matter of in¬ 
dividual taste. I have just trellised about 
300 young vines this Spring. 1 give my method 
and the reasons therefore: 
End posts are set at least two and-a-half 
feet deep; a less depth will do for the inter¬ 
mediate ones. Brace posts are set between 
the two end vines. Braces notched into these 
near the ground, run nearly to the top of the 
end post under the wires. Intermediate posts 
are set between every four vines, and between 
these a stout stake reaching to the top wires. I 
have found the second crop of fruit rendered 
this support necessary. The wires are placed 
and six feet from the ground. I think at these 
bights I secure a better circulation of air than 
if they were lower-. I consider this an impor¬ 
tant requisite in this climate. 
Low training, moisture and confined air af¬ 
ford favorable conditions for mildew- and 
grape-rot, the great scourge of American vines 
in this latitude. I find it often necessary to 
pass fr om one row to another- without going 
to the end of a row, (which, if 1,100 feet long 
would be quite a journey), and with the lower- 
wire feet high 1 can readily stoop and pass 
under from one row to another, in any part 
of the vineyard, whereas, if the wire was but 
two feet from the ground it would uot be so 
easy a matter, for me at least. Again, 1 can 
gather the fruit much easier at a bight of 
3 >£ feet than at two feet. I fiud six feet about 
as high as is convenient to reach and tie the 
vine. In a vine intended to occupy both 
wires, 1 aim to grow two truii ks from near 
the ground, giving each a pair of arms. I pre¬ 
fer this to haviug the four arms on one trunk, 
as I think I thereby secure a more uniform 
growth of wood and fruit. I have them both 
w ays and with more expei-ience may be aide 
to determine the relative difference between 
fact and theory in this matter. 
Holes are bored through the end posts for 
the wires which are held to their places on the 
sides and tops of the intermediate posts by 
staples, not so tightly, however, as to pre¬ 
vent their running freely. I pass the end of 
the wire through the hole in one end post, dou¬ 
ble the end back and return it into the hole. In 
the loop thus made I insert a piece of old 
lightning-rod, about two inches long and driv 
the wire in till it hugs the bit of rod to the -I 
post; then passing along the row I place the 
wire in its place and hold it there with the 
staples. At the end post 1 cut the wire loug 
enough hi reach through it. I cut my posts 
eight feet six inches and nine feet long, the 
latter for end posts, aud set them 2}4 feet in 
the ground. The vines are eight feet apart 
each way. 
For fastening I use a small iron windlass 
obtained of a hardware merchant, 1 place 
one of these in the hole in the post., pass the 
end of the wire through the post and a hole 
in the shaft of the windlass, then with a 
wrench give the shaft a turn which holds the 
wire, and keep on turning till the desired ten¬ 
sion is secured, If at any time the wire be¬ 
comes too loose, it is easily tightened by a turn 
at the w-indlass. While this arrangement 
might be improved upon (and I intend doing 
it) it is the best method I have yet found of 
holding and tightening the wires! Your 
correspondent’s sketch shows the brace post., 
or foot of the brace to bo only five feet dis¬ 
tant from the post braced; this is too close, 
A good strain on the wires would raise the 
end posts out of the ground in ordinary soil 
fUtisccUancous. 
BOOKS RECEIVED. 
Thirtieth Annual Report of the Mas¬ 
sachusetts Board of Agriculture for 
1883. Pages 459; John E. Russell, Secretary- 
Boston, Mass According to custom, we fiud 
the Old Bay State’s Report full of much that 
is valuable to the farmer. The milk question 
is thoroughly discussed iu an article by Major 
Alvord, of Houghton Farm. He divides the 
subject into three parts: 1, Shall the milk be 
sold? 2. How shall it he sold ? 3 If uot sold 
what shall be done with it? Major Alvord Ls 
a firm believer in cooperation in the sale of 
milk to dealers. He says: " If you are making 
milk, anxious to sell it, and have to depend 
upon a limited market, don’t go into compe¬ 
tition and ruinous rates, hut join your neigh¬ 
bors in maintaining a fair scale of prices. Be 
active and earnest; organize—organize ! Do 
something, when so many ways are open. It 
is work, and not growling —work for your 
Phelps’s Fruit Gatherer.— Fig. 351.—See Page 487. 
unless unusually well set aud anchored. If 
the end posts were set over six inches out of 
plumb it would obviate this difficulty. The 
“Kniffin system” of training, which your 
correspondent, has so admirably sketched, is 
not perfect and will doubtless be modified or 
improved to meet the wants of individual 
growers. One difficulty I find is iu the loss 
of young canes, one-and-one-half to two feet 
long, by the wind. Iu ease of a heavy shower 
accompanied by high winds, when the young 
canes are tender and growing vigorously. 
own interests and those of your fellows—that 
is needed to settle the milk question. An ar¬ 
ticle upon "The Iniluo&ce of Chemistry cm the 
Development of a Rational System of Stock 
Feeding,” by Prof. Goesstnann of the State 
Agricultural College, who is recognized as a 
leader among agricultural chemists, should 
engage the attention of every progressive fai¬ 
mer. Tobacco and its culture in the Connec¬ 
ticut Valley, are fully treated in an article by 
J. M. Smith of Sunderland, Mass. Barb wire 
and the fence question; by H. M. Smith of 
the loss is quite serious, ami though, perhaps, 
not more than I should remove myself 
they are often the very ones I most desire to 
retain. To remedy this. 1 shall try another 
wire six to eight inches above the one securing 
the arms, to support the young eaues and see 
how it will work. This may induce me to lower 
the arms six inches, but from present experi¬ 
ence I should not place the lower wire less than 
three feet from the ground. The best plan or 
arrangement for me in this climate might 
not be the best for your correspondent or the 
climate of Aiken, 
A coat of coal-tar applied to the posts near 
the surface of the ground will doubtless be of 
Worcester, Mass., and Forest Fires by Prof. C. 
S. Sargent, of Brookline, Muss., treat upon 
topics of equal interest to all the farmers of 
the TJ. S. In Massachusetts in 1880, 13,899 
acres of wood-land were burned over, the loss 
being given at $100,000.00, Iu Michigan 685,- 
738 acres were burned, t he loss amounting to 
$3,000,000. The tenth annual report on Com¬ 
mercial Fertilizers by .Prof. Goessmanu, State 
Inspector of Fertilizers, and the 30th Anuuul 
Report of the Mass. Agricultural College are 
to be found among the last pages. 
Peculiar Malformation in a Colt. 
On May 22, one of my mares dropped a 
—\ 
1 
— ■ 1 V 
~';' i 
..... 1 
----—^„ 
LN 
Grape Trellis.—Fig. 354. 
benefit. I have some'thus treated 00 years 
ago, which are still doing good service. The 1 
vulnerable point of decay being at the surface 
of the earth, between “ wind and water,” it 
is not necessary to coat the entire bottom of 
the posts, I have thought, crude petroleum 
might lx: equally efficient for this purpose us 
tar, but I have not tried it. 
large horse colt, got by a *' Percheron.” The 
colt died in 36 hours. A post-mortem discov¬ 
ered the fact that there was no urethra, or 
o] ton ing whatever from the bladder, and the 
sheath was close to the scrotum and had not 
the first sigu of a penis. The scrotum was ab¬ 
normal at birth, and upon opening it, a thick, 
viscid fluid escaped, not the first sign of a tes¬ 
ticle to be seen. The colt haviug sucked the 
mare frequently during two days, its bladder 
was extended to the utmost capacity with no 
escape for the matter. This is a peculiar ease 
of malformation seldom, if ever, heard of. 
Darts Co., Kan. h. s. 
Sulphur and Carbolic Acid for Hogs. 
Will D. B. M, of Lancaster Co., Neb. 
please inform us through the Rural Nf.w- 
Yorker. what quantity of carbolic acid he fed 
once a day to his hogs as a cure for hog chol¬ 
era, and whether it was the crude or chrystal 
acid; also what feed did he mix it with. The 
foregoing information is necessary to hog 
feeders and breeders for an intelligent use of 
the remedy for hog cholera. 
Junction City, Kan. H. s and others. 
(Il)t' Sumte-ljcri). 
OUR ANIMAL_ PORTRAITS. 
BERKSHIRE BOAR AND SOW. 
This week we present to our readers a couple 
of fine likenesses of Berkshire hogs, both of 
which were imported from Canada by their 
present owner, Mr. T. R. Proctor, of Bagg’s 
Hotel, Utica, N. Y. The engraving Fig. 363, 
represents the boar, Emporor III., 4175, win¬ 
ner of the gold medal as the head of the Berk¬ 
shire prize herd at the New York State Fair 
at Utica in 1882, aud also at the Onondaga 
County Fair of the same year. Here is his 
pedigree: 
Farrowed 30 th Anri], 1881 . 
Sire, Norton's Sm it hereon 2561. 
Dam, Ridge Sullle XII. 6838, by 2d Duke of St Bridge 118. 
2d Dam, Sallle XII 83ft by Heber (Imported). 
3d Dam, Sallle IX 1)20, by Othello 280. 
■Ith Dam, Sallle IV )I 2 C, bv Dewev boar. 
5th Dam, Sallle III, by 2d Duke of Ghmeeater. 
6th Dam, Sallle II, by King Tombs. 
Ith Darn. Sallle, liy Duke of Gloucester. 
At Fig. 363 is shown the Berkshire sow Clar¬ 
ice Clermont 7266, winner of the gold meda 
as a member of the Berkshire prize herd at th 
N. Y. State Fair at Utica in September, 1882, 
and also winner of the first prize as the best 
Berkshire sow at the New York State Fair of 
1881. The following is her pedigree: 
Farrowed 34th May, 1880. 
Sire, Royal Hope, 2!i]J,(imported). 
Dam, Constance Clermont, 7264, (Imported), by Wind¬ 
ermere, 21)3!». 
2d Dam. Lady Clermout 4414, (Imported) by Binn- 
Ingliam. 
3d Dam, hy Irish Blacksmith. 
4th Dam, Kathleen, hy Hibernian. 
5th Dam, Kutbarlnn, by Joe Hogg. 
- *-+-+ - 
Experiments with Amber Cane.— From 
Prof. Henry’s Report of his experiments with 
Amber Cane made at the University of Wiscon- 
sin, we give those parts which at this time will 
prove of most interest to our readers. Speak¬ 
ing of the effects of various manures, it up- 
1 tears that the defecated juice as a rule from 
the cane of manured plots was darker in color 
than that from unmanured plats. The simp 
from the entire plat of I ! .j acre was mixed, 
and the sugar separated from ft. was darker 
iu color than that from the other pints. It 
appeal's that the fertilizers used had no effect 
on increasing or diminishing the amounts 
of sugar. A ton of average cane it was found, 
will yield about 14 gallons of simp with a mill 
averaging 50 per cent of juice, while about 20 
gallons of the same kind of sirup would he 
produced with a mill giving 69b,j per cent of 
juice. Another great advantage Ls gained by 
having the bagasse left in a convenient form 
to handle. The cane is completely severed at 
each joint, leaving it in short pieces, easily 
handled. When used for fuel, the bagasse can 
be much more easily dried, both on account 
of containing less water to evilporate and of 
being in such a disintegrated state. 
Deterioration of Cane.— The cane after 
being cut, deteriorates very rapidly. I n order 
to produce sugar in paying quantities, it is 
an absolute necessity to work up t he eaue very 
soon after being cut. A lot of eaue weighing 
several tons was cut. stripped and piled up by 
the factory on Friday, October 13. The defe¬ 
cated juice contained 10.59 percent of cane 
sugar, and 2.85 per cent of glucose. Some of 
this cane was not worked till the following 
Monday afternoon, October 16, when the defe¬ 
cated juice contained 9.50 per cent, of cane 
sugar and 5.00 per ceut. of glucose. From one 
ton of the cane on the day it, was cut,70 pounds 
of sugar were obtained by the first crystalliza¬ 
tion, while from the same cane three days 
later, scarcely 50 pounds could bo obtained. 
The quality of the latter was also inferior, and 
the necessary labor for production proportion¬ 
ally greater. Cans should uot be allowed to 
remain more t han a day before being worked 
and less than that is preferable. Another 
source of loss is to allow the juice to remain 
for any length of time before being defeca- 
