JUNE 30 
YORKER 
9 
ted. The vinous ferment, or yeast plant, is 
very abundant nround a sugar house, accu¬ 
mulating in large qualities in the waste scums 
and in the bagasse, This ferment, finding its 
way into the juice, will in a short time change 
part of the sugar to alcohol and other pro¬ 
ducts. If it becomes necessary to leave the 
juice undefecated, a little sulphurous acid will 
be found very effective in preventing fermen¬ 
tation. He has kept raw juice 24 hours in this 
way, undergoing in that time but a slight 
change. Fermentation may also be checked 
by making the juice slightly alkaline with 
lime. All vessels used for holding cane juice, 
should be occasionally washed with lime water 
to prevent the ferment from accumulating. 
Defecation. —The only substance used last 
year was lime. It was found that the use of 
sulphurous acid was entirely superfluous: and 
that, moreover, its use involved quite a loss of 
cane sugar if great care was not observed. 
The milk of lime was added to the (-old or 
lukewarm juice iu quantity sufficient to give 
it a slight alkaline reaction, so ns to cause the 
coagulation of the vegetable matter. The 
quantity of lime was very variable, accord¬ 
ing to the quantity of acid in the juice. The 
average amount required is about one quart 
of milk of lime to (50 gallons of juice, some 
requiring loss and some more. The juice was 
now heated as rapidly as possible to the boil¬ 
ing point, Tho steam was shut off as soon as 
tbe thick scum which had risen to the surface 
began to swell and break After a few min¬ 
utes it was skimmed and the juice again 
heated, this time to a quiet ebullition, and 
again skimmed. This was repeated a few 
times, and the result was a very clear juice, 
almost free from sediment. The juice was 
then evaporated to about 20 degrees B.. in an 
open evaporator. It was then drawn into the 
vacuum pan and evaporated thereto alxiut, 44 
degrees B. The sirup was then emptied into 
wooden tanks lined with tin, each holding 
about 5(1 gallons, where in a couple of days it 
crystallized and was ready to separate. The 
molasses which was separated from the sugar 
was reboiled and again allowed to crystallize. 
All the heating coils, except those in the 
vacuum pan. wore made of copper. There 
are several objections to the use of iron pipes 
for such purposes, which the report goes on to 
mention. The cost of copper coils is consider¬ 
ably more than iron ones, but then taking 
into consideration their greater durability and 
efficiency, they are certainly the cheapest in 
the cud. The common gas pipe has also a 
great tendency to split. This happened twice 
iu the works, causing no little trouble and de¬ 
lay. The table below gives the results of last 
season’s work. 
S ?? ^ 
-*•00 
K8 
H-< 
3 »-«xgxcri>x 
<M 
1. 
S 3! X X 
— as tr SqO Yl- ’xi x © «'• 
cm • t- 
OC. 
t— CM 
1^623 
r 
: n — s_ o 
■v — 
Z t- 
c5 33 
o tr 
_ 3 
4- “ 
g 5*2 
f : 
£ * So £ 
g 82 3 g' 
- * u * 
= * 33 CS 
£o»3 
a e> *>»•,! 
SSB = O 
M ct c3 ^ c 
C.- 0.3 C 
tot* 
o 
a 
: ~ c 3,* * 
»f, * 
J o 
z > c 
3*5 *m u 9 
» r ~ 
'Si 
The sugar is all of good quality and would 
sell for eight cents iu the market. The raw 
sugar is, according to one who has spent 
several years in Cuba, superior to that pro¬ 
duced there. Several hundred pounds have 
been refined and no difficulty was experienced 
in producing any grade of sugar desired. 
Directions for Making Sirup. —For 
making sirup exclusively, the defecation should 
not be so strong, as it will teud to make the 
color dark. The color is produced by the 
action of the excess of lime ou glucose. To 
prevent getting n dark-colored sirup therefore, 
the juice should not tie made alkaline, but 
should be left slightly acid. The best way 
for a manufacturer to proceed on a small 
scale will be to have barrels or larger 
reservoirs containing a stirring apparatus 
into which the filtered juice from the mill 
may be run alternately. When one is about 
„ .1 roe-fourths full, add milk of lime until a 
slight alkaline reactiou is produced, or until a 
piece of ml litmus paper is turned purple or 
faint blue when immersed in the juice for a 
short time. Then add fresh juice until the 
excess of lime is neutralized by the acid in the 
juice or until blue litmus paper is reddened. 
During this process of liming, the juice should 
be vigorously stirred so as to completely mix 
the lime with it. This juice can now be boiled 
down in any kind of evaporator precisely as 
is done when lime is not used. If the sirup is 
of a dark color, too much lime has been used, 
while, if it still retains some of its sorghum 
taste, more lime should be added. A little 
practice will be necessary to enable one to hit 
the exact poiut. Great care should be taken 
to exclude all coarse particles from the milk 
of lime used. 
Preparation of the Milk of Lime.— 
Select good quick-lime, excluding all pieces of 
dark color or those having dark streaks, as 
they are very apt to contain considerable 
quantities of iron which imparts to the sirup 
a red color. Add to the lime sufficient water 
Buckwheat. —Mr. W. A. Armstrong of the 
Elmira Farmers’ Club, has never seen a good 
full crop of buckwheat from early sowing, 
and he has observed that a very large propor¬ 
tion of complete failures is in early-sown 
fields. Buckwheat, when filling, wants the 
moist, cool weather of Autumn, hence the 
propriety of seeding with reference to that 
want. His practice lias been to sow somewhere 
near the 10th of July, and he has raised many 
good crops. In his locality there is but little 
risk of frost where the seed is sown before 
the middle of July, for the crop takes only (50 
days to mature. There is always risk of 
blasting, and it is greatly increased bv sowing 
the seed early so that full blossoming comes in 
the hottest .Summer weather. In a cool season, 
Berkshire Boar, Emperor III, 4,175.— Fig. 302.— From Life.—See Page 408. 
to more than cover it; hot water is preferable; 
as soon as it is slaked add sufficient water to 
give to it a uniform, creamy consistency- 
After being well stirred, strain through a 
cloth or fine sieve in order to exclude all 
coarse particles. 
Handy Hay-Caps. —Farm and Fireside 
gives the timely hint to procure thick, brown 
sheeting, one-and-one-half yard in width. This 
should lie cut into squares, and a cord hemmed 
in at the edges. A loop in the cord at each 
corner is desirable, as wooden or wire pins eau 
be thrust through the loops into the hay cocks 
and hold the caps in place. A coating of 
boiled linseed oil should bo givcu them to ren¬ 
der them water-proof and durable. If pre¬ 
ferred, apply the following mixture: Four 
ounces of pulverized resin, one of powdered 
sugar of lead, and one quart of linseed oil. 
Heat sufficiently to dissolve the materials. 
if we could foresee that character, the seed 
might Lie sown early, even in May, with toler¬ 
able certainty of a crop, but as seasons run 
there is more danger from the hot August sun 
than from September frosts. 
The Husbandman tells, in a few words, all 
that needs to be said as to fitting the land for 
buckwheat, when to sow and how much. The 
time to sow is the latest day that will allow 
the crop to mature before frost. But we cun 
not say when frost w ill appear, so it. isncees 
sary to make some allowance. A good prac¬ 
tice is to fit the land early, say plow before 
the middle of June, cultivate well about ten 
days later, and again just before sowing the 
seed, which should not be later than the 10th 
of J ulv in this latitude. That will provide for 
quick germination, and growth if not retarded, 
will be complete before the middle of Septem¬ 
ber, and that is early enough to escape frost 
-* {Berkshire Sow Clarice Clermont, 7,266.—Fig. 363.From Life.—See Page 408. 
“No calves are raised in Orange County,” 
said Mayor Alvord to a reporter of the Mail 
and Express. “The skimmed milk is sent to 
the city to be sold, except what is used for 
cheese. The creameries and t he city dealers 
perpetrate the milk frauds for which farmers 
are condemned.” 
“You say,” asked the reporter, “no calves 
are raised in your county, except those of fine 
blood; what is tho age of average veal?” 
“Five days.” 
“Arc you seriousf” 
“ 1 have knowm aborted calves to lie sent to 
market as veal.” 
“But how do the farmers keep full herds?” 
“They buy cows from the West. As soon as 
milk is fit for use, which is about five days 
after a cow has a calf, they kill the calf and 
begin to send the milk to the city. The cows 
they buy are selected wholly for quantity, not 
quality of milk, and they are given high food 
so as to stimulate the flow of milk.and as soon 
its they run down—which is u short time— 
they are killed and sent to market as beef- 
The whole system is very bad, ruinous to farm¬ 
ers and hurtful as well as disgusting to con¬ 
sumers iu the city.” 
in ordinary seasons. Sow one bushel of seed 
to the acre Many plow iu late May; let the 
land lie fallow until late June, then plow-again 
and cultivate until the surface is smooth. 
SPIRIT OF THE PRESS. 
We are indebted to the Mail and Express 
for the statement of Major Alvord that the 
Jersey bull Rautnpo of Houghton Farm, could 
uot tie bought, for $8,000 though not yet four 
years old... 
“ Do all the farmers water their milk ?” 
asked the interviewer of Major Alvord. 
“ Very few of them, was the reply. “ But 
watered milk is not the worst that is sold. 
Some milk will bear watering, and, in fact, 
needs it. The milk of a Jersey will kill a calf, 
and it is much too rich food for babes until it 
has been diluted. 
The Gardeners’Mouthly says that a little 
windmill, such ns some boys can make with a 
jack-knife, will keep birds out of a cherry tree 
in case a tiny bell is attached to it. It is 
better than a stuffed cat or an imitation hawk. 
Prof. Shelton states, in the industrialist, 
i that the triumph of tho fanners in the drive 
well cases, the sliding gate suits, and the great 
victories just had over the Washburn & 
Moen Company of barbed-wire manufactu¬ 
rers, are facts tending to show that the mon¬ 
opolists do not by any means have it all their 
own way.... 
On the strength of a communication from 
a retired English nobleman the Boston Tran¬ 
script tells us that velvet lawns are so called 
because they must, be kept “ veil vet.”.. 
Director Sturtf.vant thinks that “ varia¬ 
tion produces variation ” is a safer formula 
than “ like produces like”.There seems 
little doubt, as Prof. Henry remarks, that ma¬ 
nures containing much organic matter, such 
as bam yard manure, when applied to the 
land, have a deleterious influence upon the 
cane juice so that the planter who by high 
manuring grows the heaviest crop of stalks 
may defeat bis own purposes and secure but 
a low grade of simp. 
A paper quoted by Puck says that in order 
to ease his conscience a certain milkman, 
while working the pump-handle, calls out: 
“ H’ist there ! So, boss, so there, now !”. 
Prof. Riley thinks that the elements ne 
cessary to successful silk-culture on a large 
scale are at present entirely wanting in 
America.. ... 
The editor of the New England Farmer re¬ 
marks that beans are a good crop to grow 
on land that must be planted late or where 
corn has been destroyed. 
Mr. Rayenel, the well-known botanist of 
S. C.. reminds the readers of the News that 
a late crop of tomatoes may be secured by 
planting cuttings now. Take tender shoots, 
six inches long; strip off the lower leaves and 
set them in the soil, leaving only an inch or 
so out. Keep them watered This later crop 
will be in bearing when frost comes and the 
green fruit can be gathered and spread out 
in a room where it will ripen, thus extend¬ 
ing the tomato season n month or more. 
Mr. McCann of the Elmira Fanners’ Club 
says that the gray is the best variety- of buck¬ 
wheat—it will yield more than the blue or 
black. Mr. Armstrong prefers the Silver-hull. 
Though a little later it grows taller and is 
less liable to be injured by the sun. The 
grain is smaller... 
Farm and Fireside mentions that two cat¬ 
alogue leaves pasted together at the sides and 
bottom answer for a home-made sack for cov¬ 
ering or “ bagging” grapes.. 
Cvenjinljm. 
CORROBORATING PROFESSOR STOCK- 
BRIDGE'S OPINION, OF, DAKOTA. 
I have just read an article written by F. F. 
J., Jamestown. D. T.. published in the Rural 
of May 26tb, commenting ou an article written 
by Prof. Levi Stockbridge. F. F. J. says: 
“ I consider the article very, very unfair, and 
calculated to mislead thousands of the readers 
of your valuable paper; for the reason that the 
title of Professor, prefixed to a name, is looked 
upon as indicating superior authority by most 
readers; and as so many are now looking for 
opportunities to improve their condition, and 
are looking for facts to guide them, this 
article should not be passed without notice.” 
I also think that that article should not 
escape notice, as I know it. to be a truthful 
statement in nearly every particular (when it 
is 40 degress below zero it does not stay so cold 
longer than a day or two), according to my ex 
porieuee of three years. F. F. J. says: “ The 
plows were running up to the 10th of Nov.; ” 
but be does not say how many times the ground 
was frozen Solid before that time. He says : 
“Seeding commenced the 9th of April.” I 
have some wheat seeded a few days later, and 
it does not look as though I would have more 
than eight bushels to the acre. It was put in in 
good shape. The land was plowed seven inches 
deep. Last year I hail 24 bushels to the acre 
on the same piece. All early sown wheat is 
looking poorer than later sown. I live less 
than 80 miles from Jamestown, and five months 
will not cover the Winter season here. We 
have some beautiful days here iu summer: but 
I hope I shall never be obliged to live another 
winter ou a Dakota prairie. A well, a short 
distance from here. 38 feet deep, covered with 
a horse blanket only, froze so that the ice 
could hardly be broken by raising and drop¬ 
ping the bucket with the ro { ie. The writer 
has cut ice 37 inches thick, with from three to 
six niches of snow on top, on the Shezeune 
River. The river is frozen so long and thick 
during the winter that thousands of the small 
fish uie for waut of air. May ISth 1 rode 15 
miles and hack with a friend. We were 
obliged to get out and walk t wice going and 
once coming baek to keep warm. We had 
warm underclothing aud Buffalo coats. The 
first of June, ice froze in a pail of water out- 
of-doors. The first pai t of last September, our 
