438 
JULY 44 
and in 1862 to nearly 89,000. At this time the 
quality of the milk sold is 75 per cent, better 
than it was ten years ago. and owing to the 
vigilance of the authorities the amount of im¬ 
pure milk sold is daily growing less and less. 
LARGE VS. SMALL UDDERS. 
When we were little boys the dairymen of 
those days looked upon a cow as the mere ap¬ 
pendix to an udder. No matter what her 
general conformation might be. whether she 
was slab-sided or round or pot-bellied: whether 
her neck was thick or slim, her back straight, 
bowed or hollow; whether she was a tiling of 
beauty to look upon or was as hideous as a 
night-mare, it mattered not so she carried a 
large udder. Nor did it matter with them 
what the shape of that udder might be. In 
some it was long and pendulous: in others it 
resembled a bag full of wheat hung crosswise 
in the cow's twist., and when heavy with milk 
she could hardly walk with it. Sometimes it 
was impossible to tell where the udder stopped 
and the teats began, the latter seeming to be 
but a prolongation of the former, and it. 
required both hands to circumvent, one teat. 
No thought ever crossed the dairyman's mind 
whether it was covered with long hair or short 
hair, or whether it. had any hair at all or not- 
Questions of fore udder escutcheons and such 
belonged to “book farmers” and there was 
among practical dairymen generally a com¬ 
mon contempt, for these uew-fangled "notions' 1 
—the book farmers and, we fear, even the 
books themselves. When a man bought a 
cow he took but little note of anything about 
her except the size of her udder when she was 
fresh. Her pedigree traced immediately into 
the woods and ended into a squirrel track that 
ran up a tree. Whether she was a long milk¬ 
er or a short, milker, that is. Whether she held 
out well in her flow of milk or dried up soon 
after calving; w hether she gave rich milk or 
poor milk, it was useless to inquire, for no 
thought of test or record was ever dreamed of 
with so humble an animal as the cow. 
Such was the practice with plain dairymen 
twenty or thirty years ago when they handled 
on!}' native cattle. Have we of these days 
improved upon the manners of those days? 
This question is well worth looking into. 
With the advent of high priced and blooded 
dairy cattle came first the temptation for, and 
then the evolution of, the cow-jockey,the man 
who only wanted to buy and sell the animal 
at a profit, True merit was so hard to get 
and so hard to prove when it was obtained 
that the jockey was compelled to invent ficti¬ 
tious points of value for ber. He had neither 
time nor patience to develop her virtues so as 
to attract purchasers. He laid great stress 
upon the cow’s superficial points of beauty, 
such as style of carriage, form, color, mark¬ 
ings, etc., and the great cause of praise was ati 
ostentatious development of udder. Wh ether 
the udder was solid flesh Or filled with milk as 
thin as water, was no affair of his—buyers did 
not ask such pertinent, questions in those days. 
Following this, the decade of superfieiaj 
ornamentation, came the clamorous and pre¬ 
tentious evidence of excellence in prize and 
pedigree. No cow could be called an aniniaj 
of great merit unless she herself or the ances¬ 
tors that made up her pedigree, could point, to 
innumerable prizes taken at all the noted 
fairs and exhibitions held in the country. To 
be sure these premiums were often secured by all 
sorts of questionable methods, and they were 
rarely if ever given for actual test of perfor¬ 
mance. 
At the present day there is rapidly 
coming into favor a demand for specific knowl¬ 
edge of what a cow can do and what her ancest¬ 
ors have done before auything like a fashionable 
price is paid for her-. The cow-jockeys of old, 
who numbered in their ranks men who should 
have been ashamed of their practices, have 
had to take a back seat, and the test of merit 
based upon performance is only credited to 
the extent that honest relianee can be placed 
in facts stated. This has induced a new and 
better element to take part in the fascinating 
occupation of cattle breeding. At the same 
time the love for a large udder has by no 
moans lost its constancy or its attractiveness. 
With such breeds as Ayrshires and Ilolsteins 
such an ornament is not to lie considered 
wholly out, of place. The chief merit of these 
breeds lies not sc much in the quality, when 
tested for butter fats, as iD the quantity of 
milk produced, and this necessitates a milk- 
vessel of generous proportions, especially so 
long as it is not practical to milk cows oftener 
than twice in 24 hours. When, however, we 
come to consider the requirements of butter- 
making cows, where quality takes precedence 
over quantity in the character of the product, 
the same rule does nob necessarily apply. 
Here we are dealing with an article of a con¬ 
densed nature. A cow that produces 75 
pounds of milk a day must have an udder of 
large proportions to accommodate her yield. 
If she produces three pounds of bubteraday, 
the milk is sufficiently rich iu butter fats 
a comparatively small udder will answer her 
purposes. We find, for instance, in the actual 
tests of many Jersey cows that a pound of 
butter is often made from less than 10 pounds 
of milk. The range of butter value in differ¬ 
ent cows 1 milk is quite remarkable, it, being 
from less than 10 pounds of milk to the pound 
of butter with some Jerseys, to over 40 pounds 
with individuals of other breeds. In fact, the 
milk of some cows hardly makes butter at all. 
Tu discussing the question of size of udder 
necessary for the greatest profit In a cow, we 
must not overlook the point of a steady yield 
from calf to Calf. It is the nature of some 
cows immediately after calving to carry im¬ 
mense udders that rapidly shrink as the cow 
prematurely dries up, while other cows will 
carry udders of moderate size when fresh, and 
then hang to their work with such persistency 
as to greatly surpass their opponents iti the 
year’s yield. Cows of the latter class are, of 
course, never subjected to the strain on their 
constitutions that, often-destroys the cow that 
docs all her work at the critical period fol¬ 
lowing- parturition. They are therefore much 
to l»e preferred in the working herd, and it be¬ 
comes all dairymen and breeders with a view 
both to the comfort and safety of their cows to 
cultivate in their selections those cows that 
give the richest milk and hold out the longest 
with a profitable yield. To accomplish this 
will, of course, require closer attention to the 
cow’s work than is now given, but. this can be 
done by noting the amount of milk required 
to make a pound of butter when studying the 
records of large performers, and by selecting 
calves from those that, indicate the richest 
milk instead of following the arbitrary 
rule of always favoring the cow with the 
record of largest butter yield. Certainly 
when two good animals give nearly the same 
butter yield, aud one does it with a large milk 
yield and the other with a small supply, the 
latter is much to be preferred as a butter cow. 
This in fact is the very essence of virtue in the 
Jersey breed. 
JOTTINGS AT KIRBY HOMESTEAD. 
COT,. F. D. CURTIS. 
Educating Pigs. 
I have all along in the Rural urged the 
importance of training pigs which are de¬ 
signed to be kept for breeding slock. A wild 
and unmanageable breeding sow is an intol¬ 
erable nuisance, and yet. half of the breeding 
sows are animals just of this kind. Nothing 
can be done with them except by brute force. 
In order to get them into a crate, they must 
be run down and caught, and two or .three 
men are required to pull and drag nud force 
them into it. When they have young—which 
is very uncertain with such kind of handling 
—they are ugly, if not ferocious. When any 
person gets into the pen, they are liable to 
tread on the pigs nnd bite, and are almost un¬ 
bearable in every way. In decided contrast 
with this kind of management was the breed¬ 
ing sow of Mr. Tucker, a Rural subscriber, 
who brought her to Kirby Homestead to-day. 
This sow, upon being called by Mr. T , walked 
out of the crate and back in again and was as 
gentle and docile as oue could wish, Mr. T. 
said she had borne and raised 42 pigs in two 
years, not losing one. There are both com¬ 
fort and profit in such a hog. and all hogs can 
lie made so with a little handling and patience 
when t hey are young. They should be caught 
and held when young uutil they are not 
afraid. When fed they should lie called and 
then gently scratched. The latter they enjoy 
as much as a good dinner. In this way they 
will become accustomed to come when called, 
and vill follow their owner anywhere. 
I once had a favorite sow pig which was 
taught in this way, anil which would follow 
me all over the farm and used to like to go 
and take w alks wherever I might be going. 
It does not take so much to keep such pigs; 
and when a mother is so trained her pigs will 
follow her example and be like her, and thus 
constitute a well-regulated family. 
thinks of keeping a bull of this breed. A few 
years ago there were several. On the con¬ 
trary, they are working iuto t he Jersey blood 
as fast as they can, grading up tlielr natives. 
They have found out by actual demonstration 
(uo theory) that the grade Jersey cows will 
make more butter than the old natives or 
any of the Short-horn crosses, 'I he prairies 
and the plains are the places for the mngniii 
cent Short-horns, ami the butter districts for 
the Jerseys. It is nonsense to try to ignore 
the merits of either breed, and it is equally 
foolish to try to combine the special qualities 
of each in one animal. 
STOCK NOTES FROM MISSISSIPPI. 
“Ik you didn’t know you were in Mississippi 
you might think you were in Ohio,” said 1 to 
a little group from the latter State, who were 
gazing at about a hundred -Berkshire hogs aud 
grades that were galloping towards the caller 
through clover nearly hiding them. “Does 
not that, show we eau grow clover?” said I 
“and that we can raise hogs on it too?” These 
Ohio farmers were here looking about them 
wit h a view to buying laud. They had heard 
of a certain gentleman’s stock farm and had 
ridden out to see it. They soon inquired if it 
was for sale. It was not; but the owner told 
them that t here was land just as good that 
could be bought for 810 per acre. 
Now, I ivill not mention the name of the 
stock-raiser, for fear of wounding his modes¬ 
ty, but what lie has I’ll tell you i a part. First 
a hundred head or more of hogs; secondly, To 
to 80 brood mures, with a choicely-bred staL 
lion at their head; thirdly, a nice group of 
thoroughbred Short-horns and a goodly num¬ 
ber of grades; fourthly, about 400 acres of 
Red Clover, to say nothing of odds and ends 
of Lucerne, Blue-Grass, Meadow Fescue, etc. 
Will uot that do very well for a Mississippi 
planter ? 
Ho has many improved implements—corn 
planters, cultivators, a mower, reaper, etc. 
For years he has been trying to get out of cot¬ 
ton raisiug, aud has been raising more or less 
clover and other grasses. Nom- he has taken a 
loug step and I think deserves to be called a 
stock raiser. 
I raHier think this county has “got the 
bulge” on stock raising non-. Oktibbeha used 
to have it, through the immense influence 
of Col. W, B. Montgomery, of Starkville.vvith 
lus celebrated Jersey herd; but non* Noxubee 
has any number of Jerseys and grades, with 
Captain Muhoouer as leader there, and several 
herds of thoroughbred Short-horns belonging 
to Judge Foote, of Macon, Dr. Shields, of 
Cranford. General Wlioelis, of Nashville 
Teun, (the wealthy breeders of Kentucky aud 
Tennessee are getting their eyes open), our 
modest friend aforesaid, aud I know not who 
else. And as to clover, why, 1 can count a 
thousand or more acres iu Red Clover within 
a radius of a few miles from here. Indeed, 
there is hardly a planter who has not more or 
less of it. Some of them would have laughed 
immoderately, eveu two or three years ago, at 
the idea of such folly! One I now recall—who 
has probably KM) acres of it—laughed at the 
writer- for going about advocating sowing 
grass seed as ihe zenith of visiouariness. This 
is tlie era (for this country), of progressives ess 
and experimentation. Only a few weeks ago 
there were tests to find out which were the 
liest reapers, mowers and cultivators. The 
proprietors of the different implements were 
on the ground, in many instances. I shall ad¬ 
vertise uo maxi’s implements by telling deci¬ 
sions; but the great gratification to me was to 
see the character of the spectators—the very 
cream of the men of this county anil adjoin¬ 
ing ones. 
The day will soon be post, here when a load 
of hay will scare a horse bo badly as to mukc 
lilm ungovernable, aud run away aud smash 
a carriage (a thing i kuoM- to have occurred iu 
this State) and nearly kill the whole “lay-out,” 
himself included. Already this county has 
sold much more corn than she bought two 
years ago. Coru is worth 45 cents per bushel 
now. Last year in Winter aud (Spring the 
fanners paid 81.50. 
Gee, now, if your county can boust more of 
an experimentalist tu the grass line than Dr, 
Mat Clay, of this place. I know him to have 
sown these grasses las-t Winter and this Spring, 
for 1 helped to do much of it myself:—lied 
and White Clovers, Alsike, Lucerne, Blue 
Grass, Meadow Fescue, Sweet Vernal, Italian 
Rye Grass, Tall Meadow Oat Grass, Sheep’s 
Fescue aud—but that’s enough. And I ought 
to put on record that Dr. Clay has the oldest 
piece of Blue Grass 1 remember to have met 
with in this State, aud although lie plowed it 
over and over in cotton it is here to stay. 
May be I oughtn't to say the Doctor showed it 
to me as Orchard Grass—Dactyl is glomerata 
—but, then, he knows Blue Grass now. Better 
than this is the fact that he introduced, years 
ago, from his Kentucky relatives, choice 
Short-horns aud—this is sad—was so indiff’er- 
(T!)e Ijcrtisimm. 
NOTES BY A STOCKMAN. 
Ttie Farmers’ Roview notes the statement 
made a short time ago in reference to the 
fugitive golden yellow skin of a Jersey com-. 
which raised the wrath of a deceived pure 
chasex-. The F. R. thinks it to be the duty of 
the Rural New-Yorker to make public the 
mime of this Jersey color artist. I don’t 
imdex-tako to say what the duty of this 
journal, of which I am only a contributor, 
maybe. It is the duty of a contributor when 
called ujxm, to make his assertions good to the 
editor who prints his statement. I have 
sent tu the editor of the Rural my authority 
for the statement, aud he may say if it is satis¬ 
factory. If it is I have nothing more to say 
about it. [It will appear uuder What. Others 
Say, next week. Eds.] 
But I have this to say:—The Farmers'Review 
must be aware that there is as much adultera¬ 
tion in the stock business of all kinds, common 
and faucy. as there is in every other one. 
The whole world is given over to adulterations. 
Did the F. R. never hear of the triokR of 
jockeys; the “bishoping” of horses to remove 
the aged appearance of the teeth; the ginger¬ 
ing to make an old plug sportive and lively, and 
the use of arsenic for various pm-poses; or the 
filing, sand-papering of horns; yellowing them 
with nitric acid; binding the tails to make 
them thin; dyeing the switch; coloring the 
skin; making artificial escutcheons; substitut¬ 
ing calves; doctoring pedigrees; stocking the 
udders, and arts by which teats al-e made to 
show unuatural productiveness, or stubble 
shearing of sheep; blackening the fleece of 
Merinos: cohering and soap stoning that of 
long-wools, and other tricks and devices “the 
same with intent to deceive” practiced upon 
the unwary, even down to the chicken and egg 
business, if one were called upon to give names 
for all these things, he might us well be obliged 
to say who puts oleomargarine in butter or 
name all the frauds in creation. When the F. 
R. sits down to take his rye—which is the cus¬ 
tomary beverage in Chicago—(I should say 
rye-coffee, to avoid misconstruction) does lie 
suppose it is the real Mocha fresh from “Araby 
the blest ?” Does he not know there are chicory 
and peas in it, and that even these are adul¬ 
terated too; that there is glucose in the sugar, 
anti starch iu the cream i Is there any purity 
in anything ? Is not all adulterated even as 
in FalstafTs time they put “ lime in the sack.” 
And does the F. R. think stockmen are any 
better than the rest of humanity when largo 
sums of money are at stake and temptation is 
great ? If so, the F. R. cannot be well 
acquainted in Chicago aud should go—ah, 
where should he go, indeed. 
AYRSHIRE AND JERSEY CROSS. 
Hom- to Lengthen Teats.— The first heifer 
of this crossing at two years of ago. has lately 
calved. I hud a notion that this kind of a 
cross would make good cows, and this heifer 
verifies the expectation. The prepotency of 
the sire, a Jersey, is more marked than that 
of the flam. The resemblance to the darn 
consists only in a larger and squarer frame 
than that of a Jersey, with larger udder and 
the Ayrshire defect—short teats. The color 
and all the markings, even to a black tongue 
and brush, are Jersey, although the dam was 
evenly spotted red and white The short t eats 
are the only fault which prevents this, heifer 
from being a perfect cow. The skin is as soft 
and mellow as a kid glove and as glossy as a 
beaver hat. She has a splendid constitution 
and a most striking style. Now about the 
teats. I have au idea that these teats can be 
made longer by continuous manipulation. It 
could be done by stretching them every time 
the eow was milked: but this would be too 
much trouble, therefore I aui going to put an¬ 
other calf with the one belonging to the heifer 
and let both of them suck her. As soou as she 
owns them, wo shall turn them all in a pas¬ 
ture aud let them run. By Autumn there 
will bo two grand calves and four longer teats. 
I once had a heifer whose teats w ere so smull 
that they could not be milked except by strip¬ 
ping with the thumb and forefinger, and al 
though she was a little thing herself, by turn 
higher iuto pastures with her calf, she de¬ 
veloped next, year into a fiue cow and the 
calf, in the Autumn brought 825, and was al¬ 
most as big as its mother. It is mu-prising 
Iiow much faster a calf will grow with a little 
milk when suckling than when l ed. It is bet¬ 
ter to milk a heifer than to let the calf suck, 
unless the sucking is continued throughout the 
season. The calf draws the milk every hour 
or two and consequently there are no filling up 
in the udder and development as there are 
when the heifer is milked. Consequently, 
they will uot give as much as when milked 
for the want of capacity to hold it. 
" STOCKMAN ” AND THE JERSEYS. 
Stockman says, “There is considerable of 
this coloring done among Jerseys.” He seems 
to come to this conclusion because some news¬ 
paper, “perfectly trustworthy,” tells about a 
Jersey cow being colored to give it a golden 
skin. If this story is true (which somehow I 
rather doubt), it is most decidedly exceptional. 
Jersey cattle, as a rule, do not need to have 
any artificial matter added to their skin to give 
it a golden color, nor to their butter. Stock¬ 
man seems to take delight in striking at the 
Jerseys whenever he gets a chance, and he 
often goes across lots to find an oppor¬ 
tunity. 1 rather suspect that, Stockman has a 
weakness for Short-horns; hence the Jerseys 
appear small in bis eyes. Now tlie truth is 
both have a place and a special value. The 
farmers iu this neighborhood have “ gone 
back on ” the Short horns and nobody now 
