B2! 
Vol. XLII. No. 1747. 
NEW YOKE, JULY 21, 1883. 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 
#2-00 PER YEAR. 
[Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1888, by the Rural New-Yorker, In the office of the. Librarian of Congress at Washington.! 
al)C 
WATER AND SHADE IN PASTURES. 
All experience proves the great importance 
of an abundant supply of good, clean water for 
dairy stock. A cow giving a large quantity 
of milk must of necessity require more water, 
other things being equal, than au animal giv- 
a very considerable extent without deteriorat¬ 
ing in value, by inducing milch cows to take 
au abundant, quantity of water. Indeed, M. 
Dancel maintains that a cow that does not 
commonly drink as much as 27 quarts of water 
a daj' is necessarily a poor milker, while a cow 
that drinks as much ns 50 quarts daily is sure 
to be au excellent milker. Stagnant water, 
and that from standing pools aud small ponds 
is always more or less foul in Summer time, 
and even though abundant in quantify and 
Clear, running water is the best, but in the 
thousands of places where this cannot be had, 
plenty of well water will give satisfactory re¬ 
sults. W ith the modern, self-regulating, easily 
manageable, and cheap wind-mill there should 
be no difficulty in securing an ample supply 
of water in the pasture. Convenient tanks or 
troughs should be provided aud so ar. anged 
that the surplus water may flow back into the 
well, as the water will in this way be kept in 
constant motion. While there is often more 
there is considerable difference of opinion. 
Many maintain that by affording plenty of 
resting-places during hot weather, they tempt 
the cows to habits of laziness; that as the yield 
of milk depends greatly on the quantity of food 
I consumed, the longer a cow refrains from feed¬ 
ing, the smaller the amount of food consumed 
and consequently of milk produced. In shade- 
I less pastures, it is said, the cows finding it un- 
I comfortable to rest in the sun, keep on their 
feet and are thus induced to continue feeding 
CATTLE GROUP.— Re-engraved From a German Steel Engraving.—Fig. 388. 
iug a smaller quantity, inasmuch us about 
eighty-seven per ceut. of the milk is water. A 
uurnber of careful experiments, especially 
those communicated by M. Dancel to the 
French Academy of Science, go to show that 
the amount of milk obtained is approximately 
proportional to the quantity of water drank, 
and that the yield of milk can be increased to 
e asy of access, has an injurious influence on 
the flavor of dairy products. Often cows seem 
to prefer such liquid even to clear, running wa¬ 
ter, but experience abundantly shows that 
when milch cows have access to such pools a 
first-class article of butter or cheese cannot lie 
made from the milk, while this is found to lie 
sometimes absolutely uuwholesome. 
difficulty in supplying cows w itli water in Win¬ 
ter droughts, when streams are frozen and 
wells run dry, thau even in Summer, at this 
season there is much more danger that animals 
will be permitted to drink foul and unwhole¬ 
some liquid. 
The advisability of haviug shades in dairy 
pastures is a question with regard to which 
Whatever truth there may be in this view of 
the matter, from the stand-point of humanity 
shades in pastures are certainly desirable. 
The picturesque is not always the salubrious. 
The moss-covered cottages of many English 
villages, which look charming in a picture, are 
notoriously uuhealthful; the tree-girdled pool, 
with its green, flower-bedecked surface, so 
