AUG 44 
plauk laid on 2x6-ineh joists. It is not advis¬ 
able, liawover, to have a cellar under a build¬ 
ing of tliis character. 
Fig. 410 is the front elevation; Fig. 41S, the 
three-quarters of a pound to one gallon of 
water, made by the aid of heat and applied 
warm (100 degrees > by means of a fountain 
pump, is thoroughly destructive of the pest. 
As this is quite contrary to any experience I 
have had with regard to the apple scale (ex- 
ceptwhen free, as above mentioned), I wrote 
to Prof. Comstock a note of inquiry, to which 
he very kindly and fully replied. The Pro¬ 
fessor says both the old and young insects 
were destroyed by the soap bath in his Cali¬ 
fornia experiment, but adds that in this species 
(the red scale of the orange) the female is 
viviparous, hence my experiment does not 
show what, effect the soap would have upon 
eggs. As the Professor remarks, this is the 
point that interests Northern orchardists most? 
as the apple scale insect passes the Winter in 
the egg state. He desired me to try the ex¬ 
periment, and I find it a failure. Heretofore 
I have waited for the eggs to hatch, and have 
then killed the young on all accessible 
branches by rubbing them with soap solution. 
But this method only reduces the number, 
without by any means exterminating the pest. 
In a large orchard, if thoroughly done, it is a 
tremendous as well as an unsatisfactory job. 
It remains to be seen if a soap solution can be 
made strong enough to kill the insects, when 
sprayed all over the tree with a fountain 
pump, without at the same time seriously in¬ 
juring the foliage. If this can be done, in the 
same way that Paris-green is sprayed upon 
the trees to destroy the colding moth, we have 
perhaps the cheapest and most effective 
method yet devised against the apple scale. 
It may be well, while upon the subject, to 
say that there are parasites of the apple scale 
which destroy large numbers of them, and 
sometimes keep them down so thoroughly that 
they cease to do appreciable harm. This 
Spring the young are far less numerous than 
they have been in my orchard for many years, 
and I attribute this in a great degree to the 
work of parasites. Another wav which proves 
very effective is to keep the trees in vigorous 
growth by the free application of manure. 
Liberal dressings of unleaehed hard-wood 
ashes, and of stable manure, have confirmed 
with me the experience of others, that by 
stimulating the growth of an infested tree 
“the tree will throw off the scale insects.’’ 
On the other hand, a sickly tree is soon de¬ 
stroyed by them. This subject is one of which 
little has l>een said lately in agricultural pub¬ 
lications, aud 1 desire, if possible, to revive 
the discussion of it, with the view of eliciting 
new experiences from orchardists. 
Orleans Co.,Tt. 
Guam. 
"B'u\s 
Piggery, Front Elevation.—Fig. 419. 
three litters I do not remember, but the months 
are correct, as given. I also have a sow of the 
first litter above wh eh has had 
September, 1883.10 pigs. 
March 1, 1888.14 ‘ 
July 25, 1888.18 “ 
Total, 87 
If any of the readers of the Rural can 
give a better report, let them do so. 
Yorkshire, Catt. Co., N. Y. w. a. b. 
Cnioinfi Logical. 
THE APPLE TREE “ BARK-LOUSE.” 
T. H. HOSKINS, M. D. 
The report of the Commissioner of Agri¬ 
culture for 1880 contains a very full report 
upon scale insects, iu which uearly all known 
scale the tree is in full leaf, and it seems im¬ 
possible to make any application to reach 
every branch and twig, while with the most 
thorough care a great many inevitably escape 
destruction. 1 am also of the opinion that at 
this free stage of their existence they are 
transported upon the feet of birds and the 
bodies of insects (especially ants) from one 
tree to another, and I have little doubt that 
they are also transported by the wind. At 
any rate a few infested trees will soon infect 
a whole orchard. 
As Prof. Comstock says, the use of soap as 
an insecticide has loug bceu known, a id is 
perfectly effectual as a means of destroying 
the young scale insect during the few days 
when it is unprotected. I here refer only to 
apple scale. At all other seasons the applica¬ 
tion of soap iu any form, o.* by any method, has 
proved with me quite ineffectual. But with the 
red scale insect of the orange, Prof. Comstock 
has found by actual experiment that a solu¬ 
tion of whale-oil soap in the proportion of 
Plan of Piggery Loft.—Fig. 421. 
for breeding sows. The extension has one 
main pen 14x24 foot, and one small pen 8x14 
feet. The interior may be subdivided by par¬ 
titions in any manner desired. 
The feed trough for the large pen is the same 
as that in the design on page 472. The loft 
(Fig. 421) is reached by a stairway in the main 
room aud also by a truck gangway outside. It 
contaius bins for grain, feeds, etc., on either 
side of a four-foot passage. It is lighted by a 
dormer window, a small window over the 
dooi 1 * (see Fig 418) and two small windows— 
one ou either side of the Hue—at the opposite 
end. 
A track of two-by-two stuff is laid the en¬ 
tire length of the passage aud matched to the 
gangway at the end. A box truck, large eu- 
EXPERI.MENTS ON CHINCH BUGS. 
PROFESSOR S. A. FORBES. 
Prof. Forbes has kindly permitted me to 
use, as seems best, the folio wing interesting 
summary of some experiments on Chinch 
Bugs which he made in pursuance of a 
suggestion from me. and I take pleasure, there - 
fore, in forwarding it to the Rural New- 
Y orker for publication. C. Y. Riley, 
memorandum ok experiments relating to 
THE LSE OF KEROSENE EMULSIONS ON 
CHINCH BUGS. 
SOLUTIONS WITH WHICH DILUTION'S WERE MADE. 
1 Soap Suds.1 pound soup to 10 gallons water. 
2 Soap Suils.1 pound soup to A)gallons water. 
3 Potash.1 pound to 5o gallons water. 
EMULSIONS AS DILUTED. 
Per eent. of 
Kerosene. 
A. 2 pts. kerosene, 1 pt. milk, 45 pm. water.I 
B. 1 part “ 1 " IS ” .a 
C. 1 “ “ 1 “ IS pt. solution 1........5 
D. 1 “ ** 1 ” 3S •• 2.2<* 
E. 1 *• “ 1 SS pts. water.2)5 
F. 1 “ •• 1 “ SS pts. solutiou 3.236 
G. 1 •* “ 1 “ 30 ** 2..3. 
On the 22nd of J uly l transplanted several 
hills of corn to the laboratory, placing them 
iu boxes about a foot and a half wide by two 
feet in length. The corn was from two to 
three foot in bight at this time. Each hill was 
infested with several hundred Chinch Bugs, 
which were of various sizes below the pupa 
stage. All the corn was watered once im¬ 
mediately after transplanting and bore the re¬ 
moval well, it was kept under shelter, but iu 
the well-lighted dome of the building and 
folly exposed to the air. 
Experiment 1.— July 22, 9 p. m., applied to 
a single hill from half a pint to a pmt of emul¬ 
sion A., throwing it with a small syringe upon 
the base of the stalks and surface of the 
ground. For check upon this experiment, I 
applied water to another hill iu the same 
quantity aud m the same way. J uly 28, 9 a. m. , 
the bugs on the first hill w ere still alive, but 
torpid. July’ 24. at 11 a.m.. about one-fifth of 
the bugs were completely dead; the others were 
still alive, but most of them torpid. July 2d, 
8 p. m., thirty of the bugs were alive and back 
upon the stalks, apparently uninjured, but all 
the remainder w ere dead. July 27, 10 A.M., 
the hill was in the same condition. Treated 
again with emulsion B., on the 28th, when all 
the bugs were killed. Those on the hill to 
which water was applied were not injured in 
decompose in the soil and they soon become 
available. 
Peruvian Guano is as near a complete man¬ 
ure as possible. It is deficient only in potash. 
1,000 Pounds of Good Peruvian Guano contain 
Of Nitrogen. 100 pounds. 
Potash. 20 " 
Phosphoric add.105 “ 
Soda. 12 “ 
Lime. 95 “ 
Sulphuric acid. 150 ’• 
Magnesia. 10 “ 
Silica. 15 “ 
Chlorine, etc__ 11 •• 
The silica is in the form of organic sub¬ 
stance aud is made up chiefly of the shells or 
coatings of very minute diatoms or infusorial 
plants. By the additiou of wood ashes or mur¬ 
iate of potash the pure Peruvian Guano will 
form a fertilizer about forty times as effective 
as barn-yard manure. This is a greater po- 
tmey than the figures alone will warrant, a s 
these show about 20 times as much nitrogen 
and 40 times as much phosphoric acid as in 
manure. But the nitrogen is nearly all in the 
form of ammonia and is immediately avail¬ 
able; while in manure it is not available for 
one or two years, and excepting during the 
growing season, the nitrates, including am¬ 
monia, formed from the nitrogenous matters, 
are largely lost by the filtration of water 
through the soil; the water dissolving and 
carry ing them away. 
ough to hold half a load of corn, runs on this 
track and is usetl lo elevate grain into the loft. 
It is easily drawm up by a windlass, under 
w’hich it passes, (see Fig, 421). The rope is at¬ 
tached to the truck by a hook so that it may 
instantly be attached or detached, With this 
apparatus a load of corn can be got into the 
loft in about the same time that a man can 
throw it into a nine-foot crib and about three 
times more easily. 
Cora may be shelled in the loft and run to 
the lower room through a spout, or it may be 
shelled on the lower floor. Three or four 
spouts may be provided it desired, and corn 
and other feed be sent down into the feed 
species are described. This report is by Prof. 
J. Henry Comstock, at that time Entomologist 
of the Department, but now of Cornell Univer¬ 
sity. The entire report is of great interest to 
growers of tree fruit all over the country, but 
especially to orange anil apple growers. Be. 
sides giving descriptions of a very exact nature 
by which the numerous specie may be 
identified. Prof. Comstock has something to 
say on the practical questions of preventing 
the spread of these troublesome insects and of 
destroying them. Upon the first point his ad¬ 
vise is based on the fact that the insects are 
unable to migrate from tree to tree except 
through contact of the branches. He there¬ 
& Pun 
3 
£l)C Sunnc-ijcri). 
A PIGGERY. 
The design for this piggery is the result of 
long aud careful study combined with enough 
practical experience to enable the designer to 
know- what he is about. 
The main buildiug. Fig. 418, is !Sx32, with 
14-foot posts. The extension is 14x32, seven 
feet at the back. The walls are rtouble—the 
same as those iu the design ou page 472 of the 
Rural for July 23, and of the same material. 
The roof is shingled or covered with rubber 
roofing the same as in that design. The floor 
of the main room is grouted, or brick laid in 
“slush cement," It would be better if the 
floors of the pens were of the same material, 
Ground Plan of Piggery.—Fig. 420. 
as it makes a hard, dry floor for bedding 
and effectually excludes vermin. Floors con¬ 
structed in this manner should always in¬ 
cline slightly toward the outer wall of the 
buildings where openings should be provided 
for the escape of fluids. 
If a cellar is desired, it should be about 
10x18, located under the central portion of the 
maiu building (Fig. 419) and have an entrance 
under the stairway. In this case the floor 
over the cellar would have to be of 2-incli 
Piggery, Side Elevation.—Fig. 41S. 
cooker, swill tanks, or on any portion of the 
lower floor. 
The main room is a splendid place wherein 
to butcher hogs during cold, disagreeable 
weather in Winter. Hooks may be attached 
to the upper joists to hang them upon 
The building may be ornamented with a 
ventilator, but if the pens are cared for prop¬ 
erly none will be needed for the escape of im¬ 
pure air Constructed as shown in the design, 
and of the materials described, it makes a very 
neat and substantial building for the purpose 
and its many advantages can scarcely be over¬ 
estimated. The cost will vary greatly in dif¬ 
ferent sections of the country. Any intellig¬ 
ent carpenter, or dealer in building materials 
can, from the sketches and description, give a 
correct estimate of the cost in his locality. 
•* Picket." 
A COUPLE OF PROLIFIC SOWS. 
In the Rural New-Yorker of July 14. H. 
S. of Dav s Co., Kansas, reports a prolific sow’ 
of the Jersey Red Breed. I hereby inclose the 
report of a Jersey-Red -Berkshire sow which 
was farrowed iu September, 1880. 
September, 
1881, 
farrowed 
10 
pigs. 
April, 
1882, 
It 
12 
«< 
September, 
1882, 
it 
14 
it 
March 2, 
1888, 
it 
17 
it 
July 27, 
1883, 
ft 
15 
»< 
Total 
J 
68 
The last three litters were inside 11 mouths 
and included 4(3 pigs. The dates of the first 
fore cautions against getting trees or cions 
from infected nurseries and orchards, and 
advises that in every case purchases from 
abroad be thoroughly' washed, with a strong 
solution of soap. He also advises care as to 
bringing borne specimens as curiosities, and 
much caution as to fruit packages from other 
orchards, w bieh he regards as likely to be the 
means of transporting the scale insect in the 
same way that the colding moth is so often 
transported. 
My ow’n experience with these scale insects, 
or ** bark-lice," as they are commonly called, 
has been mostly with the species found upon 
the apple tree in our Northern States, They’ 
were introduced into my grounds by the pur¬ 
chase of infected trees aud cions, and have 
given me much trouble. Though the greatest 
care was taken to clean all purchases of the 
scales, yet some inevitably escape, and the 
multiplication is very' rapid. As to Prof. 
Comstock's advise to wash all young trees and 
cions with soap, it is in my opinion useless for 
the apple scale, which, at the usual time of 
trausplanting aud grafting, are quite insensi¬ 
ble to such applications. There is only a brief 
season iu June during w hich the young insects 
(which then issue from beneath the scales of 
their dead mothers and spread over the 
branches, looking like a fine white powder.) 
can be affected by any application not strong 
enough to injure the tree itself I hardly be¬ 
lieve that it is possible to clear any orchard of 
these insects after it is once infested w ith them. 
When they’ come from beneath the protecting 
sme elevation; Mg. tne ground plan; Fig. 
421, the plan of the loft. The main buildiug, 
Fig. 420, contains feed cooker, pump, swill aud 
feed tanks, scales, etc., aud two 7x10 feet peus 
