6 SO 
SEPT 28 
tor il;t' fijuutig. 
YOU MS’ HORTICULTURAL CLUB 
OF THE 
RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
TENTH REGULAR DISCUSSION. 
Topic:— Apples—Where to Groiv Them — 
Bow to Care for Them—Their Value 
Upon the Farm—The Insect Pests Troub¬ 
ling Them—A Remedy for Them—The 
Most Profitable Varieties—The Pest U«- 
riety. 
Daniel Depew :—Apples are tbe principal 
fruit cultivated in this country. They grow 
to great perfection with but little attention 
after planting. Trees for setting out an 
orchard should be grown at home, and the 
nearer the prospective orchard, the better. 
Soil and climate are essential elements in 
growiug trees, and similarity in these im¬ 
portant agencies should always exist between 
the place where the trees are propagated and 
that where they are to set in the orchard. 1 
think top-dressing with manure a reliable 
course in keeping up the proper standard of 
fertility to produce a crop of fruit of good 
quality. The ground should not be plowed after 
the trees are matured as it is better for them < 
as young, fibrous roots run in every direction, 
and approach the surface m search of food, 
which the plow destroys. 
Fall Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, Spitz- 
cnburgh, Baldwin and Early Harvest, are 
freely cultivated in this section (N, J.) Our 
apple trees are rarely injured by the Winter 
or late Spring frosts; neither do any of those 
insects which ravage the orchards in the 
Eastern States invade them here, except the 
caterpillar. This insect however, is a feeble 
enemy. The most economical mode of its de¬ 
struction is to crush it with the naked hand 
as soon as the small web is seen. 
It hardly need be stated that fruit intended 
to be kept for a time should be sound from 
the first. Apples should not, therefore, be 
shaken off the tree nor he permitted to fall 
naturally, but be carefully plucked by the 
hand. The bru ses they receive in falling 
against the limbs of the tree, or upon the 
ground, induce early decay. For the same 
reason they should not be allowed to drop 
heavily into barrels or bins. 
In grafting, the first thing to be considered 
is the proper time for cutting the cions, which 
may be done at any time alter the leaves have 
fallen in Autumu, until the buds begin to ex¬ 
pand in the Spring. If necessary to cut them 
any length of time before you wish to set 
them, they should be buried in damp sand or 
something of the kiucl, to keep them moist. 
The cions should he fine, thrifty, straight- 
grown shoots of the last year’s growth. The 
proper size of the ciou will depend very much 
on the size of the stock to bo grafted. April 
is the proper time to graft apples. When ready 
to graft, cut the cions into pieces three and 
a-half inches long. Foi cutting use a keen- 
edged knife. To prepare the graft for set¬ 
ting, hold the cion in the left hand and the 
knife in the right; place the blade on the cion 
one and a-hali inches from the lower end, 
then draw it in a lino, straight and level, to 
the center of the lower end. Then cut the 
other side in precisely the same manner. The 
upper part should have upon it two or three 
good buds. The eiou should be iu erted iu a 
clear place, free from limbs, bruises or quels; 
next, with the knife dress off the edge of the 
bark, which may be a little rough from the 
saw. Then take a splitting knife, which should 
be veiy sharp, and split carefully down (he 
center of the stock In doing this be careful 
to divide the bark even and clean, so that the 
edges of the bark ou the wedge-like end of the 
cion will fit nicely into the division and make 
a close joint. After making the split iu the 
stock, and withdrawing the knife, a little 
wedge made of hard wood will he needed to 
crowd down the center of the split and hold 
it open. Then put the cion into the crevice, 
and let the wood on the outer edge of the cion 
meet even with the wood on the split edge of 
the stock. Next press the cion down firmly 
into the stock, and be very careful in the 
whole operation not ti bruise the edges of the 
bark that meet the connecting parts. Finally, 
withdraw the wedge and apply the graft¬ 
ing alve. 
George Mudgk: —The apple is probably the 
most valuable fruit grown. The best places to 
grow them are iu regions subject to irost. 
While young the grass should be kept away 
from the roots of the trees. They should he 
kept pruned well Apples are invaluable on 
tbe farm both for feeding aud household pur¬ 
poses. 
The most destructive insect here is the Can¬ 
ker Worm, but as they herd together on small 
limbs, destruction is easy. The way 1 destroy 
the common apple tree worm, is to lake equal 
parts of water and carbolic acid and saturate 
the nest thoroughly with it. The Red Astra- 
chan, Uiglcy and Jersey Sweet are the most 
profitable early varieties. Northern Spy aud 
Baldwin for Winter. The Northern Spy is 
my favorite variety. 
Nora B. Bigalow;— About 15 years ago, 
Papa planted an orchard of 100 trees, on a 
southern slope, in black soil mixed with sand, 
resting on a gravely bottom. He planted 
corn and oats alternately among the trees until 
they were eight years old, so as to keep the 
earth stirred around the roots. The trees ai e 
now so large that they shade the ground en¬ 
tirely, and are loaded with fruit. 
As a farm product they are worth nearly as 
much as corn, for swine and cattle, and for 
culinary purposes there is no fruit that excels 
them. 
The Apple Moth is an insect which causes 
the most destruction among our apples. In 
the mouths of June and July, the moths lay 
their eggs in the blossom end of the apples, 
and the eggs hatch in a few days, and reddish 
grubs eat their way to the cores, causing the ap¬ 
ples to fall The farmers around here pasture 
their swiue in their orchards, aud let them eat 
all of the wind-falls. A nursery man told 
Papa to dig shallow trenches around the 
trunks of the trees, aud sprinkle in them 
flowers of sulphur in the Bpring before the 
sap starts, as it is o great moth preventive. 
We think the Golden Russet and Carthousc 
are the most profitable, because they 7 can be 
kept the year round. The Bnow Apple for 
eating, canning or drying purposes has no 
equal iu my estimation. 
S. P. Shell —The apple tree is of medium 
height, branching near the ground, and hav¬ 
ing alternate, simple, ovate leaves. The apple 
belongs to the order Rosaeeae, and to the genus, 
Pyrus; thus we see that the valuable aud use¬ 
ful apple belongs to the same Natural Order 
as the beautiful and ornamental Rose, to which 
it bears no resemblance, except in the- flower, 
which is regular and perfect, having five 
roundish, rose-white petals, five styles and 
many stamens; the Calyx is five-elelt. In the 
fruit, the calyx unites with, and encloses the 
live two-seeded carpels w Inch form the ovary 
iu the flower, aud thus become the pulp or 
flesh of the apple which we eat. 
To grow good apples requires a good soil 
and situation, but more than all, good care. 
As to the place to grow them, it will be difficult 
to say where the orchard should be placed to 
be t he most profitable. It is desirable to have 
it situated uear the house, and it is generally 
put there regardless of the lriud of soil, .unless 
it is entirely too jioor. Some of the best and 
most thrifty orchards that I have ever seen, 
were planted ou mellow clay soil, underlaid by 
gravel. 
The orchard should be kept neatly trimmed. 
Almost every year the average farmer “goes 
over ” his orchard, cutting or sawing off the 
“water sprouts” and occasionally a large limb 
if in the way. We take better care to trim 
our evergreen trees, which are ornamental 
Only. Why uot take the same care to trim 
our apple trees, which are many Limes more 
profitable and useful t And after all, a well 
trimmed, “round headed” apple tree is as 
beautiful as au evergreen. When a limb is 
sawed off, it is well to paint the wounded part 
so as to prevent w ater from entering it, aud 
thus cause decay. If a tree die, cut it down 
aud plaut a young tree by its aide, and let the 
old stump, by its decay, become food for the 
yoimg tree. The orchard might he used for a 
pig pasture during that part of the year in 
which the wormy apples are falling off, as the 
pigs will eat the falleu apples, and thus de¬ 
stroy the worms, A good large orchard that 
has a number of varieties, both sweet aud sour, 
aud ranging iu time of ripening from the 
earliest to the latest varieties is almost inval¬ 
uable on a farm. 
The principal insect enemies of the apple 
tree are the caterpillar, lice, borer, aud the 
applo-worui; the caterpillars may be destroyed 
by fire, either by holding a burning torch un¬ 
der them, or by cutting off the limb and then 
burning limb aud all. 1 know of no remedy 
for the other insects, but if the hogs have ac¬ 
cess to the orchard, they will prevent a 
great many apple-worms from assisting in the 
perpetuat ion of their species. 
As to the best, or most profitable varieties, 
1 will not attempt to name any as being the 
best or most profitable, for what ouo person 
may consider as the best,another nmycondemu, 
aud a variety profitable in this State may be 
unprofitable in another. I w ill name the Bou 
Davis und Smith’s Cider as being urnoug the 
most profitable in this State, but neither of 
them is of first quality. 1 think that the 
following varieties are good, though common: 
Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Sweet Bough, 
Rami mj, Fall Pippin, Northern Spy, aud Bell¬ 
flower. 
Held A Lick:—T he subject is the simplest 
we have had yet, viz.—apples, In the first 
place, what soil and what conditions of the 
surface soil would best conduce to the proper 
development of apples / Apples should be 
grown ou well drained soil in the vicinity of 
the house; a light soil is better than very 
heavy elav, unless well drained. A southern 
slope for au orchard is better than any other. 
Flaut apple trees from 20 to 40 feet apart; 
they are usually planted about 24 feet apart iu 
Ontario Province. 
After planting out an orchard, coru aud 
other hoe-crops may be grown fora few years, 
but the less grain the better. All orchards 
should be plowed shallow, so as not to injure 
any more roots than necessary. It is not ad¬ 
visable to seed au orchard to grass unless it is 
well mulched, and not generally then; proba¬ 
bly it is better to grow buckwheat, than auy 
other crop of gram; if near where the 
fowls are kept, let them harvest os they re¬ 
quire it. The pruning is perhaps the most 
difficult work about growing an orchard, the 
difficulty consisting in telling which limbs to 
remove, and having time to do it when it 
ought to be done. Au orchard should be 
trimmed when the limbs are small; do not al¬ 
low 7 any limbs to grow t.but are not wanted, as 
it is injurious to cut large limbs from a tree. 
Iu Ontario pruning is done in February or 
i March, or in June. June is generally consid¬ 
ered the best time, as the trees heal better. 
Wax or paint is good to smear over the limbs 
where cutoff. 
There is no otner trait that can supply the 
place of apples ou the farm, as we can have 
them all the year round if properly picked and 
packed. I had some Russet apples the other 
day that were picked last October, aud they 
were as good as wffieu picked. 
Apples may be cooked for many different 
purposes, such as for pies, puddings, sauce, 
etc. They are a kind of fruit that no person 
ever gets tired of. YV ho does uot like a nice 
largo Northern Spy or Greening about the 
first of March t Cider may also be made from 
apples, which is very nice while new, hut I 
would not advise auy oue to drink it after it 
is two or three weeks old. Apples evapor¬ 
ated, with care, are nearly as nice to cook 
as when green, and can always be sold for 
a good price. If a farmer has a few barrels 
of good apples during the YV inter that are uot 
required for home use, they can be sold for a 
good price. 
Some of the worst enemies of the apple trees 
are the borer, Codling Moth, Tout Caterpillar 
and the Aphis. A good remedy for the borer 
is as follows: “Muke a thin whitewash, add 
flowers of sulphur, soft soap aud a small quan¬ 
tity of crude carbolic acid with lampblack and 
some mineral paiut to imitate the color of the 
bark.” A more simple remedy is to take 
weak lye; this also answers for keeping off 
burk lice. A remedy for the Codling Moth 
is to tie bands of straw around the tree about 
the time the apples are in bloom; this is a 
thing that is not usually done, but if it were 
it would save many apples from being thrown 
into the cider pile or left lyiug on the ground 
after the apples are packed. It would also be 
a great saving when peeling apples, not to 
have oue und often t wo and three worm-holes 
to cut out of about a quarter of the apples to 
!*• pared. The Tent Caterpillars come from 
eggs laid in the Fall on the limbs of the trees, 
w hich hutch in the Spring. A good dose of 
soap-suds applied with a rag on the end of a 
long pole to the nests of these disagreeable 
looking pests will quickly put an end to them. 
YVe are not troubled so much w ith these in 
Ontario as we were a few years ago. The 
Aphis is the most difficult insect to haudle, as 
it is something new in Ontario, It is an in¬ 
sect that has uot troubled us until the last two 
years, and I know of nothing being done to 
destroy it. 
The best varieties of apples are Baldwin, 
Northern Bpy, Rhode Island Greening, Tomp¬ 
kins Co. King. Roxbury Russet, Golden Russet, 
Wagoner, Bwascy’s, Pomme Grisc, Snow, 
Duchess of Oldenburg, Bt, Lawrence, Straw¬ 
berry, Early Harvest aud Red Astrachiiu. 
The best apple for market, quality and 
productiveness piobably, is the Baldwin; 
there are other kinds that havea bettor flavor 
aud sell better, but they will uot bear as well, 
or be asprofitable ou the whole us the Baldwin, 
M. B. King: —Li my opinion apples are the 
best fruit that grow. They should bo planted 
iu a hole about three by three feet, with plenty 
of good mellow' dirt throwrn in, and cultivated 
from tw'o to four years after setting out. I 
find pruning in the mouthsof January or Feb¬ 
ruary to bring the best results. We have ap¬ 
ple trees that are almost stripped of leaves by 
a loug green worm. 1 think the only way to 
get rid of the pests is to kill them, and when 
finding a limb infested with eaterpillurs, tonq 
off and burn it. As for varieties, the Duchess 
of Oldenburg is tho best l’or Bummer. The 
Buow makes a good Fall apple, und the Ben 
Davis, Rawle’s Genet, Willow Twig, Wal- 
bridge, etc., are good YViutor apples. 
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