4885 
THE NEW ORLEANS EXPOSITION. 
(RURAL SPECIAL REPORT.) 
(Continued from last week.) 
Mississippi has a fine collection of well 
grown apples—25 sorts on 75 different plates 
—10 plates of pears, embracing six varieties, 
all sound aud good. This State has the honor 
of showing the only fresh peaches in the en¬ 
tire exhibit—a single plate, the specimens on 
which are badly shriveled. She also has 
quinces, six varieties; pomegranates, three 
sorts; 50 plates of oranges, six kinds; several 
specimens of immense lemons, and ten jars of 
beautiful pecan nuts. The latter is proving 
a very profitable crop on the rich bottom 
lands along the river, aud they are being 
grown largely in different parts of the State. 
The pears shown are also very fine. She also 
basan excellent collection of a I choholic speci¬ 
mens, embracing 200 varieties in about 400 
jars, all nicely preserved. A huge Chinese 
Saud Pear wHgbing Ill )4 ounces, is a conspic¬ 
uous specimen. 
Missouri has 900 plates of apples, and 139 
varieties, 90 kinds having been lost in cold 
storage. It is a worthy collection. The speci¬ 
mens are large, smooth and handsome, aud 
the State gets a fob share of the premiums. 
Some bottles of beautiful cider, made from 
Hughes's Crab, are also shown by William 
Byens, of Kansas City. 
Nebraska shows a most attractive collec¬ 
tion. especially of Beu Davis. Some 40 plates 
of this variety are exceptionally large aud 
line, without a blemish. The State has 550 
plates, and about 100 sorts. The exhibit is 
carefully selected, and seven awards have 
been received. 
New Hampshire is represented by 15 plates 
and seveu varieties; some of the specimens 
are high colored, but not specially fine other¬ 
wise. 
New Jersey has 05 plates and 55 varieties, 
with nothing of special note in her fruit dis¬ 
play, except 80 plates of pears. 
The groat State of New York, however, is 
wholly unrepresented iu this great fruit show 
of the world. Strange as this may and will 
appear to ever}' reader of the Rural, it is a 
fact, neveitheless, if a lot of rotten grapesand 
a can of Marlboro Raspberries t>e excepted. 
These are from Cay wood’s nurseries on the 
Hudson, and were frozen solid in transit. 
This novel exhibit was Tor days humorously 
labeled "The only fruit exhibit from New 
York:’’ and the few New York men here 
have been chaffed unmercifully about It. I 
can only say. whoever is in reality to blame 
for the absence of the Empire State on these 
fruit tables, ought to be blamed openly and 
unsparingly. Mr. Parker Eurle, the efficient 
and worthy Chief of Horticulture here, assures 
me of persistent efforts on his part to bring 
out the great, fruit-growers of the State. If it 
was sectional prejudice which Btood in their 
way, they ure to be pitied. This is not a sec¬ 
tional exhibit in any sense. 
Ohio makes a fine displuy of apples, having 
600 plates, and 85 varieties. Her specimens 
are largo and fair. She also shows a few 
grapes, and a very choice assortment of beau¬ 
tiful fruit, in cans, in great variety. 
Oregon has 25 plates and 15 sorts, E. W. 
Allen, of Portland, being the principal exhi¬ 
bitor. She also has a good fruit display in the 
Government building. Pennsylvania has 200 
plates and 143 varieties, but nothing remark¬ 
able either in appearance or quaiity, consid¬ 
ering her productive capacity. 
Tennessee shows 42 varieties of upples iu 
fair condition. Vermont has 80 plates and 42 
kinds; a few nice specimens, especially of the 
Lady Apple, are very pretty. Most of the 
collection was grown by Lee Tracy, of Shel¬ 
burne. 
Wisconsin has a very large collection, beiug 
second only to Illinois. She has 1,068 plates aud 
about 250 varieties. Much of the fruit, is very 
fine, and the State has taken 24 prizes. 
Florida and Louisiana make large and at¬ 
tractive displays of oranges and other citrus 
fruits. Some of them are curious aud interest¬ 
ing, the spocies known ns Grape Fruit or Shad¬ 
dock being very largo and huudsouio. The best 
orange grown iu tho South is the Mandarin. 
It is comparatively small, but extromely de¬ 
licious in flavor. No other variety approaches 
this in quality. The peel separates very 
readily; a lady can peel this orange aud separ¬ 
ate the lobes without soiling the most deli onto 
glove. It is very rich aud sells for the highest 
price here. This variety is now being more 
largely planted than formerly both in Florida 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
409 
and here; it is vigorous and productive 
There are about 2,00 plates of oranges shown. 
The Tangarine is similar to the Mandarin in 
appearance, though still darker in color— 
nearly red, in fact; skin wrinkled. The 
Creole Orange, however, is the best leading 
kind here. Then we have the Navel Orange, 
and two or three other sorts. Lemons are 
also nicely shown here, mainly from Florida, 
where they are now being planted quite 
largely. 
England is well represented in the Fruit 
Hall, considering the distance of transporta¬ 
tion. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, show about 
300 plates of apples and 175 varieties. Most 
of the fruit is small and somewhat decayed 
necessarily. But the exhibit is peculiarly at¬ 
tractive aud interesting to American fruit¬ 
growers. Nearly all are foreign sorts un¬ 
known here, and they show why it is the 
English people want our apples. France 
also has a most interesting display of fruit, 
especially pears, in which she surpasses us by 
a long way in this show. There is a great 
variety and some are of immense size, especial- 
ally "Angevine,” ‘‘Belle Angevine,” "Catil- 
lac,” “Uvedale’s "St. Germaine.” One hun¬ 
dred plates of French apples are also shown, 
including many rare foreign sorts. The firm 
of Cronx & Fils, and the ‘‘Orleans Society” 
are the leadiug exhibitors. 
Canada has 80 plates and 50 varieties of ap¬ 
ples, exclusive of the Province of Ontario, 
which also has 50 sorts. The latter are from 
London, Canada. 
Mexico has 30 plates and two kinds of ap¬ 
ples, and a great variety of other fruits, nuts, 
and vegetables, many being of the most curi¬ 
ous description. But this I shall reserve for 
another letter. 
Russia has ten varieties of apples peculiar 
to that country. I should have spoken in the 
proper place of the exceptionally fine canned 
exhibit of Keiffer Pears by William Parry; 
also several plates of fresh fruits. All looked 
very beautiful indeed, but the latter fully sus¬ 
tained the unenviable reputation of this kind 
for flavor. 
California shows some fine lemons, 50 plates 
of fine quinces, and a good collection of canned 
grapes, and pomegranates. H. H. 
CONVENTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI 
VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
(RURAL SPECIAL REPORT.) 
( Continued.) 
At Thursday’s session of the Mississippi 
Valley Horticultural Society Mr. P. M. Au- 
gur, of Connecticut, gave an address on 
"Cranberry Culture.” The first requisite of 
success, he thought, a velvety, peaty soil, 
which should be covered with pure river sand, 
and so situated as to bo easily flooded with an 
abundance of pure, soft water. Damage from 
frost might be averted by timely flooding. 
Judge Parry considered the business a very 
precarious one iu New Jersey. Fruit which 
promises well early in the season is attacked 
by sun scald, and ig destroyed by it. The best 
results which he had observed had been ob¬ 
tained where plantings had been made in the 
bottoms of old mill ponds, where drainage set 
toward the place from all directions. He had 
in his mind such a field, which had not failed 
in its crops for 25 years. Mr. Stickney, of 
Wisconsin, reported almost perfect immunity, 
In his State, from fuugoid or insect troubles. 
A good supply of pure, soft water, free from 
lime, seemed all that was necessary to make 
their boggy soils suitable for the eranberrv. 
Mr. F. S. Earle, of Illinois, son of the presi¬ 
dent, speaking ou "Fungoid Diseases of the 
Strawberry,” said that the strawberry, like 
all other flowering plants, furnishes a home 
for many of the fungi. Of ten different species 
which he had found on the strawberry', only 
three caused sufficient injury to demaud at ten 
tion. The first, Rainularia Tulasnei, is vari¬ 
ously known as rust., white ruse, blight, and 
sun-scald. It invades the foliage in warm, 
wet Spriugs or Summers, and also fastens on 
the foot-stalks and calyx, often rendering the 
fruit worthless. He quoted several persons who 
had reported success In fighting this trouble 
by the use of a dusting of lime early iu the 
seasou. "Black rust,” known to botanists as 
the Glocosporinm potentillm, he considered to 
be as widely distributed as the white rust, and 
to be even more destructive iu its effects: but 
it attacks a smaller number of varieties. It 
causes the plant to assume a lighter color aud 
take on a tender, spiudling growth. It has 
been the great obstacle to the success of the 
Manchester and Great American in many local- 
ties. He had no remedy to recommend. The 
third enemy, the "root rot.” caused by a fuugus 
attacking the roots, was briefly considered; 
but no remedy was suggested. 
From a lengthy discussion on the subject 
which followed, it appears that the ravages of 
the white rust seem to be well recognized all 
over the country. In many sections the Wil¬ 
son, Captain Jack and Charles Downing have 
so far succumbed to it as to be no longer 
profitable. The Crescent has not had entire 
immunity, but thus far has been measura¬ 
bly free. The Northern States, particularly 
Michigan and Wisconsin, have also oeen in 
great part free from this trouble. Its attacks 
are worse in warm, wet seasons, and its ef¬ 
fects more severe if suefi seasons are followed 
by prolonged drought. The observations on 
black rust were not so satisfactory, (bough it 
was shown to be prevalent iu many sections. 
Ou Friday morning two papers were pre¬ 
sented on essentially the same subject, the 
the cross-fertilization of fruits. Mr. C. M. 
Merwin, of Tennessee, assumed that the ob¬ 
served changes in the Crescent were not due 
to the influence of the stammateplant; but to 
the locality, character of soil, etc. In short, 
he believed these differences were largely im¬ 
aginary. Mr. Parry, of New Jersey, was as 
fully convinced that the influence of pollen 
affects not only the germ of the future plant, 
but the character of the fruit, which incloses 
it. He believes we may make almost any de¬ 
sired change in our fruits by cross-fertiliza¬ 
tion. Ou motion of Dr. Hape, the name of 
the society was changed to that of the Ameri¬ 
can Horticultural Society. The society then 
elected Parker Earle, of Illinois, President; 
T. V. Munson, of Texas, Vice-President: W. 
H. Ragan, of Indiana, Secretary; and J. C. 
Evans, of Missouri, Treasurer. 
Prof. C. V. Riley said we needed much re¬ 
search yet to he able to comltat injurious in¬ 
sects. Said there was danger in using a kero¬ 
sene mixture improperly made, as the free oil 
would remain on the foliage and destroy it. 
The formula given by him is, two gallons of 
kerosene, one pound of soap (wbale-oil pre¬ 
ferred) and one gallon of water. The water 
and soap should be mixed together, and the 
kerosene added, and by constant agitation 
made to combine with the soap and water in 
a perfect "kerosene butter.” It may be slight¬ 
ly warmed if desired. 
This may be diluted with any desired quan¬ 
tity of water and will remain constant. He 
said that with a small rubber tube, a light 
pole aud a good spraying nozzle, this emulsion 
could be put upon any port of the tree top in 
a spray so flue as to be almost Invisible. 
be has demonstrated the fact that rust on 
orange fruit is caused by a minute insect feed¬ 
ing ou the oily juices of the riud and that the 
above emulsiou is an effectual remedy, if ap¬ 
plied several times, for while killing the insect 
it has no effect upon the eggs. 
3nini9t’l Societies, 
THE WESTERN N. Y. HORTICULURAL 
SOCIETY. 
(EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE.) 
The 2Sth annual meeting of this society 
convened at Rochester, N. Y., on Wednesday, 
January 28th, 1885, with a large attendance. 
M r P. Barry was reelected President and Mr. 
P. C. Reynolds Secretary. 
In his annual address the President said 
that much of the very large crop of apples in 
Western New York the past season was very 
poor; mostly because of an over crop making 
a great demand upon the trees for material 
which an inadequate supply of manure did 
uot furuish: to make orchards profitable, 
plenty of fertilizers must be applied. We 
want more thoroughness in caring for the 
trees, and more liberality in supplying those 
food elements annually removed in the fruit. 
He thought very much of the scourge of yel¬ 
lows which had swept over the peach-produc- 
iug counties, was due to carelessness in taking 
buds from diseased trees, and believed that 
with great care m obtaluiug healthy seed for 
growing stocks aud in taking buds only from 
trees known to be sound, aud vigilance in 
watching our orchards, and promptness in 
removing every suspicious tree, we could 
expect to still produce fine peaches. A supply 
of manure wo must have; the importaut ques¬ 
tion is, can we in the best aud cueapest way 
obtain this in special fertilizers or iu barnyard 
manure, and if we decide in favor of the latter, 
then, what is the cheapest way to obtain it 
and tho best way to use what we need. He 
congratulated horticulturists on the reform 
effected in the nomenclature of fruits and is 
in favor of still greater amendment; but we 
should not go so far as to lead to confusion. 
He was highly pleased at the substantial pro¬ 
gress that was being made in every branch of 
horticulture. 
Prof. Comstock, of Cornell University, au- 
uou iced that hereafter tho Department of 
Hut nnology of that institution would be kept 
open during the entire Summer, ready at all 
times to co-operate with the fruit grower, and 
urged the sending of specimens of destructive 
insects to him whenever found. He thinks 
that eventually we shall be able to perfectly 
control all injurious insects. 
Mr. James Vick, in discussing flowers and 
bedding plants, said many a mansion costing 
a fortune is surrounded by grounds so devoid 
of taste as to look like a diamond set in lead; 
while others of very moderate cost, are stand¬ 
ing amid so much beauty that one could 
scarcely resist the temptation to walk in and 
enjoy the scene. 
Mr. Moody, of Lockport, reported a can¬ 
nery at that place as having put up, last Fall, 
2.635,000 pounds of tomatoes, 70.000 of plums, 
100,000 of cherries. 110,000 quarts of straw¬ 
berries. 10,000 quarts of raspberries, and it bad 
used 48,000 bushels of apples. He had suc¬ 
ceeded in attaching gearing to a wheel of his 
wagon, by which the force pump was run in 
spraying his orchard, thereby saving the labor 
of one man in that operation. 
A Mr Honsel, of Orlean Co., N. Y., was 
reported to have sold, from one acre of apple 
orchard containing 54 trees, in 22 years. 84,150 
worth of fruit, or an average of nearly 8189 
per year. This orchard had received annually 
ten loads of barnyard manure, and for four 
years past 200 pounds of bone flour. This is a 
good lesson for the orebardist. 
Yates Co was reported to have produced, 
iu 1884, 1,000 tons of Concord, 400 tons of 
Delaware, and 100 tons of Catawba Grapes, 
and this is an exceedingly small county; the 
grape interest was reported very prosperous 
everywhere. A curious fact was noticed re¬ 
garding the frost of May 28. Those vineyards 
which had received their spring plowing were 
uninjured, while those not yet cultivated were 
badly damaged. 
Major Brooks, of Wyoming, said the profit¬ 
able orchards of his county were all on the 
hills, and he knew of noue so situated that had 
been properly cultivated, which had not proved 
both productive and profitable. He thought 
apples were worth as much as roots for stock 
feeding, and was in favor of so using all poor 
fruit. 
Prof. Roberts, of Cornell University, said 
that by the liberal and judicious use of man¬ 
ures they had more than doubled the yield of the 
college farm in eight years, and had done this 
at a profit. From 33 cattle and 12 horses they 
had, in six months, made 311 loads of manure 
weighing, on an average, ton each, or 466 
tons, worth, ty careful analyses of average 
samples, 13.60 per load, making the value of 
the manure made by each animal nearly 825 
This manure had been saved in a covered barn¬ 
yard. and so carefully handled as to prevent 
all damage and loss. They had experimented 
in feeding separate animals, and had weighed 
all the manure, aud carefully analyzed it, and 
were convinced that, properly handled, the 
manure was worth one-bait the cost of the 
food consumed. All the manure they 
make previous to February is drawn aud 
spread upon the land where it is to be used 
in the Spring, unless the laud is subject to 
overflow; what is made after that time is 
put in large piles, about three feet deep, and 
slightly covered with loam, and once in 
Summer is forked over, aud again covered 
with loam, aud this used on the wheat fields 
in the Fall. Their rotation ou the farm is, 
corn on sod with manure: oats withont man¬ 
ure; wheat with manure, followed by Red 
Clover and Timothy, mowed one year and 
pastured one year. The average yield of 
wheat, iu good seasons, had reached 40 bushels, 
and of oats over SO bushels per acre. They 
were feeding largely of cottou-seed meal 
which cost them, delivered. $25.70 per ton, 
and, estimating the nitrogen as worth LSeeuts, 
it was worth, as manure, over $30. He 
urged the feeding of more stock and especial¬ 
ly the better care and application of manure, 
sayiug that not over one-fourth of the mau- 
urial value of the grain and fodder consumed 
on most farms is ever returned to the field. 
Dr. E L. Sturtevant thought ammonia in 
the form of dried blood and animal scraps 
more desirable to apply to the soil than that 
in ammonia salts, because it would be re¬ 
tained in the soil by its combination, until 
taken by the plant. While it is probably 
a fact that phosphoric acid is taken into 
the plant in its reverted form, he thought 
the superphosphate or soluble form, much 
the best for application to the soil, be¬ 
cause of its greater divisibility and conse¬ 
quently more intimate mixing with the soil. 
Farm yard manure not oulv contains all the 
elements of a perfect plant food, but it aids 
the soil mechanically. 
In a lively discussion on the-defects in 
orchard management, Mr. Moody said he 
would plow all orchards deeply and apply 
potash liberally. It is impossible to furnish 
enough barn-yard manure for the orchard. 
Mr. Willard, of Geneva, would never think 
of plowing an orchard deeply. Mr. Thomas 
said the harm done iu cutting the roots was as 
nothing compared with the damages done by 
neglect and want of cultivation. Major 
Brooks said uature did not plow, but depend¬ 
ed eutirely upon mulching, and with the plow 
had come .trouble. 
