1888 
THE RURAL MEWVORKEft 
567 
3titrust’l Societies. 
AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
We have received from Dr. W. J. Beal, the 
_ Secretary of the American Pomological Soci¬ 
ety, Circular No. 2, from which we quote the 
following: 
“As the 9th of September, 1885, draws 
nearer, letters from all quarters of North 
America indicate that the number of delegates 
will be unusually large; that there will be 
many fine collections of fruit, especially from 
the Central and Southern States. 
“It will especially gratify pomologists, old 
and young, to learn that the venerable Presi¬ 
dent., Colonel Marshal] P. Wilder, expects to 
attend the meeting. 
“The twentieth biennial sessiou of the Amer¬ 
ican Pomological Society will convene at 
Grand Rapids, Michigan, beginning at 10 
o’clock A.M., September 9th, and continuing 
for three days. 
“On arriving, delegates will report prompt¬ 
ly at the rooms of the Secretary at Sweet's 
Hotel, or at the place of meetiug, which is the 
First Universaliat Church. 
“Fruits for exhibition should be sent, charges 
prepaid, to Charles W. Garfield for the Amer¬ 
ican Pomological Society. Exhibitors should 
give early notice stating the space needed. 
They should avoid duplicates, and in case of 
apples, pears, and quinces, bring si.o of each 
kind. New sorts, novelties, and the leading 
staudard varieties are most desired, and all 
should be accurately and plainly labeled. 
“Members who intend purchasing tickets 
on the roads of V ichigan, should apply to the 
Secretary heforehand, and get the proper 
blanks and instructions. By this means, those 
paying full fare to Grand Rapids will there be 
furnished with a certificate entitling them to 
return on the satue road at reduced rates. No 
arrangements for reduced rates has been made 
with other roads than those of Michigan. 
“On Saturday morning, the 12th, by invita¬ 
tion of the State Board of Agriculture, dele¬ 
gates will visit the Agricultural College, situ¬ 
ated three miles east of Lansing. 
“Much care has been taken to select topics 
which ere suitable for a society covering such 
a vast extent of country. To secure valuable 
information, and make the discussions lively 
and interesting, one or more persons by invi¬ 
tation have consented to prepare themselves 
to take the lead in each subject. 
“A detailed programme will likely be issued 
for the sessious of euch day.” 
Then follows a programme containing some 
2(5 topics for discussion, each of great import¬ 
ance to the horticulturist. There is also a list 
of the names of prominent uieu expected to 
be present; and address the tueetiug. This list 
embraces the best and most progressive men 
in American horticulture and pomology. We 
predict for this meeting the largest attendance, 
the most interesting, and altogether, the most 
enjoyable time the society has ever had. Don’t 
fail to go if you can manage to make time 
and an opportunity. 
HUstf lUmcoius. 
TO THE WOOL-GROWERS OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 
It is uow apparent that a determined effort 
to revise the tariff laws of the United States, 
will be made at the uext session of Congress. 
It is understood that the object of those who 
will make this effort, is a large reduction of 
revenue, with au abandonment of the prin¬ 
ciple of protection, but with such incidental 
protection as eau be given to those industries 
and pursuits that obtain the attention and 
favor of Congress. 
The theory that all raw material should be 
ou the free list, is urged by some, who, in 
disguise, are for free trade, aud the ueglect 
to adequately protect producers of wool, 
which has attended all past economic legisla¬ 
tion, affords reason for profound apprehension 
by those who represent ;this important agri¬ 
cultural pursuit. 
In order to keep such persons informed as 
to matters affecting their iuterests, aud to en¬ 
able them hereafter to act harmoniously 
among themselves, aud unitedly with other 
industries that agree with their views, 1 de¬ 
sire to obtaiu the name and post office address 
of each officer of ull State aud County Wool- 
Growing Associations; aud also the names 
aud post-office addresses of wool growers in 
each State, who desire information on this 
subject, the object being to distribute, from 
time to time, among such persons, information 
calculated to keep wool growers informed as 
to the progress of all efforts affecting their 
interests. 
The aid of all officers of State aud County 
Associations, aud all other friends of the 
cause, is respectfully and earnestly solicited, 
in procuring the desired names. 
Letters, conveying such names, may be 
addressed to the undersigned, care of Edward 
Young, No. 119 Maryland Av., N. E., Wash¬ 
ington, D. C, c. DELANO, 
Pres. National Wool Growers’ Association. 
FRUIT NOTES, ETC. 
Probably there has been no fruit tree, 
plant or vine introduced in the last decade 
that has been puffed as much as the Kieffer 
Pear. I have all along advised people to “go 
slow,” and am happy to note that the Rural 
agrees with me. The pictures of the three- 
year-old trees in nursery rows, loaded with 
from 50 to 100 large pears, are very pretty to 
look at; but I very much doubt that any such 
nursery rows are in existence; at least Kieffers 
don’t behave so here. Four years ago I in¬ 
serted Kieffer grafts iu tops of bearing trees. 
They boreafew pears last year and several 
this; but as friend Hale says, they never ripen¬ 
ed. I doubt whether this variety will ever be¬ 
come popular iu the North. 
The Russian Mulberry also has been 
over-praised. It was to bear fruit when two 
years from seed; to have clean straight trunks 
suitable for posts, etc., and to make a fine 
ornamental tree, etc., etc. I have trees that 
have been set five years, which were one or 
two years old when set; yet I have never seen 
a ripe berry on them; neither can I get them 
to form straight trunks, and symmetrical tops 
are out of the question. Many of my trees 
have died, having been killed, I think, by the 
extreme cold of the past two Winters. Better 
plant eatalpa for timber, and grapes and small 
fruits for fruit. [Our own trees, five years old, 
from the nursery, have borne a little —Eos.] 
Wht don’t some one say something about 
the Wilder Grape With me it is a splendid 
market sort and far ahead of many of the 
newer sorts for the table. The Agawam, Sa¬ 
lem, Requa, Herbert and Lindley are also 
noble grapes. If given good culture and pro¬ 
tection in Winter, they will give profitable 
crops. They keep better, carry better, sell 
better, and are infinitely better in flavor than 
Concord and its seedlings, though the vines are 
not so hardy. 
Why do we not hear more about the old 
Isabella Grape? I have a few vines standing 
in the grass in the yard, that I would not part 
with. Well ripened Isabellas are the only 
sort I can keep fresh and sound until March 
or April. Simply lay them away in small 
boxes, each bunch wrapped in paper, or, bet¬ 
ter still, bag the grapes when about the size 
of B. B. shot, with manilla bags, and when 
ripe, cut and lay away, bag and all. without 
opening. They will ripen earlier if the vines 
are pruned close, so that only little fruit sets. 
The vine is inclined to overbear, and when 
once it is allowed to do so, it is ruined. 
I practice short pruning on all my pro¬ 
ductive grape-vines Not having time to thin 
out clusters, I cut back severely in the Fall 
and lay all down and give protection. What 
fruit sets will then be carried through all 
right; be larger, better and ripen earlier. Of 
course, rauk growers, like Clinton, Ives, Con¬ 
cord, etc., must be pruned longer than Eume- 
lan, Delaware, Prentiss, etc., for they are 
much more vigorous and require something 
to do to keep them from making too much 
wood; a little observation and practice will 
enable one to prune each variety so that it 
will bear just enough, aud no more. 
Last season, I had Manchester Straw¬ 
berries planted in long rows. On one side 
there were small plots of James Vick, Priuce 
of Berries, Nigh’s Superb, Mrs. Garfield, 
Indiaua and mauy other new sorts. The 
berries or plauts Hear the James Vick were 
not different in looks or flavor from those 
uear Indiana or Jumbo. In another part of 
the plautatiou, these varieties were near 
Cumberland; while I also had the Daniel 
Boone beside the Wilsou, and iu another place 
beside the Sharpless; I also had the Crescent 
scattered about everywhere beside all other 
sorts, yet ueifcbor I uor those who visited me 
could see that the pollen of the male had any¬ 
thing to do with the size, flavor or color of 
the fruit in any case. 
“The Pile-of-apples-aud-buekwheat-ehaff’’ 
story is again going the rounds of the press; 
but how deep the apples should be covered, 
nobody says. Judgiug from experiments 
conducted by a neighbor with apples in a hay 
mow. I think it would take a might} pile of 
chaff for a few apples. 
Is the Niagara Grape growing ou the Rural 
Grounds? Or do you judge of its health, 
hardiuess, etc., from hear-say ? [If our friend 
had beeu a reader of the R. N.-Y for the past 
four years, he would know that we received 
the first, aud for many years the only vine 
sent out single by the company, and we have 
carefully noted its growth, and our re¬ 
ports have been from observation in our own 
grounds, unless noted at the time.—E ds.] 
P. L. WRIGHT. 
Livingstone Co., Mich. 
FARMERS AS MINERS. 
The advice given in a late Rural on the 
above subject is, beyond all question, sound 
as applied to farmers generally who are led 
by the mining excitements which from time 
to time spring up, now here now there, all 
over the land. Mining is a business vast¬ 
ly more risky and, in the main, to all parties 
interested, miners and capitalists together, 
less remunerative than agriculture, as you 
properly assert. But anent the paragraphs 
going the rounds of the papers—that farmers 
in Wisconsin are turning their attention to 
mining—a word of explanation may afford a 
clearer understanding of the matter. 
The southwestern portion of Wisconsin— 
and the immediately adjoining regions of 
Illinois and Iowa—embracing the cities of 
Galena and Dubuque,while an excellent farm¬ 
ing country, are also rich mining sections, 
aud very generally just beneath the surface— 
say from 10 to 100 feet down—beds of lead 
and zinc ore are found. This region has in all 
these States an aggregate area of about 3,000 
square miles, of which about 2,200 are in Wis¬ 
consin. The surface rock is known as Galena 
limestone; that just below it is the Trenton 
limestone, and beneath that the St. Peters sand 
stone,and lower magnesian limestone and Pots¬ 
dam sandstone are found in the order named. 
Very generally through this region—so as to 
occur on nearly every farm and often in many 
places on each farm—the horizontal layers of 
rock are found to be cracked or broken 
apart, so that there are places where one can 
dig, without the use of powder—directly down 
for 10, 20, 50 or even 100 feet in soft earth; 
while on each side will be walls of solid lime¬ 
stone. Sometimes this “crevice”—for that is 
the name given this space—through the hor¬ 
izontal surface-rock (which lies far enough 
below the surface to give ample soil for til 
lage) is but six inches wide: more generally 
it is three or four feet wide, and sometimes as 
many rods in width. “Float mineral”—that 
is, detached pieces of ore—is sometimes found 
in this crevice-dirt in going down; but when 
the miner has gone through the thickness of 
the layer of rock, he comes to what iscalled 
“an opening”—that is, a chamber between 
the rock he has just gone through and the 
next horizontal layer of rock. This “opening” 
maybe empty, or, as is more commonly the 
case, filled with soft earth containing lead or 
zinc ore. Powder is seldom required, but the 
loose earth and the ore can be removed by 
pick and shovel to buckets or “kibbles,” by 
means of which and a windlass, the ores are 
raised to the surface. This kind of mining, 
you will readily understand, is easily done by 
two men with a windlass and without other 
machinery. And as these deposits of ore are 
very generally distributed throughout the 
whole region under most of the farms, the 
farmers who have attended to their crops and 
stock through the Summer, when Winter 
comes, and it does early there—say in 
November — go under ground and in 
an entirely comfortable temperature (even 
though it may be 10 or more degrees 
below zero on the surface above) 
play miner. Some of them now and then 
“strike it big” and suddenly became rich; but 
quite generally they earn from one to two 
dollars per day, and when Spring comes, 
leave the mine and resume their positions as 
farmers. Not unfrequently they are unsuc¬ 
cessful, and their Winter’s work pays little or 
nothing; but iu the long run they “make 
wages.” A farm of SO acres purchased there 
in midsummer some years ago, was tirst util¬ 
ized by “sinking a shaft” in it in search of ore, 
which gave employment to a couple of farm- 
miners. Before Spring, they had raised 
enough zinc ore to pay for their labor, and 
give a profit equal to the cost of the farm. 
Lead has been mined there for many years, 
but zinc ore has ouly become valuable since 
I860. The mining industry furnishes the 
farmer with winter employment, and, iu the 
aggregate, hundreds of thousands of dollars 
are made out of it annually. It is not, as one 
would suppose from the uewspaper items, a 
new thing, caused by the “low price of 
cereals," but the usual winter work of 
thousands. a. k. j. 
THE CYCLONE NOZZLE. 
PROF. C. V. RILEY. 
1 notice that, in the issue of July 25th, 
the Rural credits me with being the inventor 
of the Cyclone Nozzle. Some parties have 
even gone so far as to call it the Riley Nozzle. 
As I have nowhere claimed to lie the inventor 
of this useful contrivance, I ask permission, 
in justice to myself and those associated with 
me, to state the actual facts, as I have al¬ 
ready stated them in print. The idea of this 
Cyclone Nozzle originated at Selma. Ala., in 
the Fall of 1880, while I was in the field with 
three of my assistants working at contrivances 
for the destruction of the cotton worm. In 
discussing ways and means, as is my custom 
with my assistants, the question arose whether 
liquid forced tangentially into a chamber 
with an outlet, would whirl or not? Dr. W. 
S. Barnard took the affirmative position,and 
experiments which I directed him to have 
made with a chamber improvised by means of 
two watch crystals, iu which the motion of the 
liquid could be observed, proved the correct¬ 
ness of this view. The final form of the cham¬ 
ber adopted is the result of numberless subse¬ 
quent experiments, and the earlier, more 
clumsy forms from which it has been evolved 
in the course of experience, bear very little 
resemblance to it. These experiments were 
carried on by Dr. Barnard under my direc¬ 
tion both for the TJ. S Entomological Com¬ 
mission and for the Department of Agricul¬ 
ture, so that, like many other devices that 
prove useful, this one cannot be justly said to 
be invented by any one individual. It is a 
development, or one of the practical out¬ 
growths of my work for the Government, aud, 
like all such work done for the Government, 
it is public property and ought not to be pat¬ 
ented, though private parties have already 
tried to cover by patent the essential princi¬ 
ples involved. 
Washington, D. C. July 30, 1880. 
A POMOLOGICAL FREAK. 
In my orchard in this county, this season, 
there occurred a growth which I think for 
eccentricity deserves special notice. 
Near my Concord grape vines stands a 
small, late-bearing apple tree, to which the 
vine has attached itself, growing over a con¬ 
siderable portion of the tree. In gathering 
the grapes on a branch of the tree T found 
that a vine had embedded itself, and the two, 
growing at right angles, seemed entirely unit¬ 
ed at the juncture, and, strange to say, a 
sbortdistance out from the limb, on the con¬ 
tinued vine, at a point where grapes ought to 
have appeared, there were found two diminu¬ 
tive apples, resembling in many respects their 
larger progenitor. 
Jonestown, Miss. m. r mitchell. 
[Remarks. —We wish our friend would, if 
possible, cut off the section of vine which bore 
the apples, and also the apple wood to which 
it is attached, and send the piece to us to be 
engraved, because if there is no mistake in 
this, it is certainly a great and veritable curi¬ 
osity.— Eds.] 
To Several Inquirers: We do not recom¬ 
mend the nostrums of the Gray Medicine 
Company, of Buffalo. N. Y., or those of D. 
H. Freskow of this city.We do not ad¬ 
vise dealings with the Crescent Art Company, 
Revere, Mass. This is one of the concerns 
that offer “home work.” We have frequently 
exposed and denounced the swindles of such 
humbugs.Don’t have any dealings with 
the Diamond Chemical Works, New Bedford, 
Mass., and you will save money.George 
W. Shaw, of Boston, offers several humbugs 
for sale. We have refused to advertise them. 
.We are constantly receiving iuquiries 
about the “German” and “Havana” 
“methods" of preserving eggs. We have al¬ 
ready several times stated that inquiry and 
experiment have convinced us that there is 
nothing of special value iu recipes which pro¬ 
fess to give these “methods.”.No, we 
do net recommend M. Young, Greenwich St. 
this city. We have already denounced the 
humbug several times. Two-thirds of what 
he offers for sale are humbugs which will dis¬ 
appoint purchasers, and the other third 
should be found in no decent household. 
We have lately received a considerable num¬ 
ber of complaints concerning the Crown 
Manufacturing Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
This concern also offers “home work.” The 
business “is making a uew aud beautiful 
picture called the electrograph.” Sample 
pictures for trial, $1 and two stamps, required 
as a 'guaranteeof good faith.’” The “patter” 
of all such concerns is much the same, and 
the caution given with regal’d to one, will ap¬ 
ply to them all, whether in Chicago, Cincin¬ 
nati, Philadelphia, New York or Boston. 
These are the chief points from which the 
“home work” sharpers appeal to the necessity 
and credulity of the public, although there 
are several, as bad as the worst, who hail from 
smaller towns also. 
