THE RURAL fi£W»YORK£R 
fact is the extremely small amount of both 
nitrogenous and mineral matter, which is 
stored up in the increase of an ox, as com¬ 
pared with the large amount carried off in 
the milk; hence the exhausting nature of a 
dairy where milk is exported. 
Well, we are glad to see that Judge 
William Parry at length acknowledges that 
the Cuthbert and Queen of the Market Rasp¬ 
berries are the same. We think he might 
have done so before—but, better late than 
never... 
J. B. Alcott praises Poa annua as one of 
the finest and best grasses for the lawn, though 
an annual. Its ability to produce seed under 
the lawn-mower is a good point in its favor,. 
If some hypercritical people could tell, when 
blindfolded, by the taste of the cheese or but¬ 
ter whether it was colored or not, the U. S. 
Dairymau might have a little more charity 
for their foolishuess. If, they ask, if good 
color can not be tasted, what is it put in for? 
To please the eye. The eye, if given its nat¬ 
ural use. helps us to taste. Good color, rightly 
put in, is as harmless as the color on a man’s 
pants is to the tissues of his skin. “But it is 
deception,” they cry. Not more than paint is 
on wood.............. 
Experiments made at Houghton Farm go 
to show that sound seed peas from two to 
three years old, will produce larger crops 
than those but one year old . 
If you desire to raise varieties of strawber¬ 
ries for yourselves, squeeze the pulp from the 
seeds in water, and sow them in clean, mellow 
soil at once. Keep the bed moist. They will 
soon germinate and the young plants may be 
proteoted after the first frost. If a mixed par¬ 
entage is preferred,sow the seeds of pistillates.. 
The Mark Lane Express advises that for 
this country if for a sheep dip we use eight 
pounds of tobacco stems in place of the five 
pounds of tobacco, it will be found equally 
effective aud much cheaper. But we are op¬ 
posed to the whole tobacco business; it is sim¬ 
ply heartless to doctor the poor sheep with a 
remedy that will make them so sick. Although 
it may cost a little more Little’s Sheep Dip or 
the Cold Water Dip of Ness & Co. will be 
found more certain and will make neither 
■heep nor men »ick.. 
Mrs. Welcome, in the Independent, says 
a great many people neglect the cultivation 
of perennials because they do not blossom the 
first year, forgettiug how rapidly the months 
speed away aud unmindful of the fact that 
many of our choicest and most valuable bloom¬ 
ers are included in this class. 
keeper. It is much better for dessert than 
for cooking, and should be a favorite in the 
markets where it succeeds. 
Iowa, on account of the foliage failing to en¬ 
dure our summer heat and occasional desert 
winds from the south-west. Yet now and 
then we find a tree capable of maintaining 
health of foliage and perfection of wood on 
varied soils, and in varied summer and winter 
climates. Tbe Willow-leaved Pear of Siberia, 
Mongolia, and North eastern Europe seems to 
have this adaptation to varied conditions of 
air and soil to a remarkable degree, as the 
tree seems equally perfectiu foliage and wood 
in the srboretums and on tbe large lawns of 
England, France and West Germany, and on 
the borders of tbe desert in East Russia Our 
specimen trees are taken for ornamental 
Silver leaved Willows in Summer, aud 35 de¬ 
grees below zero the past Winter failed to 
discolor the wood of the finest terminal points 
of growth. This variety is well worth grow¬ 
ing as au ornamental tree, and I believe as 
the foundation for a cross with our beat dessert 
pears. It is known to cross readily with the 
cultivated pears, but the old home of the pear 
iu Europe lacks our motive for crosses with 
a view to securing better foliage and hardier 
wood. 
The Willow-leaved Pear is so common in the 
nurseries of West Europe as to induce the be¬ 
lief that many specimeu trees can be found in 
the Eastern states of our Union. Possibly 
some reader of the Rural may have a Wil¬ 
low-leaved Pear fruiting near to good cultiva¬ 
ted sorts. If so, I hope the seeds will all be 
saved the coming Fall. If tbe owner lacks 
the needed time and faith for this kind of ex¬ 
perimental work, I should be glad indeed to 
pay well for all trouble and plant the seeds 
on the college grounds. 
Some of the European nurseries have this 
pear under the name of Pyrus elceagnifolia. 
While this is a more southern form, aud pos¬ 
sibly not as hardy, yet its seeds are worth 
planting when grown near choice varieties. 
The impression is quite common that it does 
not pay to plant seed of such primitive forms 
of fruit as tbe wild pear of Siberia. We should 
keep in mind the sudden developments of fruits 
and flowers from primitive forms, which are 
on record. For instance, the noble varieties 
of the grape known as Rogers’s Hybrids were 
from seeds of the wild sage grape fertilized 
by pollen of Black Hamburg and White Chas- 
selas. 
comes a pupa, changing from a delicate green 
to a dark brown; it is then from % to 13-10 
of an inch in length. 
The pupa of tbe boll worm is often mistaken 
for that of the cotton worm, and. as in any 
study of eitherinsect, it is important that they 
be distinguished clearly, their most marked 
difference is shown at Figs. 23S and 229. The 
The Best Veoetables— Seed time and 
Harvest has been having a vote taken for the 
best varieties of vegetables for table and mar¬ 
ket. The following are tbe votes received for 
tbe favorites: In cabbages, best early, Early 
Jersey Wakefield, 135; Winningstadt, 25: 
best medium, Fottler’s Brunswick, 122; Win¬ 
ningstadt, 41: best late, Flat Dutch, 120; Late 
Drumhead, 30. 
Tomatoes, best early market, Livingston’s 
Perfection, 67; Canada Victor, 30; Acme, 20: 
best for home use, Livingston’s Perfection, 82; 
Livingston’s Fuvorite, 37; Trophy, 37. Cauli¬ 
flower, best early, Heuderson’s Snowball, 370; 
Dwarf Erfurt 25; best late, Le Nortuand, G8; 
Lackawana. 60. Peas, best early market, 
Cleveland's First and Best, 70; American Won¬ 
der, 60: best table sort, Champion of Eng¬ 
land, 87, American Wonder. 26. Peppers, 
best hot, Red Cayenne, 119; Long Red, 
30: best sweet, Golden Dawn, 116; Sweat 
Mountain, 4T. Potatoes, best early mar- 
Fig. 22S. 
Ventral and Dorsal View of Posterior end of Pupa of 
Cotton-Worn), highly magnified. 
tip of the abdomen in the cotton-worm is furn¬ 
ished with four hooks; a little in front of these 
are four other hooks. The ventral and dorsal 
views of these are shown at Fig. 22$ Tbe 
posterior end of the pupa of the boll worm is 
showu at Fig. 229. This variation will enable 
Fig. 229. 
Posterior end of Pupa of Boll Worm, highly magni¬ 
fied. 
any one to distinguish the pupae of these two 
worms. The duration of the pupa state varies 
from seven days to a month, according to the 
weather. 
The moth feeds upon sweets of many kinds. 
The cottou plant is furnished with nectar- 
secreting glands, usually one on each leaf, and 
the moths feed from these as well as from 
similar glands on the leaves of the cow pea. 
Figs, apples, melons and grapes are relished 
by the pest, and it becomes a serious annoy¬ 
ance to fruit growers. It is more destructive 
because, unlike most moths, it has the power 
of piercing the fruit it wishes to feed from. 
At Fig. 230 is shown the maxillae of the moth 
THE JEFFERSON APPLE, 
We received, about March 1, from Mr. J. 
C. Williams, of Moutclair, N. J., specimens of 
a flue apple under the name of Jefferson. In 
some respects it is similar to the apple describ¬ 
ed by Mr. Downing as Jefferson County; but 
in others it is so dissimilar as to make it al¬ 
most certain that it is a distinct apple. We 
wrote to Mr. E. Williams, and from him re¬ 
ceived this answer: 
“I cannot tell the origin or history of this 
apple. I only know that it has been 
grown occasionally in this county 
(Essex) for the past 30 or more years, 
; „ and in every instance top-grafted. I 
\ hardly think it can be identical with 
■ the Jefferson County of Mr. Downing. 
- . Here the trees are only fair growers, 
\ not by any means vigorous; in fact, 
after it comes into bearing, it is only 
a moderate grower. It bears abun¬ 
dantly every other year. The fruit 
hangs late, and when picked is as hard 
as the hardest. At maturity, the trees 
make short, stout branches, covered 
with an abundauce of fruit spurs all over 
them. The foliage is good and hangs on well 
into Winter. The bead is round and spread¬ 
ing like that of tbe R. L Greening. 
Very strong evidence that this is a distinct 
apple from the Jefferson County is in 
tbe fact, that the season of that Is gi ven 
v as October to November; while the 
Jeffersou, as we know it, is not in eat- 
\h ing condition until February, 
TRANSCONTINENTAL LETTERS 
XXXIII. 
MARY WAGER FISHER. 
About tbe middle of April, I went down 
Puget Sound to Whatcom — the extreme 
northernmost town, with one exception I be¬ 
lieve, in United States territory on tbe Sound, 
and a distance, in a direct line from Seattle, 
of about 100 miles; but the steamer carrying 
the U. S. Mails touches at a dozen post offices 
on the islands aud along the coast, making 
the distance traversed fully 60 miles more. 
It is one of the noted trips on the Sound, as 
the seenery on a clear day is very flue. For¬ 
tunately, the weather was perfect—the cap¬ 
tain said that for remarkable clearness, there 
had not been such an atmosphere for a mouth, 
aud from the pilot house we had an unob¬ 
structed view. 1 remember writing of my 
disappointment at the scenery on Puget 
Sound, when we entered it through the Strait 
of Juan de Luca last August; but it was 
cloudy then, whereas now it was clear, aud 
a more perfect transformation could not be 
effected. The views equaled the most extra¬ 
vagant descriptions aud it is but fair to say 
that to traverse the Sound in unclear weather 
is not to see it at all—one might as well be any¬ 
where else. The principal mountain scenery 
on this route is furnished by Mt. Baker aud 
the Glacier Mountains, part of, but separate 
from the Cascade Range, which come into 
view up tbo valley of the Skagit River. I 
suppose we saw Mt. Baker from 5b different 
poiuts, aud from every oue it presented new 
features. Its bight is placed ut 11,000 feet, 
and the captain of the steamer, an intelligent 
Yankee, avowed that with his field glass he 
could see smoko rising from its crater. I was 
too busy making sketches of the scenery to 
use the glasses myself, but felt willing to ae- 
capt the verdict of his trained, far-seeing 
eyes. This mountain is less majestic tbau 
Raiuier, but more picturesque and rugged, 
aud its ascent is said to be altogether feasible. 
It stands like a white seutiuel in the Cascade 
Range to the north of Seattle, as Raiuier does 
to the south. I notice that some one, w w rit 
Fig. 230. 
Maxillae of Cotton-Moth, highly magnified. 
Crimson Clover. Fig. 226. (See page 432.) 
ket, Beauty of Hebron, 80; Early Ohio 35: 
best for table, Beauty of Hebron, 45; Snow¬ 
flake, 43; Early Rose, 43. 
and its tip, both (and especially the latter) 
highly magnified, by which it may be seen 
that it is well fitted for piercing and rasping 
the skins of many fruits. 
At Fig. 231 is shown a cross-section of the 
SPIRIT OF THE PRESS, 
One of the extraordinary measures adopted 
by France against the almost universal crime 
of Food Adulteration.says the New York Tri¬ 
bune,is that of compelling each exposed dealer 
to suspend conspicuously in his store window, 
for oue year a large placard hearing tbe words 
“Convicted of Adulteration.” The pleasant 
fruit of this and other rigid punishmeuts ap. 
pears in the fact that that country has gained 
the reputation of being the elysium of con¬ 
sumers who waut what they pay for. 
Sir J. B. Lawes remarks, in the London Ag. 
Gazette, that it is somewhat remarkable that 
the composition of bran—which has a special 
value in the eyes of all dairymen—bears a 
very close relation to milk in the proportion 
of its digestible nitrogenous, aud non-nitro- 
genous constituents, as will be seen in the 
following table:— 
Digestible Digestible 
nitrogenous non nttrogeu- 
mutter. ous matter, 
lbs lbs 
St$ lbs. of bran will supply .. M2 .. l.ll 
lUMilus. of milk will contuhi .. 0.11 .. 1.40 
Again, he says, that it may be observed 
that while the meat-producing power of auox 
is confined to comparatively narrow limits, 
the milk-producing capacity of a cew has a 
very wide rauge. Another very remarkable 
even 
Vj| here; and to show its keeping qualities 
fjij I send you to-day (June 15th), a box 
fllj containing samples.” 
y The apples received on March 5th, of 
one of which we show a true likeness 
at Fig 224 (see page 435), and a cross- 
section at Fig. 225, were in fair eating 
condition. The apple is only medium 
in size, or a little under. The stem is 
medium in length (j^-inch) in a small cavity 
which is marly covered with a fine russet; 
calyx small, usually closed in a very shallow 
basin, slightly corrugated at the flat bottom; 
color greenish yellow, almost entirely cov¬ 
ered with a grayish red, gradually shading to 
a deep brick red on the sunny side, the whole 
surface more or less splashed with deep, scar- 
let-red streaks, and much of it covered with 
a whitish bloom. Core rather large; flesh 
fine graiued, yellowish-white, mild, pleasant 
subacid; quality good. It was in good eating 
condition on March 5tb, and tbe specimens 
received on June 15th, were still sprightly 
and fine, showing that it is an extra-good 
Fig. 231. 
Cross section of Maxillae highly magnified 
maxillae highly magnified. In a subsequent 
article the parasites and enemies which aid in 
keeping the cqtton-worm iu check, will be 
described. 
PYRUS SALIC1FOLIA, 
PROF. J. L. BUDD, 
The word “hardy” is a relative term, as a 
tree may prove an iron-clad in Manitoba, that 
would fail to endure the climate of Central 
