Samuel Johnson of theMichigan Agricultural 
College. A thoroughbred Jersey steer 18 
months old was fed in connection with 
animals of three other breeds, for three 
months. He gained 177 pounds, an average 
of 1.94 pounds per flay. He consumed 873 
pounds of grain and 933 pounds of hay, bring 
about five pounds of grain and 5.3 pounds of 
hay for each pound of flesh gained. The 
steer weighed at the end of the feeding *12 
pounds. An Ayrshire steer, three years old, 
gained 240 pounds, an average of 2.64 per 
day. He consumed 1,068% pounds of grain 
and 1.379 pounds of hay, thus requiring 4.4 
pounds of grain and 5.6 pounds of hay for a 
pound of flesh gained. He weighed 1,130 
pounds. A Short-horn steer, two years old, 
gained 305 pounds, an average of 3 35 per day. 
He consumed 1,068% pounds of grain and 
1,416 pounds of bay, or gave one pound of 
flesh for 3 4 pounds of grain and 4.6 pounds of 
hay. He weighed 1,190 pounds. Weight is 
not all that Is required in a beef animal. 
Oftentimes a comparatively small, shapely 
animal will take the prize away from a much 
larger but coarser competitor. That animal 
is most desirable which gives the least offal 
and the greatest per cent, of dressed beef. 
Prof. Johnson states that a Jersey weighing 
1,370 pounds dressed 758 pounds, or 55 per 
per cent. An Ayrshire weighing 1,130 pounds 
dressed 690 pounds or 61 per cent. A cross¬ 
bred Galloway and Short-horn cow weighing 
1,600 pounds dressed 925 pounds, or 58 per 
cent. Prof. Johnson justly states that while 
these figures show that the Jerseys cannot 
equal the purely beet breeds as economical 
beef predncers, they are not worthless for 
feeding , as many breeders of beef cattle have 
claimed. The keenest Jersey breeders claim 
nothing a 3 to the beef qualities of their stock. 
They argue that the “little butter cow” can 
turn out butter enough to pay for both herself 
and her brother, and she certainly succeeds 
pretty well in doing it, though the lazy 
brother injures the reputation of the family. 
Prof. Morrow also reports experiments 
with calves. Twelve were put on grass on 
April 26; four were fed grain during the 
Summer; the other eight had only grass after 
a few days. The grain fed made an average 
gain of 430 pounds; the grassers made a gain 
of only 279 pounds, or a difference of 151 
pounds in favor of the grain-fed. 
He also reports teats showing the compara¬ 
tive gain of different breeds for six months 
in Summer on grass alone, and also on a like 
grain ration. In giving figures we quote the 
grain fed always first: Ayrshires, 405 and 280; 
Herefords, 400and 263; Hollands, 515 and 330; 
Short-horns, 4C0 and 250. showing a marked 
superiority for the Hollands. 
Prof. Morrow’s conclusions from his feed¬ 
ing experiments are, that under the prevalent 
methods of wintering steers in the W est, little 
or no gain can be made in Winter. It is dif¬ 
ficult, if not impossible, even under good con¬ 
ditions, to secure as good results in Winter as 
in Summer. It is difficult to secure rapid gain 
in weight during long continued periods. 
Under like conditions young animals make 
larger gain in proportion for the food eaten. 
A fair profit can be made, even at present low 
prices, by grazing the cattle and then feeding, 
for two or three months, cattle which have 
been judiciously bought or reared, and the 
best time to sell is from -t) to 36 months old. 
Our Western readers would do well to ponder 
over these conclusions. 
^ -- - 
The Horse’s Foot.—R ev. J. C. Woods, 
speaking of the horse's foot, says that the 
horse is not furnished with muscles fitted for 
lifting heavy weights at the ends of its legs, 
and therefore the foot is carefully made as 
light as possible. The hoof, therefore, must 
be light. It must be bard, so as to endure 
contact with sharp-edged rock, a sun-baked 
soil, or loose stones. It must be elastic, in 
order to obviate the j ar which would be caused 
by the concussion of a hard and unyielding 
substance with the hard and unyielding 
ground. It must be 3harp edged, to give the 
animal a footing on rocks or uneven ground. 
It must be clinging, so as to save the horse 
from falling on a wet, slippery or frozen sur¬ 
face. Lastly, as the hoof must be perpetually 
worn away, it must be capable of self-repair 
in exact proportion to the loss of material. 
land Greening, Tompkin’s King, Lady Apple 
(fancy).” 
“Are we making progress in the improve¬ 
ments of varieties of fruits?" asked Mr. Green. 
“Yes, we are making progress, especially 
iu peaches and grapes, but we are having too 
many varieties introduced of doubtful value, 
especially among the small fruits. We want 
new fruits, not because they are new, but be¬ 
cause they are superior to the old. 
Very few people want as many as 10 varie- 
“The two best black grapes, for people who 
want grapes easily grown, of not the high¬ 
est quality—Concord and Worden. Or of 
better quality, Eumelan and Barry, or 
Wilder.” 
“Two white grapes: Duchess and Niagara. 
Rebecca is better than either, but more diffi¬ 
cult to grow. 
Two red grapes: Delaware and Brighton. 
Gaertner is a superb red grape and is quite as 
easily grown a3 any. 
second day the eggs should be turned twice a 
day (morning and evening), and cooled well 
once daily. A pan of water under them, with 
a few moist sponges in the egg drawer, will 
usually supply all necessary moisture where 
there is not a constant stream of warm air 
flowing through the incubator. When the 
chicks have nearly reached the time for 
breaking the shells, they will partially heat 
the egg drawer with their bodies, and at the 
time of coming out a temperature of 102 de¬ 
grees is better than a higher one. It is im¬ 
possible to state which is the best incubator. 
At Hammonton, New Jersey, all the incuba¬ 
tors used are home-made, some being heated 
with lamps, while others are operated simply 
by pouring in a supply of hot water once or 
twice daily, and the hatches vary from 40 to 
90 per cent, according to the quality of the 
eggs and the care bestowed upon them during 
incubation. Upon one farm two young ladies 
batched 3,000 chicks last season and propose to 
double that number this Winter. The prices 
obtained ranged from 85 to 65 cents per 
pound, according to the date of hatching, 
though later in the season the figures were 
lower. The details of management of the 
chicks will be given in another article, the 
object at present being to show that there is 
nothing difficult in hatching chicks artificially. 
It has been demonstrated that a small piece 
of ground can be made to yield a large profit 
from chicks, if the operator can procure eggs 
from his neighbors. And, if preferred, much 
of the labor of management can be done 
under shelter, though at present, the practice 
is to have the brooder houses separate, with a 
small yard to each, each bouse containing a 
brooder. As an acre of ground can be 
divided into a large number of small yards, 
several thousand chicks can be grown quite 
easily to a marketable age thereon, and when 
the business becomes familiar, it will open up 
an excellent avenue to those who have only a 
limited space at their disposal, and enable 
many to engage in it, who cannot venture upon 
the larger business of stock raising; but such 
persons must devote their time and attention 
to it as a business, and not attempt to raise 
chicks artificially in connection with other 
pursuits, except in a limited maimer for ex¬ 
periment. Comparison has shown that with 
the aid of brooders, the labor of raising chicks 
is not greater than with the use of hens, in 
proportion to number of chicks, nor is the loss 
from all causes against the brooders, 
EXPERIENCE WITH AN INCUBATOR. 
I have Lougbt an incubator this season 
and think it a grand success. From 90 to 98 
per cent, of the eggs hatch chicks which 
come very stroBg and healthy. It is self- 
regulating. I never get up in the night to 
see if it is working right, yet 1 always 
find it all right in the morning. About 
15 minutes (at the most) in the morning and 
five at night is all the time necessary to run 
it. I studied circulars of several kinds and 
saw one kind before buying, then made my 
selection. The secret is in raising the chicks, 
but I think it can be done very successfully 
after a little experience, “lady subscriber ” 
FREDERICK CLAPP PEAR. From Nature. Fig. 540, 
ties of fall or winter apples, either for home 
use or for market; the tendency now is to 
plant few sorts, and this is well.” 
For family use here (Western New York) 
the Seckel and Sheldon, or Sheldon and Su 
perfia for early Fall. Anjou and Winter 
Nelis, for early Winter, are good enough. 
For early fall apples, Gravenstein aod Fall 
Pippin, and for early winter, King and Rhode 
Island Greening, but there are others as good, 
and to some tastes, better than these. I could 
name ten more easily than two. 
Ten varieties of fall apples for Western 
New York, all well known and well proved: 
Chenango, Fall Pippin, Fameuse, Graven- 
Jersey Beef. — A great deal has been said 
about Jersey beef. Some people say the Jer¬ 
sey is good for nothing as a beef animal. 
They grumble because a cow cannot make 
several times her weight in butter, in her pre¬ 
vious life, and then win a prize in a beef ring. 
Others go to the other extreme, and claim 
that Jersey beef is equal in quality to the best, 
THE FREDERICK CLAPP PEAR. 
We give illustrations of this promising new 
pear this week. Fig. 540 shows the whole 
pear, while Fig. 541 gives an idea of the inte¬ 
rior. The Frederick Clapp is large, obovate, 
largest near the eye. or less pear-shaped than 
the Bartlett. The skin is smooth, bright-yel¬ 
low, with many obscure greenish dots. Stalk 
1% inch long, stout, slightly sunken with the 
peai 1 on one side rising a quarter of an inch 
above the poiut of junction. Calyx very 
small, open, in a small, deep basin, slightly rus- 
seted. The flesh is yellowish-white, juicy, 
sprightly, very tine grained, buttery and 
melting. The fruit was received from Ell- 
wauger & Barry. As before stated in the 
Rural, it remiuds us of an improved Bartlett. 
Its best season is about the middle of October. 
Intensify all the good qualities of the Bartlett, 
and extend its season from late Summer to 
late Autumu, and you have a Frederick Clapp. 
Objections to Underdone Meat.— The 
majority of people at restaurants call for 
“rare" meat. Many of them want it raw. 
The roast beef at such places is rarely cooked 
as It should be. The same holds true of steaks. 
There seems to be a fashion at present for 
underdone meat. Food has a direct influence 
upon the temper. Vegetarians and fruit 
eaters are, as a rule, good-tempered, cool and 
generous. Iu all ages, the fiercest savages 
have been the raw meat eaters. To day 
the snarling, ill-tempered man follows 
his savage model, and aside from all 
considerations of refinement, the raw and 
FREDERICK CLAPP PEAR. Half Section. Fig. 541 
FRUITS for family use. 
“What two early fall, and what two win¬ 
ter apples would be your choice for family 
use? What two black grapes, two white 
grapes, aud two red grapes would you recom¬ 
mend for family use.” These questions were 
asked by Cbas, A, Greeu, editor of Green’s 
Fruit Grower, of Pres. Barry, who repliod; 
and that the animals fatten readily and 
cheaply. Unfortunately, very few figures 
are ever given in these discussions. They are 
mostly made up of opinions. About the most 
reliable figures we have seen, bearing upon 
this subject, are those contained in the report 
of the feeding experiment couducted by Prof. 
stein, Jefferis, Jersey Sweet, Maiden’s Blush, 
Oldenburg, 8t. Lawrence, Stump. 
Ten varieties whiter apples for Western 
New York, all well known and proved: Bald 
win, Esopus SpiUeuburgb, Golden Russet, 
Jonathan, Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet for bak¬ 
ing, Northern Spy, Red Canada, Rhode Is- 
