will equal the Brahma as a winter layer. The 
cold winds are the great drawbacks to laving, 
and warmth and nourishing food the rem¬ 
edies. 
Because instinct teaches the turkey and 
guinea to roost high, in order to avoid ene¬ 
mies below, this does not indicate that there 
are any advantages in the “out-d(Tor’’ theory. 
Train them when young to go under shelter, 
and they will thrive better, and grow faster 
and larger than those not so provided for. 
They will also begin to lay sooner, and be bet¬ 
ter fitted for spring operations. Often the 
out-door birds freeze to death or become in¬ 
jured in the combs, feet, and legs, while colds 
and roup play havoc with them. The tree- 
tons may answer well in summer, but not 
when the mercury falls below freezing. 
The care of the eggs for hntehing requires 
attention this month. If allowed to remain 
in the nest they will be fujitred. Extreme 
beat, and cold injure the vitality of eggs. Dip 
the ends of them in very warm water for a few 
moments, and they will not hatch. Dip the 
ends iu very cold water for a while, and the 
same result occurs. To secure good hatches, 
the eggs must be collected frequently, and 
kept in some place of an even temperature of 
about 60 degrees above zero. If turned half 
over ou'-c a day they will keep for a mouth. 
The best egg-producing foods for winter use 
are those abounding in nitrogen. Insect food 
supplies sucli demand in summer, but in win¬ 
ter the hens must be provided with that which 
they should have. Chean foods often answer. 
Clover hay finely chopped, steeped in warm 
water, and then thickened with ground grain, 
is excellent. Meat, beans, buttermilk, and 
middlings will be found serviceable. A pot,of 
beans cooked, and thickened with ground 
oats, and fed warm, will be eagerly relished. 
Avoid over-feeding. Give a warm mess in 
the morning of a variety, chopped cabbage at 
noon, and nlentv of whole grains at night. 
€\)t SimiTcljfrti. 
PIG MARKETING. 
COL. E. P. CURTIS. 
Farmers could be a little more independ¬ 
ent in the marketing of their pigs. City peo¬ 
ple will buy sausage, head-cheese, hams 
shoulders, bacon and spare-ribs of a fanner if 
he has a reputation worth anything iu bis 
business, and if lie has not it is his own fault. 
Tf he has a habit of taking his produce to the 
market in a slovenly and undesirable form, he 
cannot expect people to want his pigs when 
retailed by himself. When cut up and sold 
from a butcher’s shoo, uo oue knows where 
they come from and no one seems to care. 
Here is a chance for reform A fanner who 
wears clean clothes and does not go round with 
the tobacco juice running down the corners of 
his mouth, and who blows his nose with a 
handkerchief can go into a city man’s place of 
business and sav: “My name is Curtis. 1 
have a nice lot of hogs which have been grown 
on my farm. They have been fattened on 
milk, corn and wheat middlings and are heal¬ 
thy and will make the best of meat. They 
have been kept clean and have had pure air to 
breathe. I want, to kill them and retail the 
parts. I can sell you sausage, also head cheese 
made by tnv wile; and spare-ribs for 10 
cents a pound; also the lard I will deliver 
these fresh and in good order, and at the 
proper time I will sell von hams, shoulders and 
baron at, I think, 1“ cents a pound. The 
jowls are made into head cheese. We will also 
have some scrapple, which is an excellent food 
and very healthy, for 10 emits a pound,” Un¬ 
less this city man was a fool ho would sec that 
ins opportunity had come to buy healthv meat 
in tie 1 most desirable forms, at considerably 
less than the grocers’ or Imt diors’ prices, and 
at tin* same time by a little side trade with a 
countryman win a customer,and he would say; 
“When you come to town bring me a few 
pounds of sausage, head-cheese, scrapple and 
a spare-rib or two, and when the time comes, 
two sides of bacon, a ham and a shoulder.” 
Tliis conversation is no romance. It has oc¬ 
curred and ought to he repeated until it has 
fixed a business relation between producerand 
consumer, which will benefit both. The farm¬ 
er will get more and the city men pay less. 
To carry it out, the farmer must have the 
pigs, and lie must know how to do things, 
and if he has not had the experience and does 
not possess the gumption, then in* should hire 
some one who is an expert in butchering and 
in cutting mid preparing meats. 
By taking the pains alluded to, and the troub¬ 
le, any good farmer can market his pigs at 
about twice the amount the butchers are 
willing to pay There is no justice in a butcher 
getting double the cast for the meat he sells. 
The biggest folly I know of iu this line, is the 
custom which has grown up among the farm¬ 
ers of selling all thoir.culves, lambs, sheep, pigs 
and beeves to a horde of country butchers who 
buy at their own prices and sell the same 
meats right back to the farmers at double and 
thrible the amount they paid for them. Little 
work and big pay is their motto. A neighbor 
asked me the other day what I got for my 
lambs—Merinos. I told him “From four tp 
five dollars.” I explained, “We ate them and 
so saved buying meat which would have cost 
from 12 to tfi cents per pound,” The year 
before the butchers offered two dollars each. 
This offpr was declined, and the lambs were 
killed and dressed, a dozen at a time, by an 
experienced butcher, and cut into quarters 
and sold at the village at eight and nine cents 
a pound, and twice as much as the butchers 
had offered was obtained for them. Anybody 
who has a family to sunport will buy a quarter 
of lamb, or a lot of fresh pig when it can be 
had at a wholesale price. 
ijorsemait. 
THE BEST AND MOST PROFITABLE 
BREEDS OF’ HORSES FOR THE 
FARMERS TO REAR. 
A. B. ALLEN. 
The carriage horse; how to breed it; the, 
buggy or light wagon horse: ponies; the. 
“ express ” horse; the saddle horse; the 
heavy cart horse the most easily raised and 
most profitable; essentials for usefulness; a 
caution. 
Foremost among these is the carriage 
horse, which should he Hi to lOto hands high, 
and weigh from 1.200 to 1.800 pounds. There 
is an occasional demand at, an pxtra price for 
those reaching 17 bands, and weighing 1,400 
pounds, but such ought not to be sought after, 
for it costs considerably more to breed them. 
All of them must possess fine stvle and action, 
and a natural free trot of seven miles or more 
per hour. The most desirable colors are n 
bright bay. golden sorrel or chestnut, clear 
brown, jet black, and dapple gray, with no 
more white on them than one or two ankles 
and a star in the forehead. Except the 
stallion fee. it costs no more to raise a fine 
carriage horse than it does a steer, for it can 
be put to light work on the farm when two 
and a half years old, and thenceforward earn 
its own living till ready to be sold, when it 
will bring from three to four times as much 
as the steei‘. 
An excellent method of breeding these is to 
cross the stoutest of. our choicest common 
marcs with the largest size and most compact 
(pony-built) thoroughbred stallions, or, what 
might prove still better, would lie to use the 
Cleveland Bay. This breed is highly prized 
in England for the carriage, being of the right 
size, action and style. One very desirable 
advantage to be obtained from these, is that 
the colts almost universally come of a bright 
bay color, which enables the farmers of a 
neighborhood to match them more easily 
when full-grown. A number of these horses 
have been imported into the United States, 
more particularly into the West, during the 
past 10 years, aud they are highly prized 
there for breeding purposes, ns the progeny is 
much sought after by gentlemen of our cities, 
who are willing to pay high prices for them. 
Next comes the light wagon or buggy horse, 
about 15 hands high, and weighing a little less 
or more than 1.000 pounds. He should be as 
stylish as the carriage horse, with more sneed, 
which is easily obtained if sired by a fast-trot¬ 
ting stallion. This is important to business 
men, for time is precious to them, and they 
want a smart horse on the road, one that can 
cover, when desired, from nine to 11 milesper 
hour, for a few hours in succession, without 
danger of injury. The colors may lie the 
same as those alwve descril.ied in the ea-riage 
horse, with the addition of some others, such 
as varied roans, grays, and pure white. Tf not 
so much speed is required, the cross of a com¬ 
pact. kind-tempered Thoroughbred stallion on 
the common mares of the country would pro¬ 
duce a fine and highly-spirited progeny. 
Ponies may bo of many sorts for ladies ami 
children riding and driving, and cau be well 
reared on a less fertile soil thau larger horses. 
They may vnrv from the slow-paced shaggy, 
Shetland, of nine hands, or even less, to the 
clean-limbed, pure Indian, the fleet, beautiful 
high-bred, and the Arabian grades of 14 to 14 Ij 
hands in bight. 
The express horse answers very well from 
15 1 j to Id hands high and of a weight of 1,100 
to 1,200 pounds. He can bo less stylish than 
the gentlemeu’s roadster, and considerably 
slower in the trot; but a fast and easy walk is 
very essential. This ought not to be less than 
four miles per hour, and five miles would be 
still better. 
A reasonable saddle horse cau now aud then 
be selected from some of the above, but the 
surer way.to obtain a really pleasantly gaited 
and handsome animal is to go to Kentucky 
aud Tennessee for it. There they are bred 
esneclally for tliis purpose, and are equal to 
the very best obtainable in any other country 
whatever. Their paces are a fast, easy walk, 
a delightful amble, fox-trot and gallop. A 
few of them can be seen now and then giving 
their possessors an airing in our Central 
Park. 
The heavy farm, quarrv, city truck, and 
cart horse is the easiest and most profitable of 
all that the farmer can real’; for as it can be 
put to work at two years old, and after that 
more than earn its living and interest on its 
cost to four years old, when it will be readv 
for sale, it is more cheanlv raised than a bul¬ 
lock, and will sell readily for twice to thrice 
as much, and if a little superior iu style to 
the generality of its class, a still higher price 
can be. obtained. These may vary in hight 
from 16 to 18 hands, and weigh from 1,400 
to 1.800 pounds in fair working flesh. Anv 
color is admissible, but a preference is given 
to such as are mentioned in the carnage horse. 
A fast, free walk is all-important in this 
class of horses, as for those in the express, 
and it should not be less than four miles 
per hour, and another mile added to this is 
eagerly sought for. and an animal able to walk 
it would com man il a considerably higher price. 
A fair trot is also commendable, but five to 
six miles per hour of this gait, light loaded, is 
generally satisfactory to the purchaser. Few 
of this class of horses were bred in our States 
up to the year 1875, except in Eastern Penn¬ 
sylvania. Since then importations from 
France and Great Britain set in rapidly, and 
heavy horses are annually brought over from 
these countries by the thousand. The great 
majority of such have been stallions, used to 
cross on the larger mares of our country. 
Half-breeds of this progeny are considerably 
iniproved in size and power over their dams, 
while those of three-fourths to seven-eighths 
grow up about as large, and are quite as use¬ 
ful for general work as any of the imported 
fall-bloods. All these grades are readily sold 
at extra high prices, and the supply has not 
yet reached the demand, nor is it likely for 
ypars to come, so that the farmers cau embark 
in this business with the utmost safety, and 
with a certainty of realizing handsome profit; 
from it. 
Now, having briefly described these differ¬ 
ent breeds of horses, something should be said 
of the qualities that insure their usefulness. 
The first thing to look at is the feet, for unless 
these are of good shape with plenty of frog, 
and a tough.clear hoof, well set up at the heels, 
the animal will be of little value and totally 
unfit for work on a hard road or town and 
city pavemeuts. The pasterns must be rather 
short and slope at the same angle as the 
shoulder blade; the legs fiat and wide, with 
strong eonls. and short from the joints down 
to the ground: the kn*»es and hocks large ami 
firmly knit; the shoulders slanting enough for 
collars to tit closely along their whole length; 
the back short; the belly considerably longer: 
the croup, quarter and thighs full and muscu¬ 
lar. A good set of the tail well up, is admired, 
aud so are an arched neck, fine head and ears 
and dished face. 
And now a word of caution; do not.embark, 
unless particularly well off. and advantage¬ 
ously situated, in the breeding of the race¬ 
horse ami fast trotter; for the extra expeuse 
and hazard of doing so are great, and few 
prizes are drawn from them against very 
many blanks. Leave them to the wealthy 
aud fanciful, aud turn your attention wholly 
to the useful; you will thus tie saved much 
anxiety and care, and with proper attention 
you will obtaiu a fair amount of prosperity 
in your business, 
Caw. 
“ Ei'ery Man is presumed to know the Lair. 
Nine-tenths of all Litigation arises from Ig¬ 
norance of Law.” 
Cloud Upon Title. —Where the wife’s 
separate property is about Pi be sold by the 
sheriff for payment of her husband’s debts, 
upou a clear showing that the property is hers 
and not her husband’s, she may have an in¬ 
junction restraining the sheriff from proceed¬ 
ing with the sale, as it would cast a cloud upon 
her title. Tibbetts vs. Fore, Assignee, Cali¬ 
fornia. _ 
.11. L. A., Rochester , .V. 1".—If I should write 
my will and sigu it in the presence of two 
witnesses, who also sigu the same as witnesses 
in the presence of each other, would the said 
will be valid, whether the witnesses are lega¬ 
tees or not? Are the witnesses required to be 
sworn! 
A .vs.—The statutes of this State provide 
that a will shall be valid, even though the wit¬ 
nesses may he interested, but only’as far as it 
concerns the other legatees. No, witness can 
profit by a will that cannot be proved except 
by his testimony, but he can be compelled to 
give testimony to establish its execution, al¬ 
though the legacy to him may thereby be ren¬ 
dered void. 
R. FI . Rahway. N. J. —A mortgagee bolds 
a mortgage on land iu this State, made 12 
yeai-s ago, and which was dulv recorded. He 
has never made demand for either principal or 
interest, although both are long since due. nor 
has anything been paid to him on either ac¬ 
count. Duriug the above period he has re¬ 
sided in a citv near by and could have made 
demand at any time. Are his rights impaired 
bv bis failure to do so? 
Ans. —The statute of limitations does not 
run against the bond, under New .torsev law, 
until the lapse of 16 years from the time it is 
due. and interest being regarded as a mere 
incident of the debt, it consequentiv ha« been 
said judicially, and in our opinion judiciously, 
that, interest can be collected as long as the 
principal is not barred. (Grafton Bankv. Dol, 
19 Vt., 463) On this principle, the mort¬ 
gagee in the case above stated, has lost no 
right, so far, by his delay to collect his debt. 
R. FI.. New York Citv —1. Do the laws of 
New York State forbid trading in “nuts, and 
calls?” 2. Do the English laws forbid such 
trading? 3. Are “long” aud “short'’ sales il¬ 
legal in New York, or anv other State, or in 
England? 4. Is there morallv anv difference 
between btiving “long” or selling “short” and 
trading in “puts and’calls?” 
Ans. —1. There is at present no law in the 
State of New York making “nuts” and “calls” 
illegal, and the Court of Anneals, in passing 
upon a sale of this kind, said “there is no in¬ 
herent vice in such a contract.” IBiglow vs. 
Benedict. 7ll N Y.. 202 ) Such contracts are 
illegal in Illinois and some oth**r States; but 
they are often made nevertheless. 2. Such 
transactions were formerlv prohibited in Eng¬ 
land bv statutes, which, however, were re¬ 
pealed by that of 23 and 24 Yict., e. 28, and 
they are not now illegal. 3. Georgia and 
Ohio statutes foi*hid “long” and “short” sales, 
but they are not illegal in England, nor, with 
the exceptions noted, iu this country. 4. 
Morallv these transactions all belong to the 
same class. Thev may sometimes be legiti¬ 
mate. but generally they are gambling 
ventures. 
H. R.. Rochester. V. V. —The owner of cer¬ 
tain property in White Co.. Tenn.. died 19 
years ago, since which time no taxes have 
been paid by his heirs. Is there anv law or 
obstacle that would now prevent them from 
getting full possession? There’s no claim 
against the property except what may arise 
from the non-payment of faxes. 
Axs.—Land in Tennessee is sold for taxes 
the following vear after default in their pay - 
ment. and the owner then has two vears within 
which he may redeem. After that, unless the 
tax title can lie attacked and set aside for ir¬ 
regularities, the purchaser at the tax sale can¬ 
not be disturbed. The conclusion follows, al¬ 
most to a certainty, that the land in question 
has beeu sold for taxes long ago, aud is now 
past redemption. 
™ Fro MlNovembcrJ28,‘last fy ear. r to” February 
IS, this year, the Eye-Opener almost every 
week exposed a lot of Florida land frauds 
which were widely advertised in the papers. 
Of these the principal frauds were Sarasota 
Bay, Pa'ma Sola. Marion Citv, Grant Park, 
Parkersburg, Parkersvilie, Do Witt. Belmore 
City. Silver Springs Park, Bertram aud St. 
Andrew’s Bay. They were all paper cities— 
very nice in print, with timber-shaded streets, 
fine houses and a happy, thrifty, industrious 
population; while orange groves and truck 
patches throve splendidly in the rich soil of 
the surrounding country. Lots in these 
thriving towns, with a splendid future before 
them, wore offered for a song—810 each—aud 
splcudid locations in the surroundiug country 
were “sacrificed” with the most reckless disre¬ 
gard of the laud-owners’ interests, “The St. 
Andrew’s Bay R. R. and Laud Couipauy” 
outstripped all the others in the generosity of its 
offers. It. offered 2(1,000 acres iu 2'V to 40-acre 
traets free, and sent us a long, lying adver¬ 
tisement, the insertion of which in our columns 
was to be paid for by a liberal land grant. 
The Eye-Opener was personally acquainted 
with most of the places fraudulently adver¬ 
tised, and the offer was declined; but a free 
advertisement was afforded the fraud. The 
honest iuhabitantsof the surrounding country 
wrote indignantly to the papers, exposing the 
various laud ‘frauds, chiefly conducted by 
Northern rascals' and t adveuturers. Soou after 
