(Continuetl-fffoxi page 167.) 
earlier than those grown from seed where they 
stand without root-pruning, (f trees are trans¬ 
planted, they should not hoover two years old, 
one-year-old trees are best to transplant if ten¬ 
derly Cured for, as all trees should bo. All 
nut-bearing trees require a rieh soil. Lime¬ 
stone soils are ltest, but a deep, loamy, sandy 
soil on a red clay subsoil (impregnated w ith 
iron and lima) seems to be the favorite 
with the pecan, and such are the soils where 
the celebrated Texas pecans grow, usually in 
well drained bottom lands, where the deeply- 
penetrating roots find plentiful and perpetual 
moisture. A very severe drought prevents the 
nuts from acquiring nearly the size they reach 
on the same tree in a good season,showing that 
nuts^ like other fruits, eau be improved by 
soil and culture. 
L. C., Saline, Mich.— Will the pecan 
thrive in Alabama and Florida? 2. What, 
other profitable nut-bearing trees would 
thrive there? 
A ns. —See answer elsewhere in this de¬ 
partment by T. V. Munson. The auswer 
there given will apply to Alabama and Flori¬ 
da as well as tO Arkansas. 
A. W., Homer , N. F.—What is the best 
evergreen for a wind-break on a heavy clay 
loam with u hard-pan 12 to 16 inches below 
the surface? 
Ans. —We should choose the White Pine: 
Pinus strobus. 
,7. M., Wheelersburg, O. —Japan chestnuts 
can be got from The Stores, Harrison Co., 
Paiuesville, Ohio. 
FIELD CROPS. 
PREPARING A MOUNTAIN FOREST FOR PER¬ 
MANENT PASTURE. 
L. C. It., New Orleans, La.— What is the 
best method of preparing a forest on a moun¬ 
tain side in Western North Carolina for a per¬ 
manent pasture? llow much shade can I 
safely leave on the land. Will a clearing up 
of brush, small trees, and rubbish generally, 
leaving large trees, answer the purpose, or 
must I thoroughly break up and harrow the 
soil first? Will the wild growth ultimately 
take possession of the land and supersede the 
grass? 
ANSWERED BY H. STEWART (N. C.) 
* -The usual method of clearing the land in 
the locality mentioned is to cut close to the 
ground and burn up alt the small trees, such 
as are less tbuu 12 or 14 inches in diameter, 
and kill the remaining trees by girdling them, 
that is, cutting through the bark and sap- 
wood. Shade trees and grass will not grow to¬ 
gether, grass being much weakened ingrowth 
by the trees; but as the land is cheap it would 
be advisable to leave some of the finest and 
ltest trees for shade. The writer is clearing up 
similar land for seeding with grass for hay 
and pasture,and in the following maimer: The 
timber and undergrowth are all left for a few 
rods on each side of the streams and the head 
of the streams and springs around them are 
left protected by a few acres left uncut. 
These groves afford protection for the stock 
and also prevent the springs and streams from 
drying up. The rest of the land is cleared in 
the usual way. The large trees fall in a few 
years, w hen they are cut up at leisure and 
the ashes are spread, the luud being then 
plowed and cultivated for three or four years 
and finally seeded dowu aguiu with grass. 
Orchard Crass, Red Top and Kentucky Blue 
Grass do finely in the mountain country, as 
indeed all grasses do. Last season there were 
numerous heads of Timothy 10 to 14 inches 
long In a large field where in parts this grass 
was five feet high und the clover vines four 
feet Jong. Red Top la a natural spontaneous 
growth and makes excellent pasture after it 
has seeded a year or two without any prepara¬ 
tion of the ground beyond clearing. A mixture 
of Orchard Grass, Kentucky Blue grass, Tim¬ 
othy and Red Top in the coves and moist spots, 
would make a permanent, pasture of the best 
kind. The management of a pasture here Is pe¬ 
culiar. Summer pasture in the woods could not 
be excelled up to October und November; it is 
therefore advisable to mow the grass and 
leave the second growth for fall and winter 
pasture and feed the hay on the land. Grass 
seed Is sown with safety in July and it is best 
to roughly plow the land, work it over with a 
heavy harrow and seed along wiih rye which 
is pastured. The trampling of the ground is 
useful. 
l'EANUT CULTURE. 
Subscriber, (no address). —What is the best 
method of cultivating and harvesting pea¬ 
nuts? 
ANSWERED BY M. P. PRINCE (N. 0.) 
One way (there may be a better) is to apply 
all the manure one can afford—one can hardly 
use too much—on, preferably,a sandy soil. 
Flow early in spring—about the last of April 
or first of Muy. Bed up three feet apart, strike 
off the ridges with a cotton coverer, open 
drills with cotton opener, or a very small 
plow. Plant two feet, apart in the row, two 
nuts to the bill, and cover with t he foot, ns wo 
cover corn. Lime in the soil is a necessity if 
you would have well filled nuts; without it a 
good growth of vines and shells may he se¬ 
cured, but very little else; 40 or . r )0 bushels of 
shell lime per acre broadcast, or a much less 
quantity of stone lime scattered along the 
rows after planting, will secure a filling of the 
shells. The shells should be cracked or entire¬ 
ly removed before planting. The soil must be 
kept clean and loose by frequent cultivation, 
as the fruit is produced on the ends of stems or 
shoots forced into the soil by the plant. The 
variety grown here for nuts is the White 
Spanish; whore forage is more important, the 
Small Purple grows more vine. The vines 
make a fair quality of hay, and if desirable to 
make the best of that, they should be harvest¬ 
ed before they are frost-bitten, in any case 
immediately after the first slight, frost. Har¬ 
vesting is done by running a plow along each 
side of the row; then lifting each hill with a 
spa ding fork, or they may be thrown out by 
using a plow, minus the moldboard. Put tip 
in stacks (around small poles) five or six feet 
high and three feet in diameter, on rails or 
cured the same as clover. A liberal supply 
of fertilizer would cause a quicker growth, 
and the millet will keep on growing till the 
frost kills it. Work horses should have grain 
when fed millet. It is more laxative than 
ordinary hay, hence excellent for colts and 
horses not working lianl. 
N. S., Mat fa wan, Mich.—How much rye 
should be sown to the acre ou light, sandy 
]oam? 2. What would be the yield? 3 Can 
rj'e be pastured in the spring? 4. How would 
it do to mow in the Spring after the rye gets 
to be six or eight inches high, and leave the 
cutting on the ground as a protection for 
spring seeding of clover or Timothy? 
Ank. —1. One and one hulf bushel if for grain, 
more for pasture. 2. From 15 to 18 bushels in 
soil of average fertility. 8. Yes. 4. It would 
not pay. 
E. 1\, Jewett Heights, N. Y .—The barley 
sent ha* every appearance of the Nepaul, ex¬ 
cept that it has beards and shorter heads. The 
grain (kernel) is the same. 
HERDSMAN. 
INDIGESTION IN CALF. 
TP. F. McC.,Marquette, Mich. —1. What are 
the symptoms of contagious pleuro-pneumonia 
2. Will a quart of cream from a Jersey cow 
make more butter than a quart from a Short¬ 
horn, Holstein-Friesian or Devon? 
Ans. —1. It iseasier to mention pnintsof simi¬ 
larity than of difference. Both are hornless, 
medium-wool sheep, though the fleece of the 
Shropshire is the heavier, longer and more 
glossy, and the body is considerably larger, 
having a good deal of Leiceister blood. 2. Asa 
rule the milk of the Jersey is richer in butter 
than that of any of the other breeds men¬ 
tioned, but the Holstein-Friesian and “milk¬ 
ing” Short-horn give a larger quantity of 
milk than the Jersey, Devons do not give as 
much milk, as a general thing, as the Short¬ 
horn or HoUteiu, but it is usually richer, 
though hardly so rich as that of the Jersey or 
Guernsey. 
P. C., Holy Cross, Kan .—My two-year-old 
heifer got with calf last summer; but her 
parts are so small that I don’t think the calf 
can ever come. Would a surgical operation 
help? 
Ans.— Are you sure the heifer is with call ? 
If she was sufficiently well developed to get 
with calf, she will probably be delivered in the 
natural way at the end of the period of gesta¬ 
tion. If there is no malformation, all will 
probably come right. A surgical operation to 
remove the foetus now is uot advisable, and 
would not be as safe as at tbe natural time of 
calving. We would advise waiting until the 
end of the period of gestation. When the la¬ 
bor pains appear watch her carefully, and if 
she is not delivered in 12 hours, secure the ser¬ 
vices of a competent veterinarian to remove 
the foetus. 
D. It., Norden , Neb. —A lump under the jaw 
of my two-year-old steer is as large as a goose 
egg and growing daily. It is hard and feels 
as if attached to the jaw. How should he be 
treated? 
Ans.— Employ a veterinary surgeon to re¬ 
move the lump. It may be a ease of actino¬ 
mycosis, in which case speedy treatment will 
bo necessary to effect a cure. When well es¬ 
tablished this disease is almost incurable. 
Feed more liberally, a mixed ration of ground 
corn, oats, wheat, bran and middlings, with 
ground linseed or linseed meal will be excel¬ 
lent. A good comfortable stable and daily 
carding will greatly improve his appearance. 
TP. T. S. A., Knox, N F.—What will rid 
sheep of ticks without injuring the sheep or 
wool? 
Ans. —The use of Lawson’s Sheep Dip, or 
mix kerosene and lard oil, equal parts, and 
rub well with a cloth or sponge, or open the 
wool here and there and pour from a can. 
./. It. //., Buffalo, Wyoming Territory.— 
The I jest way to get the facts about dehorning 
cattle is to send for Huaff on Dehorning, a 
little pamphlet by H. H. llunff, of Atkinson. 
Ills. The price is 30 cents. Mr. Haaff knows 
more about dehorning than any other Ameri¬ 
can. 
./. S. A., Topeka, Kan.— Twin calves, 
both heifers, are just as likely to breed as if 
only one was dropped at a birth. W ben a 
male and female calf are bora together, the 
female is called a “free martin,” and very sel¬ 
dom breeds. 
Several Subscribers .—For removing lice 
from stock we have found a mixture of kero¬ 
sene and lard—equal parts—effective. Rub 
the animal well, and, after a day or so wash 
off with warm water. Keep it warm until 
well dried of!'. 
HOUSEMAN. 
SCRATCHES IN A HORSE. 
./. TP. S., Ancora, N. J.— What is a curu 
for scratches in a horse? 
Ans. —Soak the crusts or scabs with oil for 
a few hours and remove as much us possible 
by washing with tepid water and Castile soap. 
Then apply Imnzoated oxide of zinc ointment 
and cover with a bandage. Repeat if noces- 
sury. When the surface is clean and healthy- 
looking, remove the bandage and apply daily 
spermaceti und almond oil or tar ointment. 
If the oxide of zinc doesn’t succeed, substitute 
for it a solution of sugar of lead and sul¬ 
phate of zinc. Internally give five drams of 
Barbodoes aloes, to open the bowels, and fol¬ 
low twice daily with five grains of arsenic in 
solution and one-half ounce each of powdered 
gentian and carbonate of soda awl one drum 
of iodide of potassium. Confine the horse 
where his heels will be kept clean and dry. 
Fowl moderately, and do not give corn or 
other heating agents. 
MARK KILLED BY MUSTARD. 
A. L. It., indwell , Cal,— After every hard 
drive a valuable mare would lie down ns soon 
as stopped, roll over a time or two, aud while 
lying dowu would turn her nose to her exposed 
side or flank, all the time groaning as if in 
great pain. At the last, attack the owner 
gave her a quarter of a pound of mustard in u 
quart of whiskey; but the drench was given 
A/Fiv yo/i/tp/L. 
NEW METHOD OF “WHIP GRAFTING.” To reduce the quantity of stolen fruit. 
Fig. 125. 
anything to keep them from the ground, aud 
provide for a free circulation of air. Let 
them remain a month, more or leas, until 
cured, when they uiuy be tukcu to a barn to 
be picked. An expert hand will pick about 
three bushels per day, leaving the worthless 
ones on the vine. Where large quantities are 
grown the picking, or rather thrashing is 
done by machinery. 
MILLET FOR STOCK FEED, 
//., Bros., North Lima , Ohio .—Is German 
Millet a good horse feed? Could it be grown 
after u ertipof strawberries the same season ou 
ordinary land by an application of 400 or 500 
pounds of some good fertilizers, or would the 
same ground give better results sown iu coni 
l'or fodder? 
Ank. —It takes three months for the ordi 
nary millet to mature. German Millet is the 
same as Hungarian Grass. It is botanically 
known as Setaria italiea or Germunica. It 
may be cut, if sown when the weather be¬ 
comes warm, in 70 days, when it will be in 
bloom. The grain will mature in this climate 
in 85 days. Yes, with you it may be grown 
after the strawberries. Sow the latter part of 
June, one bushel to the acre. Prepare the 
land thoroughly by plowing and harrowing. 
The quantity of fertilizers mentioned should 
suffice. Much will depend upon the rainfall. 
Sown so late, we should prefer the millet to 
the com. It will make good hay for horses or 
any kind ofjjdOck, and so will the common 
variety, but both kinds must be cut before 
the seed ripens, or the stems will be woody 
and indigestible. Tbe time to cut is when the 
seeds are formed but not filled. It should be 
in a calf? 2. What is the matter with my 
calf? When ten days old it seemed all right, 
hut wouldn’t drink or eat. It was fed ou 
inilk from a cow that had dropped a calf six 
months earlier; but it failed in flesh and fin¬ 
ally got too stiff to walk. Its skin seems 
shrunken; the lashes cover the eyes; it doesn’t 
care to eat or drink. The droppings are white. 
It is fed on corn-meal, linseed meal, rutabagas, 
cabbage and potatoes, ruw and cooked, with 
no good effect. Sheridan’s condition powders 
loosened it a little, but it continues to get 
poorer, wants to lie down every five minutes, 
and can harvlly get up again. Will Henuer’s 
Cattle powders do any good? 
Ans. —1. See article iu the veterinary de¬ 
partment. 2. The culf was suffering from iu- 
digestion <lue to want of proper care and feed¬ 
ing. She has been dosed altogether too much 
and fed upon coarse food entirely tiusuiled to 
an animal so young. No wonder she was sick; 
a healthy calf under the same treatment- would 
have becu made sick. Home such simple treat¬ 
ment as frequently feeding with small quan¬ 
tities of l'resh warm milk, to which was added 
a few spoonfuls of lime-water, would have 
been much more rational and probably all 
that w as necessary. A teaspoonful of tincture 
of gentian given in the milk two or three 
times daily would have been beneficial. A 
.small handful of wheat middlings or u little 
boiled linseed might have been added if they 
did not make the bowels too loose, and grad¬ 
ually increased after two or three months. 
C. W. S., Lunsingbury, N. Y.— 1. What 
is the difference iu appearance between a 
South-down aud a Shropshire Down sheep? 
