THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
profitable to grow the standard market apples 
of Southern New England, especially the 
Baldwin, the Rhode Island Greening and the 
Roxbury Russet, because the further north 
they can be grown well, the finer they are and 
the better they keep, so that Maine grown ap¬ 
ples of these standard sorts always comrnaud 
the highest prices in the Boston market. But 
the inevitable consequence of growing any 
apple near to its northern limit is that the 
trees must occasionally encounter a degree of 
winter temperature below the point of resis¬ 
tance, and that thereafter these trees will not 
be healthy or long-lived. This difficulty is 
escaped, to a considerable extent, by top- 
grafting tin 1 tender sorts into more resistant 
(“hardy”) stocks, and this is so universal a 
practice in Maine that root-grafted and low- 
budded trees can hardly be sold in thut. State 
to any experienced fruit grower. The very 
advocacy of root-grafting, or low budding, 
exposes a man in Maine to the suspicion of 
ignorance or deception, because orchardista 
there kuow by experience that such trees of 
the leading and most profitable sorts will not 
stand when so grown. But they do not gen¬ 
erally know that in milder winter climates, 
such as the territory lying south of Lakes On¬ 
tario and Erie, there Is a vast extent of or¬ 
chards in which these same varieties succeed 
perfectly when worked low. There are, how¬ 
ever, some other reasons, aside from cold, why 
some varieties should be worked high, which 
need not be farther referred to here. The 
inquirer in this case will find that ho can 
grow the iron-dads, and also the semi-hardy 
apples, like Fatneuse, without, any trouble in 
Lewiston, and prune them at uuy season 
without their bleeding; but if he wishes to 
grow the tenderer sorts he must, top-graft 
them on hardy stocks, get the heads iuto good 
shape while the limbs are small, and cut only 
when the sap is thick, i. e., in early summer. 
FEEDING ANI) MANURE VALUES OF MEALS. 
C. IF. II., Plnrry, .V. Y. —1. What are the 
feeding and manurial values of the following 
stuffs per ton: linseed cake, wheat bran and 
corn-nieul, and how much of each should be 
fed per day to a 1,000-pouud cow'; 
Ans. —The values required are given as fol¬ 
lows iu the tables of the German Experiment 
Stations and in the reports of Lawes & Gil¬ 
bert, of Rothamsted, Eugluud. 
1,(X)0 lb*. of Feeding value. Manure value. 
Linseed oil cake. . 
glS.flO 
10.91 
do. (new■process).... 
in in 
11 24 
Corn meal . 
11.in 
3.811 
Wheat bran . 
10.10 
K.II7 
Good meadow hay.. 
6.40 
4.17 
Those figures need some explanation to ac¬ 
count for the seeiuiug anomaly of the manure 
value being almost as much in some cases as 
the food value. The value of a food is based 
upon the estimates of 4! j cents per pound of 
the digestible nitrogenous matters, the same 
for digestible fats.and nine tenths of one cent 
per pound for starch, sugar, gum and other 
carbonaceous mutters. The manurial value 
of a food is based upon a value of 18 routs for 
the nitrogen, six cents for the potash and 10 
cents for the phosphoric acid. Linseed oil 
cake (old-process) contains 12 per cent, of oil, 
27 per cent, of starch and mucilage.and about 
five per cent, of nitrogen: oil, starch and mu¬ 
cilage are of no value for manure. But near¬ 
ly the whole value of the nitrogen is retained 
in the manure, and, besides this, there are 13 
pounds of potash and IP of phosphoric acid to 
bo taken into account us inuuurc. So that in 
the same way the wheat bran, containing 
much nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash f 
has a value for mauure of about 80 per cent, 
of the feeding value, which is retained from 
the undigested matter of this food. A cow of 
1,000 pounds requires for its mere mainten¬ 
ance lT.' i pounds of dry organic substance, 
containing 12 ounces of nitrogenous matter, 
eight pounds of carbonaceous matter and two 
ounces of fat, all digestible. These elements 
are contained in 00 pounds of the best meadow 
hay; hence three pounds of the best mixed 
hay are required for each 100 pounds of live- 
weight of the animal for its healthful luaiu- 
teuauce without work or product of any kind. 
Now, it is necessary for choosing the food 
of a cow to know if tho object Is milk, butter 
or fat; for each of these requires a different 
choice of food. For milk the nitrogenous or al¬ 
buminoid mutter should be given in excess and 
15 pounds of clover hay of the best kind. four 
pounds of corn-meal, three pounds of bran 
and two pounds of linseed cake meal would be 
a sufficient, ration. Our owustandard for feed¬ 
ing cows for butter for some years past has 
been 15 pounds of the best clover hay, four 
pounds of corn-meal, two pounds of bran and 
two pounds of cotton seed meal, and upon this 
cows of 800 pounds gave 1^ pound of butter 
per day and kept fat. This is iu excess of the 
ration, which is only approximate, and is to 
be varied us experience dictates. 
CORN-MKAL, BRAN AND MILL FEED. 
F. \V. S., Denion, Mich .—Where one is feed¬ 
ing corn fodder, straw and a_littlo_hay „to 
milch cows, in what proportion should corn- 
meal and bran be mixed? The same with re¬ 
gard to corn-meal and coarso middlings? 
What should he tho proportion when feeding 
for beef ? What change would bo advisable 
when the cob Ls ground with the corn? Isn’t 
mill feed at $12 per ton cheaper than oats at 
30 cents per bushel, where it costs from 15 to 
25 cents for grinding? 
ANSWERED BY HENRY STEWART. 
In feeding corn fodder and straw to milch 
cows, the deficiency in these will be best made 
up witli bran, and I would add t wo pounds of 
good wheat or rye bran, the latter is the bet¬ 
ter and the eheaper, to make tho mixed fod¬ 
der equal to hay. Then I would mix four 
pounds of corn-meal and four pounds of bran 
if the cow would digest it and consume it 
profitably, aud give half of the.se with cut 
fodder morning and evening, with fodder 
alone at noon. Course middlings are some¬ 
what richer than lnan in starch, hence if 
middlings are fed, the corn-meal may bo re¬ 
duced to three pounds daily. In feeding for 
beef tho healthfulness of the food is not con¬ 
sidered, but only tho quantity which the ani¬ 
mal can be induced to consume. Thereforo I 
would gradually increase the corn-meal and 
bran equally up to live or six pounds of each 
daily, or up to the point when the animal in¬ 
dicates that the ration given is more than 
will be eaten with good appetite. A fatten¬ 
ing animal will eat four pounds of corn-meal 
and bran three times a day, with bay and some 
straw or guru fodder. I would not feed cob 
meal because usually the cost of grinding the 
cob is more than the meal is worth, unless one 
owns the mill. The estimated feeding values 
of mill feed and oats are $ 1 and 98 cents per 
100 pounds respectively. But if the oats are 
ground, there will be a loss of 10 per cent, for 
grinding, which will reduce the value to 88 
cents per 100 pounds. In practice I would 
consider good, coarse mill feed worth one- 
fourth more than oats for cows giving milk 
and for butter. At 30 cents a bushel, oats cost 
nearly $20 a ton, while compared with mill 
feed at $12,they are worth for feed only about 
$0 or $10 at most; 3(5 per cent of oats is busk 
which is indigestible, and should not be ig¬ 
nored. 
ACTION OF NITRATE OF SODA. 
C. C. M., Akron, Ohio .—In the Rural of 
Nov. 8, 1884 and several times since.it has 
been said that a quicker way of impoverish¬ 
ing the soil would be difficult to devise than 
by the use of nitrate of soda. Now, where 
does the plant food that was taken out of the 
soil or destroyed therein by the nitrate of 
soda go to? If it goes into the crop, that is 
just what we want. Does the chemical 
action of the nitrate on the dormant potash and 
phosphoric acid make these so soluble that 
they are washed out of the soil by heavy 
rains? 
Ans. —Nitrate of soda has a solvent power 
upon plant food latent in the soil So have 
lime, plaster and salt, though perhaps to a 
less extend. Nitrate of soda should be used 
only when there is a sufficient available sup¬ 
ply of potash, phosphate, etc., if we would 
not impoverish our soils. What we want is a 
sufficient supply of all kinds of plant food. 
Nitrate of soda is extremely soluble,and unless 
taken up by the plants passes through the 
soil aud Ls lost. 
RAISING ONION SEEDS. 
O. IV. K., Staunton, Va .—How can onion 
seeds be raised iu large quantities? How much 
seed should be sowu ou au acre? 
Ans.— Raise your seed from the be-t onions. 
Select as a type onions of medium size with 
small necks, and those which mature first. 
Set these out us curly iu the spring 
as the weather will permit, iu trenches about 
four feet apart and four inches below the sur¬ 
face. The soil must be rich. Heap up the 
earth during the season until it is eight inches 
above the surface. Hoe as soon ns they sprout, 
and fully cover the sprouts. Iu rich, moist 
soil light stick supports may be necessary. 
Cut the Cops within a few inches of the stems 
when the seed vessels begin to crack or when 
the stalks turn yellow at the bottom. Spread 
the tops six inches deep in a wurm, uiry place 
and turn several times every day until quite 
dry. Then tho seed will be ready to be 
thrashed out. 
URAFTING WAX. 
./, L. II,, Clark's Falls, Conn .—Several 
formulas have been given for making graft¬ 
ing wax. Four pounds of resin, two pounds 
of tallow and one pound of beeswax. .Six 
pounds of resin, one pint of raw linseed Oil 
and two pounds of beeswax. Four pounds of 
resin, two puuuds of beeswax aud 1*£ pouud 
of tallow. In all cases the materials are 
melted together, thoroughly stirred and 
poured Into cold water and pulled by hand un¬ 
til nearly white. The haud should be greased 
with tallow to prevent sticking. 
(.Continued^on next page.) 
iPtetettaneou# gGlvertijsiinjj. 
HIGGANUM M’F’G CORPORATION, 
Wole Manufacturers HIGGANUM, CT. 
Wureliouse, No. 38 8o. Market Street, Boston, Mass. 
AGENTS WANTED IN EVERY COUNTY. 
MANUFACTURERS of AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 
WATERPROOF HAY COVERS, ETC. 
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U. 8. WATERPROOFING FIBER CO. (LIMITED), 56 SOUTH STREET. NEW YORK. 
Send for 
Circulars, 
THE 
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REVERSIBLE 
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CHICOPEE FALLS MASSACHUSETTS 
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IT IS IMPORTANT 
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the business. By sending to us you will get Just what you order, aud that which will give you -ailafaetlon. We 
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Mentionthis paper Providence, R. I. 1 
The di&Ei BUCKEYE FOLDING BINDER 
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PULVERIZING HARROW, CLOD 
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