THE BUBAL MEW-YOBKEB. 
JULY 2 
434 
tity of water weighs exactly 100 pounds and a 
live fish just 50 pounds, what will be the pre¬ 
cise weight of vessel, water und live fish, when 
the latter is placed in the water and permitted 
to swim around without touching the sides or 
bottom of the vessel? 
1 . Weight does not depend on life. The 
strain on an elevator would be the same in 
each case mentioned, provided the. weights 
were the same. Four hundred pounds of 
human weight, would produce the same effect 
of too pounds of any other weight. There is 
a distinction in effect between moving and 
quiet or dead weight. The distiuction is of 
the same kind as that between a blow and a 
push.. The effect, of a moving weight in pro¬ 
ducing vibration and in breaking down a 
structure is fully twice that of the same 
weight perfectly at rest. 2. 150 pounds. 
TO REMOVK WAIITS ON CATTLE. 
W. D , FnnnviUe. , Vd.—How can I get rid 
of warts on a heifer? One is larger than a 
silver dollar, and is situated near the navel; 
the other is on the shoulder and is smaller. 
They appear only skiu-deep, but are growmg 
very fast. 
A NS. —They can best be removed by dissect¬ 
ing them off, or by tying a strong linen cord 
tightly around the neck and tightening the 
cord as often as it becomes loosened until the 
warts drop off. If cut out it. will probably be 
desirable to take two or three si itches m the 
skin to draw it together. With small warts 
this is uot necessary. Xfc would also be well to 
cauterize the cut surface with sulphate of cop¬ 
per or zinc chloride. 
SOW INC Cl.OVKR IN THE FALL. 
V. *1., Jackson Co., Midi. —If clover seed 
is sown iu the fall, directly after wlieut, is it 
likely to be winter killed, beiugso you ig ? 
Ans, —We sow as early us Sept. 15 to 20. 
Sometimes the clover is killed during the win¬ 
ter, sometimes not. We prefer sowing Tim¬ 
othy with the wheat iu the tall, and the clover 
in the spring. If clover is sown in t he fall, 
we should think it would be a good plan to 
mulch with manure, running it through a 
Kemp spreader if at hand, or otherwise 
spreading it as evenly as possible by hand. 
The effect of such mulching on wheat is, with 
us, remarkable, and why shouldn’t it protect 
clover as well'? 
’ WESTERN MARKETS FOR HAY. 
Subscriber, La Fayette, lnd. —There is 
usually a goes] market at remunerative prices, 
for a good quality of hay that is well baled, 
in any of the Western or .Southern cities. The 
market varies at different seasons of the 
year. All of the Western markets have 
numerous dealers who will be pleased to fur- 
msh quotations as often as desired. Prime 
Timothy brings the best price of any hay in 
the Western markets. This should be cut be¬ 
fore becoming too ripe, and uot allowed to re¬ 
main iu the sun exposed until it liecomes yel¬ 
low; the brighter green color hay possesses 
the better the price; hay that is in good con¬ 
dition for baling will keep for many years. 
The price of the Rebound Hunger Press, with 
concentrating power, made by the Whitman 
Agricultural Co., St. Louis, for horse-power, 
ranges from £250 to £ 000 ; belt-power presses 
cost a greater sum. 
Miscellaneous. 
IL A. W., Fluvanna, N. Y .—Can Green or 
his agents collect a royalty on a driven well 
put down in May, 1802? 
Ans. —No royalty can bo collected on u well 
put down ul that early date. It must bo the 
oldest, or certainly one of the oldest, existiug 
driven wells. Suggett's patent was the first 
ever applied for or issued for tube wells, and 
this well was put down some time before the 
application was made, and a year lie fore the 
patent was granted. It was put down four 
years before Green’s application for a patent, 
six years buforo Liiut patent was granted, and 
uiiio years before lie secured the reissue which 
afforded him and his agents grounds for claim¬ 
ing royalty. 
1 V. E. II., La. Forte, Lnd .—What is the 
correct pronunciation of “oleomargarine,” 
and where did it originate ? 
Ans. — 1. Oleomarj/aj/rinu. 2. Prof. Wiley, 
the Government Chemist, in his pamphlet on 
Food Adulterants, states that a method of 
making artificial butter was first described by 
a French chemist, Mege-Mouries in 187(1. 
The original purpose which led to the inven¬ 
tion wus a desire to furnish to the poor a sub- 
stuuce that would bo cheaper and more stable 
than ordinary butter. Before the breuking 
out of the French uud German war Mege had 
established a factory, but the war broke this 
up. In 1873 the manufacture was resumed. 
W. Li. W., Scotia, Neb. —1. My yearling 
colt has a swelliug ou the gambrel joint, caus¬ 
ing lameness at times. It puffs out on the 
front of the leg between the two main bones. 
How should it be treated? 2. Where can in¬ 
struments be obtained to aid sows in giving 
birth to their young? 
Ans. —1. Try repeated blistering with can- 
tharides, following the directions given in the 
F. C. For May 7th. Better blister the whole 
joint. This failing, fire in lines with the hot 
irou. 2. Such instruments can he had of John 
Hayndera & Co., 308 Fourth Avo., New York. 
W. W. IP., Undue water, />. T —What are 
the shape and color of Early Ohio and Beauty 
of Hebron potatoes? 
Ans. —It is hard to describe the shape of a 
potato so as to convey any definite idea. The 
portraits of both will be found in back num¬ 
bers of the R. N.-Y., to which we must refer 
our inquirer. The color of eit her is about that 
of the White Elephant or Late Beauty of Heb¬ 
ron, or any of the 50 kinds that are often sold 
in the market for Karly Rose. 
«/. IJ., Jiurnt Hills, N. V. —1. Is a rye 
crop in an apple orchard injurious to the trees? 
2 . Cau a good catch of Timothy and clover be 
got when sown with buckwheat? 
Ans. —l. Yes, necessarily. The rye takes 
just, so much fond from the sod, which would 
otherwise feed the trees. 2. Buckwheat so 
shades the soil that neither Timothy nor 
clover would staud much chance. 
A. S., Man$fl.eld, Pa .— For a family medical 
work we like “A Compendium of Health,” 
published by the Amerieau Book Co., Chicago, 
111., price £5.75. The potato drainers are made 
at 71 Cliff Street, Now York. 
DISCUSSION. 
RETARDERS—THE OTHER SIDE. 
G. S. Rice, Lowvjlle, N. Y.—I wish to 
state a lew facts in relatiou to the appli¬ 
cation of manure or phosphate as a starter 
of corn in hills or drills, in practical 
farming the Re Hal’s experiment as described 
in a late issue, is of no value, as 800 pounds 
of phosphate, to the acre are not uceded 
to insure a full crop of corn on laud of 
medium fertility. A very little experience in 
the use of phosphate will teach any one that 
such uu application made in drills so far apart 
is unsafe. It will not do to plant corn in pure 
phosphate. Although the Rural lias such 
excellent, authority as Dr. Hoskins on its sale, 
I still think its conclusions erroneous. 
Fifteen years ago a part of my farm was 
covered with Quack Grass and I undertook to 
kill it by the cultivation of corn and potatoes. 
A ueighbor always manured his corn crop 
with hog manure in the bill, and as it started 
with a quick, strong growth, I thought that 
such un application might give the corn the 
start of Quack in my fields, and so help me 
to kill the troublesome pest. Iu my first 
year’s trial of this method, three acres pro¬ 
duced 100 bushels of sound ears to the acre. 
Six loads of hog manure saved in the base¬ 
ment under the slatted floor of the hog-pen, 
were used in the hills of each acre. 
Two rows were left without auy manure 
and did not produce much more than half as 
much corn u-s two rows whore manure was 
mixed in the hills. The next year I planted 
five acres, and uot ha ving hog manure enough, 
1 used sornu good phosphate on a part of the 
field. The rows were three feet apart each 
way, and 1 put an ounce of phosphate to each 
hill, mixing it with the soil in a space six 
inches in diameter. This was 200 pounds to 
the acre. Hog manure was used on some 
rows and phosphate on others side by side 
through the field, uud I could see no difference 
in the product. A large portion of the field 
gave 175 bushels of sound ears to the acre. 
There was no poor corn to sort out. 
The next year 1 used phosphate and hog ma¬ 
nure as before. The supply of phosphate wus 
used up and ten rows five rods long had no 
manure. This plat had, ou one side, hog ma¬ 
nure, ami ou the other side and one end phos¬ 
phate. The com was up in a week, but be¬ 
fore it. was big enough to cultivate the field 
was quite green with Quack, but the corn had 
the phosphate «U to itself and grew more nflp 
idly than the Quack, und 1 hud no difficulty 
iu keeping the grass down by going both ways 
with a horse, The growth of corn was so 
strong that it needed no liand hoeing until 
four weeks after planting. On the 28th day 
from planting the corn stood 1(1 inches iu bight 
generally and the best hill measured 14 inches 
without straightening up the leaves. The com 
in the rows uot manured was not more than 
five or six inches high, und would not weigh 
more than otic third as much to the hill as the 
other corn by the side of it. Soon after phos¬ 
phate was applied broadcast to these rows; 
but they never reached more than two-thirds’ 
of the growth of the surrounding crop, either 
iu stalks or grain. 
The field was seen many times during the 
summer from a distance of eighty rods and 
the well defined outlines ol’ this plat were 
plainly visible at all times. The yield of corn 
on the main field was 140 bushelsof ears to the 
acre. The corn iu all these cases was planted 
on a sod of medium richness without any ma¬ 
nure, except in the hill. 
I hail made experiments with phosphate iu 
a small way before and have used it since for 
years ou corn drilled in for fodder and grain, 
with uniform success. In one instance, how¬ 
ever, I had a hand who was insane to help in 
planting. He failed to mix the phosphate 
properly in the bill, and the coin that ho 
planted was retarded in its germination, and 
l'ora long time I thought it a failure; but it 
finally gave me a good crop. 
Home readers of the Rural may wish to 
know if the Quack was killed. The cultivator 
was used thoroughly each way until the corn 
was as high as the horse, and it was haud- 
lioed once when 18 inches high. The Quack 
was nearly all killed. Tho field where the 
Quack showed green as if sown with outs when 
the corn was three inches high, was manured 
for potatoes tlic next spring and from six 
acres I sold $723,55 worth besides having 
enough for family use and seed. The field was 
dragged over just as the potatoes were comiug 
up and a large proportion of them were never 
hoed by hand. This was my first crop of 
Burbanks, and at the time 1 sent to the Rural 
a description of this then new potato, since so 
well known, The next year tho Held was seed¬ 
ed to Timothy and clover and lias now been 
mowed four years, and last year’s product of 
2 }.7 tons to t,L.e acre was sold at ail extra price, 
us it was a line quality of pure Timothy. I 
have read the Rural for many years, and it 
is now better than ever. I am thankful for 
the purity of its columns, and for the careful 
experiments made In the interests of its read¬ 
ers, and I feel grateful to Dr. Hoskins every 
time l look at my thrifty Wealthy and Trans¬ 
parent apple trees; but I feel equally grateful 
for phosphate which, as a powerful starter 
has enabled me to subdue the worst foe to suc¬ 
cess in farming that I have had to contend 
with, and has added many dollars to my in 
come. 
It. N.-Y.—We thank Mr. Rice for his inter¬ 
esting communication. We try to tie very 
careful as to our facts. Our readers must 
not assume, however, that the more record of 
what is going on is given as conclusions. The 
very same experiments alluded to might, if 
tried iu a wet season, give very different re¬ 
sults. We should print them all the same, 
leaving our readers to draw their own con¬ 
clusions. 
Mr. Rice remarks that “800 pounds to the 
acre are uot needed to insure a crop of corn,” 
etc. But heoverlooks the fact that in oue of the 
plots only 400 pounds to the acre were spread in 
the drills. “It- will uot do to plant corn iu 
pure phosphate,” he says. That is what we 
say, anil the experiment was devised to prove 
it for the benefit of mnuy furmers who do 
plant tho seed iu contact with the fertilizer. 
But what is “ phosphate f ’ If it meaus merely 
bone Hour, we doubt if it would injure tlio 
seed, or even, perhaps, retard the germina¬ 
tion. If burnt bone is meant, which is really 
the fertilizer to which the word “ phosphate,” 
pure anil simple, should be applied, then, still 
less should we predict any decided injury to 
the seed. Our fertilizer was a high-grade po¬ 
tato fert ilizer, with a goodly per-cent of pot¬ 
ash. That it did act as a retarder, is very evi¬ 
dent, even where but 100 lbs. to the acre were 
Spread. Whether a lower grade of special 
fertilizer, as phosphate or superphosphate, or 
potash, or nitrogen, would have acted as a 
“starter,” we can not say from our owu ex¬ 
perience. In this direction we are obliged to 
Mr. Rice for the details of his experience. 
IdR. OLCOTT t OF THE CONNECTICUT’ 
COURANT, VISITS THE RURAL 
GROUNDS. 
We find the following in the Couraut of 
June 9 by the well known agricultural editor 
of that journal: “One of the choicest spells 
for seeing and hearing it has been my luck to 
enjoy among recent travels, occurred during 
a brief visit to the experiment grounds and 
home of the editor and publisher of the Ru- 
kal New-Yorker. Since he is a public man 
and runs his bijou of a place as much in tho 
interest of the readers of his journal as for 
his own satisfaction, I risk no private confi¬ 
dence in giving u glimpse of what he is doing 
to The Courant. 1 am the more willing to do 
this, because the labor of artists, such as the 
editor and his wire are, in growing exquisite 
pictures upon the ground, is rare Iu agricul¬ 
tural journalism. They are great home-bod¬ 
ies, both of them; lie vibrates like a shuttle 
between his cares in tho city and his equally 
business like cares in the little country home, 
aud so absorbed is he iu both places that it is 
impossible for a stranger to guess whether his 
heart is more or less in either. She seems to 
share his work in both places, like the peasant 
wife, tedding the grass her stalwart husband 
mows, though her womanly watchfulness 
may be mostly expended upon her children, 
plants and household, with a nice attention 
to details and a perfect success that would be 
the more wonderful did we not continually 
find the best of her sox winning like successes 
in various walks of life wherever they really 
put their acute minds to things. This Eden 
was begun only 14 years ago upon some or¬ 
chard land with a spring brook running 
through it, and the early exertions in making 
the eurth, (which was in t,ho way of the lovely 
pond, with boats, now existing.) furnish the 
material for elevating the building site, I un¬ 
derstood were, in tho time of it, something 
strenuous. After that the dam, waterfall,and 
bridge, the avenue, paths, lawns and planting, 
were sure to come with patient aud tasteful 
endeavor. 
The multitude of rare and shapely trees and 
shrubs, evergreen and deciduous, in which one 
wanders in mazes, form a constant garden of 
surprises, never liriug. New vistas of beauty 
are every moment Opening in the distance, 
while at each step and on either baud there is 
something curious, marvelous or interesting 
for one to investigate or admire. 
Suspecting the umiahle intentions of the 
good genii of the place had something to do 
with Its enchantments, I rowed on the lake 
with the children and walked almut by my¬ 
self, aud so proved that the witchery which so 
charmed me was inherent in the delightful 
continuations of vegetable forms and colors 
that, with simple urt aud nature, hail ruled in 
its creation. 
Yet tho most remarkable thing of all, per¬ 
haps, is that while the volume und permanence 
of the impression the Carmans’ work produces 
on one might come from a place of 40 acres— 
rather fatiguing to look over—yet in point of 
fact, and though I asked no dimensions, I 
should not be surprised to learn that all this 
glory of color, form and fragrance is concen¬ 
trated upon less than two acres of land, and 
can be enjoyed with an ease which makes it 
all positively delicious. 
Everything is an experiment here, you are 
told, while the exceptional thrift of everything 
is staring you in the face. The merest cata¬ 
logue of these home experiments for tho gar¬ 
den, uursery and orchard would till a volume. 
All about this paradise were {Lowers of fruit¬ 
ing or blooming shrubs or trees doue up iu 
papers, indicating that trials iu hybridization 
were going on, for which tho Carmans are 
Humous. She has a deft hand in all of these 
fascinating thiugs, though I was half inclined 
to regard the mystery of them as something 
like “original sin,” and though the trials were 
so many and tempting, there is no space to 
particularize any. except the field experi¬ 
ments of wheat and rye ou land rented over 
on somebody else’s farm. The first break 
in the conservative prejudices of those old 
set grains is dJftault enough to frighten 
a merely ambitious experimenter. Wheat 
is used for the mother-plant, I believe, 
uud the bud of every blossom in the trial head 
must be opened and utiisexuulizod. At the 
proper time—within a day or two— the pollen 
of the rye is applied. These operations hurt 
the fragile organs so that only a few hybrid 
seeds result. The first seeds from these re¬ 
creations are always shriveled, dwarfed things, 
which an inexpert person would despise. 
Some of the progeny of the mixture will he 
mules, while others will bring forth no end of 
plump but iuconstant varieties from the same 
seed, like tho “fall of Adam.” All this is 
very curious to farmers of a theological turn, 
like myself, and may become profitable in 
time iu various ways, but is it not all written 
out more correctly than I can do it iu the 
Rural Nf.w-Youkeh ? 
The editor is an admiring student of Sir John 
Bonnet Lawes, and was theihst, 1 lielieve, to 
press upon tho great Englishman tho hospi¬ 
tality of an Amerieau journal, lie has 
blocks of experiments In the field, with corn, 
potatoes, fertilizers, etc.—all, mind you, on 
very little land—that would honor, so far as I 
could see, any experiment station, in connec¬ 
tion with his newspaper, which he manages to 
make wonderfully intimate with its subscrib¬ 
ers—(there has liecn no such journalist for thut 
effect since Willis)—he may be doing more for 
diffusing a knowledge of soils and vegetation 
than all these institutions together. At any 
rate his example of having so much interest 
upon so little haul is so worthy of imitation in 
places, that there is no fear of disseminating 
too much of his artistic sense along with a 
spirit of investigation.” 
It may be stated to new subscribers that the 
Rural Farm comprises 8 U acres. This is situ- 
uted on Long Island near the ocean. All of 
our larger crops aro raised there. But tho 
jaud is so fertile that it is uot suited to fertil- 
