would be kept in the tauk in the milk-house 
until it acquired the requisite acidity—justa 
perceptible sourness—when it would be 
churned. But under the ordinary eireum 
stances of this case, 1 would suggest that the 
milk-house be provided with a tank in which 
the milk pans can be set on cross-bars fitted at 
a proper depth, or about two inches, so that 
they will not tloat: or it would do no harm to 
let them float in the water, but it would not 
be so convenient. The water should be 
changed every morning and fresh water from 
the well pumped into the tank. The tank 
should bo no deeper than six inches, if shallow 
tin pans are used. These would require a 
tank about three feet wide and rigid feet loug. 
It would be better to use the common, oue- 
gallon, stoneware milk jars, which stand nine 
inches high and seven inches wide. Thirty 
of these would be required, as the cream would 
lie skimmed in St! hours after setting. A tank 
would then be required 60 inches loug. 30 
inches wide and eight inches deep iu which 
these jars could he set The tank would be 
best made of stone set in cement, or made 
wholly of cement molded in a wooden frame, 
which may be removed after the cement is 
hard. A pipe to draw off the water and an¬ 
other for the water to flow in would be need¬ 
ed, or the tauk aeuld be easily filled with 
pails. The fresh water should be put into the 
tauk one hour after the milk is set in the 
morning, and when the weather is very warm 
the water should be changed in the evening 
as well. The cream may be kept in the same 
kiud of jars iu the tank until ready for churn¬ 
ing. The tank should have a cover, which 
would help very much to retain the coolness 
of the water. Iu this way the very best of 
butter could be made. 
VENTILATING A CELLAR. 
./. B. M., Avening, Ontario, Con.—What 
is the best method of ventilating a cellar un¬ 
der a house ? 
Ans. —It is not, perhaps, possible to give an 
answer to the above question that will be in 
all respects, satisfactory. Very much depends 
on the construction of the cellaa, and what 
methods can best be adapted to it. The most 
effective ventilation will, no doubt, be se¬ 
cured by connecting the cellar with a chim¬ 
ney, and supplying air to take the place of 
that which passes up the ebimney. In order 
that the cellar may be dry, the air supplied to 
it should be of the same temperature as the 
cellar. This has been successfully accom¬ 
plished by allowing the air to pass through a 
conduit eonunenciug about 40 feet from the 
building and sloping downward to the bottom 
of the cellar. The conduit is covered with 
earth. The dampness in well-drained cellars 
is usually due chiefly to the fact that warm 
ail - is admitted diructly into the cdllar. The 
air in cooling, parts w.th its moisture, which 
rdtaains in the cellar. A free circulation 
of air is desirable in every cellar; still, it is a 
question whether or not tile condition of the 
cellar is improved by allowing draughts of 
hot air through it, which give up all the mois¬ 
ture held iu suspension. Admitting a circu¬ 
lation of air only at nights, will, no doubt, 
keep the cellar in better sanitary condition. 
RAISING WATER FOR IRRIGATION. 
H. I. C., Pierre, Dak, —1. By Henry Stew¬ 
art’s method of raising water, as described in 
the Farmer’s Club of August 21,1886, could 
water be raised to a hight. of 300 feel above 
the river? 2. If so, how large a pipe would be 
required to furnish water enough to irrigate 
five acres? 3. What kind of a pump would be 
best, and what would it cost? 4 How large 
a wheel would lie necessary ? 5. What would 
be the cost of 2,700 feet of pipe? 6. What is 
the address of a firm who could furnish the 
pipe and pump? 
ANSWERED BY II. STEWART. 
It would hardly pay to raise water IKK) feet 
for the purpose of irrigation; 300 feet would 
be equal to a pressure of 150 pounds to the 
square inch, or more than a high pressure 
boiler is subject to, and pipes and joints would 
burst under it, unless the pump, etc., were ex¬ 
ceedingly strong. A 12-horse power would be 
required to raise water enough for five acres, 
equal to a stream through a three-inch pipe 
continually flowing. Unless the land were 
used for very valuable crops the expense 
would cat up all the income. If it were 
thought practicable, the rustless iron pipe 
should be used, of an extra strength, and a 
well made force pump. The Well’s Rustless 
Iron Pipe Co., Cliff street, New York, can 
supply pipe and pump. 
PIN-WORMS IN HOUSES 
C. IF. (address mislaid).— Wlmt is a rem¬ 
edy for pin-worms ? 
Ans. —These worms are found in the horse’s 
rectum, and their presence is indicated by 
the rubbing of the tail. As a remedy, inject 
every morning for a week, a pint of linseed 
oil containing two drams of spirits of tur¬ 
pentine, This will either kill or.brifig qvmy 
the worms, with the exception of a few that 
are driven higher up into the colon; but by 
waiting a week or ten days the worms will re¬ 
enter the rectum, and by a repetition of the 
treatment they will all be generally killed or 
expelled. Give also a dram of sulphate of 
iron (powdered) twice a day with the feed. 
Another remedy consists of one dram tartar 
emetic and half a dram powdered ginger. 
Mix with linseed meal enough to form a ball, 
then moisten w ith hot water, and give a dose 
daily for a week, before feeding. Follow with 
a dose of one pintof linseed oil: wait another 
week and proceed as before. Then give lib¬ 
eral diet, with tonics daily; say, two drams 
sulphate of iron, or four drams of gentian, in 
the food. ‘‘Gina,’’ a homeopathic remedy, is 
also used with good results. 
AFTER WHEAT—WHAT ? 
J. H., Dayton, Ohio .—A 60-acre field has 
been in wheat two years. My farmer wants 
to manure it ami put it under wheat the third 
year, 1 said no, and that he should have 
sowed clover seed with the wheat last spring. 
What should be put iu the field this fall ? 
ANSWERED BY WALDO F. BROWN. 
As I live iu the adjoiuing county and know 
w r bat the season has becu, I will say that J. H. 
may Lie fortunate in the fact that his field was 
not sown in clover last spring, as a large per 
cent, of that sown is lost on account of the 
extreme drought. I should not hesitate to 
put the field in wheat again, oral least us 
much of it as can be manured. If it is not all 
sown in wheat, a part can be put iu oats next 
spring so as to get all the field in clover. If 
oats arc to bo sown, plow this fall, and then 
as early as the laud will work in the spring, 
mellow it with a disc harrow. Sow the oats 
and cover them with a plank drag. I have 
put in oats in this way for six years without a 
single failure, and have found them a profita¬ 
ble crop, and have also succeeded iu gettiug 
an excellent stand of clover every year with 
them. 
THE MORNING GLORY CHKYSOMEL1D. 
F. B., Coventry, N. F.—My morning glories 
are covered with the pests specimens of which 
are inclosed; what are tliej r , aud what is a 
remedy? 
Ans. —The insects received are of the size 
of a potato beetle, aud, like it, belong to the 
family cbrysomclidte. This is a very exten¬ 
sive family of beet les, aud nearly all are veg¬ 
etable feeders. Fortunately, however, each 
species bus its particular plant or plants to 
feed upon, and will starve rather than feed 
upon any other, so this beetle is not liable to 
do harm to plants aside from the morning 
glory. Paris-green used as for the potato 
beetle would be equally effective in destroying 
this pest If for any reason this remedy is 
thought to be unsafe, pyrethrum or kerosene 
emulsion will undoubtedly destroy this insect, 
as they are known to kill others closely relat¬ 
ed to it. 
ANALYSIS OF BUTTER. 
C., Jefferson Co., Mo. —Since reading the re¬ 
port of the Chemist of the New York Dairy 
Show, I am anxious to learn the average com¬ 
position of creamery butter. Cun you give it? 
ANSWERED BY PROF. S. M. BABCOCK. 
The average of 14 analyses of dairy and 
creamery butter from the New York Dairy 
Show, is as follows: 
Water. Fat. Ash. Curd. 
(salt) (by dir.) 
10.82 86.84 2.14 .60 
THE PLUM CURCULIO. 
T. B. M., Avening, Canada .—What is the 
small white worm in plums that fall off just 
now? It is about half an inch loug. Should 
the plums be gathered and burned or other¬ 
wise destroyed ? 
Ans. —The “worm” is without doubt the 
grub of the plum curculio. These grubs will 
hardly measure half an inch iu length, how¬ 
ever. When fully grown, they scarcely ex¬ 
ceed one-third of an inch. The wormy plums 
should be destroyed. This may be done by 
lmnd-pickiug or by allowing the hogs to run 
in (he orchard. 
THE LARGE GRAPE-VINE BEETLE. 
IF. D., Farmville, Va .—What are the insect 
pests, specimens of which are inclosed? They 
are destroying Our grapes by cutting oil’ the 
fruit from the bunches, and the bunches from 
the vines. 
Ans.— This beautifully polished, reddish- 
yellow beetle is somewhat larger tbuuthcMay 
Beetle, and has three black spots on either 
wing cover. The large white grub that pro¬ 
duces it lives in decaying wood. The beetle 
feeds during the day upon the leaves of the 
grape and Virginia Creeper, and does not 
usually attack the fruit. It appears iu sutlic- 
lent numbers to make it a serious enemy, aud 
is so large that it can be easily kept iu chock 
by hand-picking. 
- - ««« 
Miscellaneous. 
J. M. D., Minnesota City, Minn .—Under 
♦‘Brevities,” pag 9 45$, you speak rs though 
the session of the Michigan Agricultural Col¬ 
lege began in the fall; is this so ? 
Ans. —The year’s session begins about Sep¬ 
tember 1. There is a vacation of three 
months from the middle of November, one 
of a week in May, and of three weeks in 
August. 
E. T. T., Charleston, IF. Va.— What early 
and late pears, raspberries and strawberries 
can you recommend for this section? 
Ans. —For pears for W. Va., see answer 
elsewhere. We can not specify any small 
fruits which we can assume will thrive over a 
given extent of country. Would mention 
C'nthhert, Golden Queen, Turner, Hansel], 
Marlboro Raspberries, aud Jewell, Belmont, 
Sharpless, Jessie and Downing Strawberries 
for trial. 
R. S., l*rovincetown, Muss. —Of what color 
is the moth of the cut-worm? Is it attracted 
by sweetened water iu bottles? 
Ans.— There are a great many different 
species of cut-worms, aud an equal number of 
different moths. The prevailing colors are 
black, brown, and ashen. Sweetened water 
in bottles would be of no practical use in cap 
turing the moths. 
P. D. K., Yarmouth, N. S. —1. Does the 
Woodasou bellows answer tm* spraying small 
apple trees, etc? 2. What is the address of 
the manufacturer? 
Ans.— 1. Scarcely. The work is too labori¬ 
ous. It would not pay to use the spraying 
bellows ou large plants. 2. F. Woodusou, 
Canal port Avenue, Chicago, 111. 
./. S. B., Fayetteville , N. C.— There are 
European red and yellow, American red aud 
yellow, and American bluck, yellow and pur¬ 
ple cap raspberries; what is a proper or dis¬ 
tinctive name for each of the classes? 
Ans. —ltubus Idams is the European; R. 
sti igosus the American red aud yellow; R, 
occidentalis the American black and purple. 
The last question will bo answered Inter. 
E. T. F., Charleston, IF. Fa.—What are 
the best early and late pears ? 
Ans.—B artlett, Seckel, Triumph of Jod- 
oigne, Boussoek, Flemish Beauty, Belle Lu¬ 
crative, aud Vicar; all do well in West Vir¬ 
ginia, aud Angouleme and Anjou well iu some 
parts. 
W M. K., Anacostia, D. C. —Are the Creo¬ 
sote wood stains advertised in the Rural 
worth using ? 
Ans. —They are well recommended by those 
who have used them as proving quite satis¬ 
factory. 
Several Subscribers. —The method of short¬ 
hand mentioned by a recent writer iu the 
Rural can be obtained from A. S. Barnes 
& Co., New York. 
W. A. A., Malcolm, N. F.—The wheat, spe¬ 
cimens of which you send, resembles what we 
have raised as Silver Chaff. 
DISCUSSION. 
FERTILIZERS AS RETARDERS OF GERMINATION. 
E. S. Rice, Lowville, N. Y.— Iu my 
article published iu the Rural of July 
2, the amount of phosphate used to an 
acre of corn in the hill, is stated as 200 pouudsi 
whereas it should have been 300. Ou one oc¬ 
casion the application was intrusted to other 
hands in my absence, aud only 150 pounds 
were used ou the last acre planted. The crop 
was not nearly as good on that part of the 
field as where the greater amount was applied. 
More than 300 pounds were never used on this 
farm, as that amount brought a good paying 
crop. On some soils the best results may be 
had by au application made broadcast, as the 
Ri? RAI, states, and as Dr. Hoskins and others 
teach; but, with a limited amount of rich ma¬ 
nure, a far more profitable result is obtained 
ou my farm by using such manure or phos¬ 
phate in the hill or drill. At one time I had 
12 or 15 loads of hog-manure spread on au 
acre and thoroughly harrowed in. Ttiis pro¬ 
duced u line nop, but no better than five loads 
have product d when well mixed iu the hill. 
In all the experiments 1 have made, the corn 
was planted on sod ground thut had been in 
meadow as loug as it would cut a paying crop 
of hay. Hen manure, saved and prepared by 
mixing with muck, has been fouud nearly as 
good as phosphate, hut care bus lo be taken 
not to use too much. We kept several hun¬ 
dred hens and chickens at one time, ami the 
manure was used in drills for raising beetsund 
resulted in good full crops without other ma¬ 
nure. Due year I manured an acre of corn 
heavily with hen manure broadcast. 
The result was a disappointment. The 
corn came up iu a week aud grew 
very rapidly and made u good growth 
of stalks that matured early, bqt with ouly 
one-third of a crop of grain. In tho remarks 
that the Rural appended to my former arti¬ 
cle it is stated that perhaps the potash iu the 
phosphate used served us the retarder in the 
Rural’S experiment. My own experience 
lias taught, me £lmt great ^are must he mw- 
cised in the use of a potash fertilizer. I have 
used from six to teu tons of boue dissolved 
and softened with ashes, which form the same 
compound as that made and used by Dr. Hos¬ 
kins. The boue that I used was not ground, 
however, but it was bought direct of the 
bone gatherer without grinding. This prepa¬ 
ration lias been used mostly on potatoes, about 
30 bushels to the acre, applying it on the rows 
just, as the plants were coming up. I have 
applied it to about 30 acres in all, and the 
result has been satisfactory, as I have raised 
from 200 to 400 bushels to the acre, and my 
success was largely attributable to the bone 
aud ashes. Having some more than was needed 
for the potatoes one year, an acre or two of 
corn received the surplus, a small handful 
being mixed in the hill. The germ started, 
hut directly had the appearance of being 
burned, aud for two or three weeks it was 
doubtful whether any corn would show above 
ground, hut it, finally made a fair growth. I 
do not think tins preparation is worth as 
much for corn as it is for potatoes; neither 
wifi it grow as fine a crop of corn as an arn- 
mouiated superphosphate such as I used iu 
all my experiments. We have now a 
very promising piece of 4,'^ acres of 
fodder corn, drilled in with 150 pounds 
of phosphate to tile acre, in rows 32 
inches apart, with six to 10 kernels of corn to 
the foot in the row. Quack shows quite thick 
in (daces, but the corn is far above it. With¬ 
in 20 (lays from the drilling, it stood generally 
a foot high, and some nearly two feet,. One 
leaf measured 28 inches—not retarded to any 
great extent. Have cultivated it twice, and 
will go through it again as opportunity 
offers. With cultivating, shade, and fall plow¬ 
ing and harrowing, I havi no fearof Quack iu 
the potatoes next year. Ou examining this 
corn six days after drilling, 1 found it just 
read} T to show above ground, generally; but 
in one place, from some imperfection in dull¬ 
ing, five or six kernels of corn, and perhaps 
a teaspoonful of phospliaie were left in a 
bunch, but well covered in the soil. The corn 
was slightly discolored and nearly dry, 
and had no appearance of sprouting. I 
should be afraid to drill 400 pounds of 
phosphate to the acre iu drills 32 inches, aud 
of course more so if the drills were 3;d feet 
apart. The experience of the last 40 years lias 
shown me that farming is not an exact science. 
The ever-varying conditions of soil, available 
fertilizers, seasons, climate, etc,, call for care¬ 
ful observation and practice on the part of the 
farmer, if he would attain profitable success. 
H. W. K., West Walworth, N. Y.—In 
the Rural of April 2, ’87. page 224, the ad¬ 
vice is given to soak seed-oats in sulphate of 
copper, to prevent smut. I went to work and 
treated my oats just ns stated there, but to my 
great surprise my oats did not come up at nil, 
and of course were a complete failure. Now, 
1 should like to know what should induce Mr. 
Plumb, of the N. Y. Station, to publish such 
an experiment ? 
(£ff.cn}iii!)crc. 
RURAL SPECIAL REPORTS. 
California. 
Highlands, San Bernardino Co., July 13 — 
Oranges, grapes, raisins, jicaches, apricots, 
etc., etc., receive all the attention and time of 
most farmers. The orange, once in bearing, 
is easily cared for, and pays better than any¬ 
thing else. I know of a farmer out here who 
receives #1,060 per acre for his oranges. Fully 
two-thirds of this is net profit. Raisin grapes 
are in the market sooner, but don’t pay so 
well as oranges. Peaches and apricots do very 
well iu proportion. The older these vines aud 
trees grow the more they bear. There is very 
seldom a year when they fail. This year 
these crops from present Indications will be 
larger than ever. This is about tho best 
watered section in Southern California. 
Water here is every bit ns necessary as land 
iu order to raise anything. Artificial irriga¬ 
tion is very extensive and is carried ou by 
means of stone and cement ditches aud reser¬ 
voirs, the water coming from tho mountains. 
We have the great Bear Valley reservoir 
which is six miles long, half a mile wide, and 
averages 10 feet deep. This is a large canyon in 
the mountains, the mouth of which is dammed 
up with a huge stone and cement wall. Water 
comes from that to us in pipes and ditches. 
With this and the Santa Anna and City Crup 
Rivers we have plenty of water. Tho country 
here is very fine and the land is held at high 
figures. With all this, it is being settled up 
rapidly by people who find that the orange 
business does really pay and by those who 
wish to avoid the cold winters, and prolong 
their lives by living in a warm and pleasant 
climate. When I Hrstoame here, last January, 
1 was not expected to live. Consumption was 
my trouble, To-day I os yyolI and strong 
