THE RURAL WEW-Y6R&ER 
in June, and those of the second early in Sep¬ 
tember. The eggs are laid on the wheat 
stalks near one of the lower joints, and when 
the larva! hatch they work their way into the 
substance of the soft, green straw auil there 
live by absorbing the juice. The straw thick¬ 
ens and hardens about them, and often bulges 
out slightly, making little gall-like swellings 
exactly over where the larvae are feeding (Fig. 
304). The presence of these flies in the 
Fig. 304. 
wheat is manifest at thrashing time by the 
little hard pieces of straw that come down the 
spout with the wheat. 
Remedy.— As the full brood does not hatch 
until spring, the remedy for these little ene¬ 
mies is first to cut the wheat high and burn 
the stubble, and, second, to ruu the wheat 
through a famiiug-mill and burn all the bits 
of straw that are screened from it. 
Ag’l Coll., Mich. C. P. GILLETTE. 
THE WARBLE, OR OX BOT FLY. 
This bot fly so troublesome to cattle is 
found all over the civilized world. The loss 
sustained from it in the United Kingdom 
alone has been estimated as high as £2,000,000 
sterling per annum. In this country the hard 
lumps which contain the maggots of this fly 
may be felt upon the backs of the animals 
from November until May. As soon as the 
maggots reach their growth they crawl out of 
the backs of the afflicted cattle and fall to the 
earth where they change to the pupa state 
and in about four weeks come forth as flies. 
Soon after the bot hatches it begins its work 
of egg-laying which is so annoying to the cat¬ 
tle causing them to run wildly over the fields 
in their eudeavors to escape the hateful fly. 
The following mixture is applied as a pre¬ 
ventive, with excellent results, to the backs 
of the animals once a week to keep off the lly; 
Flowers of sulphur.four ouncos: spirits of tar, 
one gill; train (whale) oil. one quart; thor¬ 
oughly mixed. The train oil alone was found 
almost equally effective. 
If the eggs have been laid and the warbles 
are found upon the hacks of the animals, they 
may be destroyed by the use of mercurial 
ointments, acetic acid or keroseue oil well 
rubbed upon the warbles. Any of these is 
said to bo perfectly effective arter the open¬ 
ing iu the skin appears. Professor C. V. 
Riley thinks the simplest and most effective 
method is to rub the back with pure kerosene 
oil in the fall when the lumps first appeal*. 
Even at this time the kerosene will destroy 
the young maggots and sa ve the hide from 
holes and the animal from the annoyance of 
irritating sores. Mechanically the pests may 
be readily pressed out with the thumb and 
finger and crushed with the foot when they 
fall to the ground. c. p. g. 
CiUXL 
“Every Man is presumed to know the Late. 
Nine-tenths of all Litigation arises from Ig¬ 
norance of Law." 
RECENT DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO 
FARMERS. 
Land Taken hy Railroads. —Where land 
is taken by right of eminent, domain, by a rail¬ 
way company, the measure of damages is the 
cash value of the land taken at the time it is 
appropriated, or the difference in value of 
land not taken, but damaged. This damage 
becomes fixed at the time, and the right to 
recover does not pass to a subsequent vendee 
—Jones r.v. Backus,—Pa. 
Another decision of the same court, in the 
case of P. R. R. Co. vs. Getz, suys that where 
land is condemned and taken for use of ft 
corporation, the true measure of damages is 
the difference between the value of the land 
before and after taking. This rule applies 
whether the tenant's interest be an estate in 
fee, for life or for years. 
Chattel Mortgage not Recorded.— 
Where the mortgagee of a chattel mortgage 
delays recording the mortgage at the request 
of the mortgagor or for any other reason, the 
mortgage is void as agaiust other creditors, 
who become such after executiou and before 
the filing of the mortgage—Paper Co. v. Freie 
Presse Co.,—Wis. 
Exemption op Agricultural Imple¬ 
ments. Where the statute provides that cer¬ 
tain farming machinery shall be exempt, and 
the owner has temporarily stopped business, 
such temporary cessation will not waive the 
owner’s right of exemption. The owner be¬ 
ing about to remove to another State, and 
about to ship his machinery and effects to his 
proposed home, does not waive his right to ex¬ 
emption under the statute.—Wood v. Bresna- 
han.—Mich. 
Injury to Cattle in Transit. —Tn an ac¬ 
tion of damages against a railway company 
for injury to cattle in transporting them in 
improper cars, it is not competent for the de¬ 
fendant to offer evidence that it used the same 
kind of cars it was accustomed to use for lik p 
purpose. The fact that a wrong method o 
shipping cattle was usual with defendant 
cannot justify the act.—M. L. & T. Co. v. 
Fitchburg, Ry. Co.—Mass. 
E. P. N., Fairfield Co., CVmH.—A chattel 
mortgage is given as socuriiy on 100 boxes of or¬ 
anges to lie delivered at the railroad station. 
.“And if above fails to satisfy the claim, 
then the mortgage shall extend to include such 
other portion of the crop as shall be necessary 
to satisfy the claim"... .“And, furthermore, if 
the above crop shall be insufficient tojsatisfy 
the above claim, then the mortgage shall ex¬ 
tend to the first, succeeding crop or crops un¬ 
til the claim is satisfied.” If the first section 
of the alcove was a first mortgage would the 
second and third be also? Are oranges grow¬ 
ing on trees real or personal property ? 
A ns.— A mortgage of the kind described is 
void, both for uncertainty and because it cov¬ 
ers a crop not yet grown or growing. The 
growing crops are real estate and go with the 
land in case of a foreclosure of a mortgage on 
the real estate. Oranges or other products 
arc not chattels until severed from the soil. 
We do not think the mortgage on “100 boxes 
of oranges delivered at R. R. statiou” of any 
value, as it refers to something uot in exist¬ 
ence and is so indefinite that the mortgagee 
could not put his hand on the property to 
foreclose the lien. A mortgage on growing 
crop should specify distinctly what is the crop, 
where it is growing and give the mortgagee 
the right to enter and take the crop if neces¬ 
sary to secure his lien. The best way to man¬ 
age such a business would be to give a bill of 
sale to the creditor or purchaser, agreeing to 
deliver the orauges at a stated time on the 
trees or boxed, as may be agreed: and giving 
the right to take the crop on failure of the sell¬ 
er to deliver on a certain date; the residue of 
the crop or of the proceeds of it, after satisfy¬ 
ing the debt, to be paid to the mortgagor. 
V. II. B., Buckthorn, Colo .—N gives a war¬ 
ranty deed to a tract of land, which is duly re¬ 
corded, but through inadvertence the name of 
the township is omitted. The Government 
patent and the transfer from T, the original 
owner, are correct. N takes a deed of trust 
on the land and afterwards on payment of 
money duo. a release of j the deed of trust is 
granted liy C,. acting as a trustee for N. These 
documents are correct and recorded. Does 
the omission of the township’s name on the 
warranty deed throw any cloud on the title of 
N or render it invalid? 
Ant. —The omission of the township in the 
deed does not invalidate it, nor make any 
cloud on the title, os proof can bo given that 
the land of which possession was transferred,is 
the actual land referred to in the deed. But 
N or his representatives should give a quit 
claim deed of the land, in which the omission 
of the township is recited; or.’if this cannot 
be done, an application should be made to the 
court, and by proving the facts the error will 
be amended aud tbe title cleared. 
If. W.D ., Ashland, N. H .—A and B divided 
their division fence, but did not put it on 
record; but the division can be proved. A 
sells to C that part of his'land on which his 
share of the fence stands. Can C oblige B to 
build half of the fence between C aud B’s 
land; or will he have to abide by the old agree¬ 
ment between A and B ? 
Ans. —The division of the fence will have 
to be remade between the three owners, as the 
status quo has been disturbed. A and B, aud C 
and B will have to assume half of each respect¬ 
ive fence. A cannot, by selling part of his 
laud, compel B to keep up more than an equal 
share of the fence, but the sale, by bringing 
iu a new owner, will make a new division nec¬ 
essary. A will have to apply for the division 
of his fence,and B for the division of C's fence. 
Subscriber ( address mislaid). —A takes up 
a homestead, and at. the end of five years sub¬ 
mits his final proof, aud gets a receipt from 
the Receiver. Then he gives B a mortgage 
to secure an old debt, but the patent wasu’t 
issued at the time. The Homestead Law says 
no homestead shall be sold for a debt contract¬ 
ed prior to the issuing of the patent; can B sell 
the laud on the above mortgage? 
Ans. —A homestead cannot be mortgaged; 
that is, the U. S. Land Office will not recog¬ 
nize any mortgage, and will make the patent 
to the homesteader. But if the owner gives a 
mortgage which is put on record, it. will hold 
against the land as soon as the patent is re¬ 
corded. The U. S. cannot prevent the carry¬ 
ing out of any contract binding upon the 
and after it has parted with the title and giv¬ 
en the patent. 
.7. W. H., Elizabeth, N. J .—My neighbor’s 
garden and mine join; back of the gardens 
were open fields, I built a poultry-house and 
yard on my lot. inclosing the place with wire 
and pickets. There is a post and rail division 
dine) fence there, and it is his. I asked him to 
supply half the pickets to nail on the fence to 
keep bis hens and mine where they belong. 
He refused. I got enough pickets for the 
whole fence, but when I had nailed on half, 
my neighbor forbade me to continue the work 
on the excuse that the wind would blowdown 
the fence, I persisted; but he said he wouldn’t 
allow nails to be driven into his posts and 
rails: that I must use my own posts and rails. 
Isn’t half the line fence on my ground? If I 
nail on the pickets will I he liable to prosecu¬ 
tion? How cau damages for depredations by 
fowls and cattle be collected? Are damages 
a legal offset to bills for goods or labor? 
Ans.—Y ou must have your fence divided by 
the township according to law. You can do 
as you please with your half, but cannot drive 
a nail into that of your neighbor or you com¬ 
mit a trespass. You must keep your fowls 
from trespassing on your neighbor’s property 
the best way you can. If half of Ins fence is 
over your line you can make him move it 
on to his own side of theline,and build one for 
yourself. Damages by fowls or cattle can be 
Collected by a suit for trespass. A claim for 
damages cannot make an offset, to a debt, but 
a judgment for damages can. You cannot 
offset any mere claim which has not been 
made tangible by a judgment of a court. 
{¥lx$ct 11 ancons. 
CATALOGUES, ETC., RECEIVED. 
Horse Powers.— Catalogue from A. W. 
Gray & Sous, Middletown Springs, Vermont. 
—Tt is claimed that this machinery is all man¬ 
ufactured of the very best materials aud in 
the most durable manner. The makers aim to 
have everything that leaves their factory first- 
class in every respect, and the long-continued 
success of this house will induce tbe belief that 
they have held to their aim. The catalogue is 
splendidly gotten up. The various imple¬ 
ments are all well illustrated and described. 
The chapter ou Tread Powers is the clearest 
description and explanation of the mechanism 
of these implements we have read. These 
powers are adapted to one, two, and three 
horses. They can be used for a multitude of 
purposes, such as grinding feed, pumping 
water, sawing wood, or churning. The smaller 
powers are just the things for small farmers. 
They take up very little room, they are easily 
moved about, aud they will last for years. 
On days when the horses cannot be worked to 
advantage out-doors, they can be put into the 
powers, under cover, and made to do useful 
work. There is use for a good power ou every 
farm. Any farmer can make money out of 
one. Those who think of buying will do well 
to send for this catalogue. They can depend 
upon securing good implements at fair prices 
if they patronize this house. 
Buckeye Grain Drill. —Catalogue from 
P. P. Mast & Co., Springfield. Ohio.—This is 
one of best catalogues of the yeai; one well 
worth looking over. The mechanism of the 
Buckeye Grain Drill has been improved until 
the implement is about perfect. The latest 
improvement, undone \\ Inch promises to prove 
wonderfully popular, consists in a change iu 
the position of the driving gearing. Hitherto 
the gear wheels were all located on one end of 
the machine. With this a certain amount, of 
bunching of the seed was unavoidable. In 
turning around or in turning to avoid obstruc¬ 
tions, one wheel was sure, at times, to stop the 
necessary motion. With the geariug at the 
center, under the hopper, the feeding goes on 
whether one wheel or two revolve. The rea¬ 
sons why this change has proved advantage¬ 
ous are well given in the pamphlet. Every 
part of the machinery is illustrated aud de¬ 
scribed at length, so that all cau understand 
it. Another implement that is becoming very 
popular is the Sunbeam cultivator. Some 
mouths ago we gave a picture of this imple- 
meut. Another promising tool is the Lubin 
pulverizer and clod-crusher, which is con¬ 
structed ou a new principle. We invite the 
attention of farmers to these tools. They are 
all described iu this catalogue. 
Dana Centrifugal-Governor Windmill. 
—Catalogue from the Dauu Windmill Co., 
Fairhaven, Mass. —There are seveu special 
merits claimed for this mill, which are all 
noted iu this pamphlet.. Wo advise every 
fanner who has any idea of purchasing a 
windmill to read the article ou the use of wind¬ 
mills which may be found in the catalogue. 
The Dana mill has been before the public long 
enough to prove its worth. It is an excellent 
mill,* aud those who investigate the claims 
made in this catalogue will find that nothing 
is said which cannot be supported by actual 
results. There should be more windmills in 
use. 
Dairy Supplies —Catalogue from Cornish, 
Curtis & Greene, Fort Atkinson, Wis. The 
dairyman who cannot find what he wants 
noted in this pamphlet, is very hard to please. 
The implements that have to do with the pro¬ 
duction of butter, from tbe cow to the con¬ 
sumer, are all pictured. The table of contents 
occupies four columns. In fact, we consider 
this one of the most complete catalogues of 
dairy supplies we have ever examined. We 
do not see that any tool has been omitted. 
Managers of creameries will do well to study 
the pamphlet. 
Silver & Denning Manufacturing Co. 
—The Catalogue of this firm, headquarters at 
Salem, Ohio, is an interesting volume. The 
list of pumps is very complete. They range 
from the small anti-freezing cistern pump to 
the great double-acting force-pump which is 
particularly adapted to wind-mil] power. 
The list is so complete that over 50 pages are 
required to illustrate aud describe them. An 
improved hydraulic ram is a special feature 
of the catalogue. Butchers’ machines of every 
description are Offered, as well as an almost 
numberless variety of other articles. 
Monarch Fence Machine. —New catalogue 
from M. C. Henley. Richmond, Ind.—This is 
an elegant pamphlet. It pictures the machine 
in operation in all sorts of locations and under 
all conditions. Many readable and valuable 
facts regarding the cost aud efficiency of slat 
and wire fencing as compared with other 
fences, are given. Tbe fence question is an 
important one for the farmer to consider. 
This book will aid in the discussion, 
Alleger Organs. —Catalogue from H. W. 
Alleger, Washington. New Jersey.—Almost 
every description of organ is shown here. 
The reputation which the manufacturer has 
at homo is shown by the fact that he has been 
elected Mayor of Washington, N. J., without 
opposition. 
Ellw anger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y.— 
A descriptive circular of pot grown and layer 
strawberry plants, both of recent intro¬ 
duction and standard varieties, foreign and 
American, with directions for culture. Free 
to all applicants. 
ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. 
[Every query must ne acenmpanlerl by the name 
and addresser the writer to Insure attention. Before 
asking a question, please see if tt Is not answered tn 
our advertising columns. Ask only a tew questions at 
one time. Put questions >n a separate piece of paper.] 
ROSES FOR VIRGINIA. 
W. D., Farmville, Ya .—Our summers are 
hot aud generally dry, and though we i roly 
have severe cold iu winter before Christam, , 
we usually expect a cold spell in Jauuary, 
and again in February, during which the 
mercury sometimes falls to 18° below zero, 
but at such times the ground is covered with 
snow, and such extreme cold lasts but a few 
days. The soil of my garden is gravelly, uo 
clay nearer tbe surface tban2 or three feet. It 
faces the south and is very sunny. Under 
such conditions, would it be better for me to 
plant roses in the spring or fall? Where can I 
get the Puritan Rose aud Mad. Gabrielle Lui- 
zet? Would the following list, of roses be 
suitable for me under the conditions before 
described • If uot suitable what would be a 
good list? Cornelia Cook, Pcrlo des Jardins, 
Catherine Meruiet, Niphetos, Souvenir de la 
Malmnison, Paul Neyron, Safrano, I,a France, 
Gloirede Dijon, Devoniensis, Isabella Sprunt, 
Mad. Margottiu, La Marque, Solfaterre, 
Cbromatella, Giaut of Battles, Vulcan, Baron¬ 
ess Rothschild. 
Ans.—Y ou may plant your roses either in 
spring or fall; it will make little difference. 
If in the spring, they must be planted early 
before the plants begin to make growth. 
The roses inquired for may be purchased of 
The B. A. Elliot Co., Pittsburg, Penn. The 
list of roses given can hardly be considered a 
good Selection for a locality where the mer¬ 
cury is likely to touch bS° below zero, since it 
largely consists of teas and hybrid teas, always 
uncertain in a very cold seasou. They would 
certainly require a covering of straw or litte; 
over the roots: under these circumstances they* 
shouldpassa wiuter of steady cold fairly well, 
but if there were great changes of tempera¬ 
ture—alternate freezing aud thawing—they 
would be very unlikely to survive. Of 
course, they would have a better chance dur¬ 
ing a winter with good sncw-falls. La 
