THE RURAL REW-YOR&ER 
lil 
ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. 
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INTESTINAL PARASITES TN LAMBS AND SHEEP. 
“ CJ ."—My lambs have not grown any since 
May, ami are becoming much reduced in 
flesh. Examination of two that died revealed 
in the fourth stomach, thousands of para¬ 
sites similar bub to, shorter than, lung-worms: 
also several large tape-worms, some a rod 
long or more, and these seem to be common 
to ull the lambs. Tho intestinal organs in 
which the latter abide, are much swollen aud 
iu some places covered with lumps. What 
are the pests, and how should the lambs be 
treated ? 
A ns. —These worms are the same species 
which infest the inngs of sheep aud exist iu 
the intestines as well. They gain access to 
the lambs with the grass upon which the eggs 
are dropped in the dung of the older sheep. 
From the stomach the parasites proceed to the 
bowels, or up the gullet, into the throat and 
lungs. Tape-worms are taken into the ani¬ 
mals in the same way, and especially by 
means of eggs dropped by dogs, which areal- 
most invariably infested by these creatures. 
Rabbits, rats and other small animals, includ¬ 
ing birds, as phoasauts and quail, are also in¬ 
fested more or less, and void the eggs, which 
at e picked up with the grass by the lambs aud 
sheep. These pests are favored by dampness, 
hence, low-lying lauds are unsuitable for sheep. 
Turpentine is a specific for the thread¬ 
worms, This is given in doses of one tea- 
spoonful in milk, an hour before eating every 
morning for 10 days, and then repeated after 
an interval of 10 days. For tape-worms give 
three drams of powdered areea nut, mixed 
with molasses, for a full-grown sheep, or one- 
dram doses for a lamb, early in the morning, 
for 10 duys consecutively. In giving medi- 
cides to lambs or sheep, the animal should be 
held firmly between the legs with the rump 
backed up against a wall or fence. The med¬ 
icine is put into a small, loug-ueeked hottle, the 
mouth is opened at the side aud the head ele¬ 
vated, while the liquid is poured into the side 
of the mouth, between the teeth, in a small 
quantity at a time, as it is swallowed. Only 
want of care cau cause mischief by choking 
the auimals. 
COPYRIGHT. 
S. P. S. Sulphur Grove, Ohio .—How can I 
obtain a copyright and how long is it in force t 
Ans.— Iu England copyright “protects” the 
work of au author for 42 years, or for the life 
of an author and seven years thereafter, 
whichever period may prove the longer. In 
this country, according to the latest act—that 
of INTO— a copyright remains in force for 28 
years, and gives the author a right to renew 
for himself, his wife or children for 14 years 
more, and authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize aud translate their works. A copy 
of tho title of tho book, or other article, or a 
description of the painting, statue, etc., 
must bo scut to tho Librarian of Congress at 
Washington, before publication, and two cop¬ 
ies of the book or in case of a painting, etc., a 
photograph of tho sumo, must be sent to such 
Librarian within ten days after publication. 
Tho Librarian makes the proper record, re¬ 
ceiving 50 cents therefor, and 50 cents for auy 
copy thereof, and there is also a small fee for 
recording and certifying assignments if any 
are made. A copy of any new edition must 
also be sent to the Librarian, and a penalty of 
825 is imposed for auy failure to forward such 
books, cte. The fact of the entry with the 
Librarian is to be stated on each book or on 
each Other article, aud a failure to do this 
will preclude any action for infringement; 
while the publication of auy entry not ac¬ 
tually made subjects the offender to a penal¬ 
ty of $100. To entitle an author to copy¬ 
right, his work must be original and must not 
have been published or dedicated to the pub¬ 
lic prior to Ibe application for a copyright. 
Abandonment to the public before copyright 
renders the work common and defeats copy¬ 
right. 
THE CORNELIAN CHERRY. 
K It, C., Bowmansdale, Pa .—What is the 
tree which bears the berries, specimens of 
which are inclosed? 1 received it as a variety 
of dog-wood. The fruit is beautiful and makes 
a tine preserve, and when fully ripe it is good 
to eat from the hand. 
ans. —These beautiful red drupes, resemb- 
Inig a long, semi-transparent grape, are in¬ 
deed fine for preserves, but scarcely better 
than plums. They are the fruit of the Cor¬ 
nelian Cherry—Coruus mascula—for sale by 
all nurserymen. A variegated kind is quite 
pretty, the leaves being yellowish-white and 
light green. These shrubs grow from 10 to 
15 feet high, producing small, yellow floweradn 
early spring before tho leaves appear. The 
fruit ripens in early fall, remaining for a con¬ 
siderable time. The specific name mascula is 
derived from the Latin noun mas, a male, or 
the adjective mascnlus, masculine, for the 
reason that seedlings bear only male (stami- 
nate) flowers while young. Later tho plants 
bear both male and female flowers (monoe¬ 
cious) until which time they cannot bear 
fruit. The generic name is probably derived 
from cornu, the Latin for horn, as the wood 
is hard. Tt is said that this tree sometimes 
lives to the age of 100 years or more. As an 
ornamental plant, the variegated variety is 
well worth a place in any garden. 
SWELLED HEAD IN POULTRY. 
W. IT., Southampton , N. Y.— My hens are 
dying from some disease which causes one or 
both of the eyes to swell, fester and rot en¬ 
tirely out, the bird dying in from four days 
to two weeks. What is the disease and how 
should it lie treated? 
Ans. —It is swelled head (a form of roup), 
due to exposure to drafts of air while on the 
roost. A small crack in the wall may cause 
the draft. Top ventilation is also another 
cause. Bathe the head with a warm solution 
made by adding a teaspoon of boracic acid to 
a cup of water. Wipe dry and annoiut with 
a few drops of glycerine, prepared by adding 
five drops of carbolic acid to a tablespoon of 
glycerine. Repeat once a day. 
Miscellaneous. 
D. II. S., Kingsbury, Ohio.—l. Is there any 
possibility that the Mercer heirs will ever get 
any of the property left by Moses Mercer, the 
Scotchman? Is the case in the New York 
courts yet? 2 . I took a raspberry field from a 
ne : ghbor, pruning the vines, gathering and 
marketing the crop and paying all expenses, 
what share of the net profits should I give 
him. 
Ans. —All the great daily papers here ridi¬ 
cule the Mercer claims. Several of our best 
lawyers in matters of the kind have been 
“interviewed” by them, and have expressed 
opinions strongly opposed to the validity of 
the claims. Some time back the “heirs” 
claimed that ex-Senator Coukling had con¬ 
sented to accept a retainer in the matter; but 
this he has publicly denied. Au effort was 
made to get the Harlem occupants of the land 
to “compromise” by joiuing a sort of “syndi¬ 
cate” for the “improvement” of the property, 
but uotbiug came of the project. It is highly 
improbable that anybody except the lawyers 
will ever get a dollar out of the Mercer claims, 
and if the matter is brought into the courts 
(this hasn’t been doue yet) the youngest of the 
present “heirs” will carry white hairs or a 
bald cranium before a final settlement will be 
reached. Contributions from the heirs do not 
seem to be numerous just now, as lawyer 
M’Creery, of Pittsburg, who is pressing the 
claims here now, is being grievously dunned 
for board bills by the proprietors of two hotels, 
one of whom had him arrested Thursday. 
2. There ought to have been a writ¬ 
ten agreement on the matter. You merely 
leased the field for the season and it would 
have been much better that an agreement as 
to the rent should have been made lie forehand. 
As it is, half the net profits would be a fair 
rent; would not it? 
A. S., Mansfield, Pa .—In the Rural of 
August 18, under “Agricultural News,” it is 
said that the Secretary of the Interior has 
ordered 2 d ,000 acres of unearned railroad land 
in Iowa to ba thrown open to settlement; iu 
what counties does it lie, and through whom 
euu full information with regard to it be ob¬ 
tained? Is it likely to be gobbled up before an 
iutendiug settler could get there? 
Ans. —We do not know iu what counties it 
lies, but it is mostly along the line of the 
Sioux City and 8 t. Paul Railroad. For full 
information apply to the Register of the Land 
Office at Des Moines, Iowa—the only land 
office in the State. It is very likely the best 
and mast desirable parts of the land have been 
takeu up already. Whenever and wherever 
an}- part of the public laud is to be thrown 
open for settlement, some people mauage to 
hear of it beforehand, or else tho fact is gen¬ 
erally known, and in all cases a horde of land 
sharks are roadv to pounce on the choisest 
morsels. Some good land away from the 
railroads may remain open, however, for some 
time yet. 
11". iV. Stowe, Vt. —1. Is there a a book-pub¬ 
lishing firm called Allen & Co., in New York; 
if so is it trustworthy ? 2. Is the ninth edition 
of the Encyclopedia Britanuiea completed? 
If so, how many volumes does it contain? 
How often is a new edition issued? 
Ans.— 1. The new “business directory” of 
the city contains the name of no such firm. 1 
Henry S. Allen, lfi Astor Place, is the only 
publisher of the name of Allen mentioned. 1 
He is reliable. 2. No. Volume XXI is the 1 
last issued. The completed work will consist 
of 22 volumes with a supplementary volume 
devoted exclusively to matters of special in¬ 
terest to Americans. This subscribers need 
not take unless they wish. Volume XXII is 
now in press and will be ready in September. 
The first edition was issued in 1771; the last in 
I860; the first volume of the present edition 
was publish°d in 1875—12 years ago. No defi¬ 
nite iuterval can be named between the vari¬ 
ous editions. The issue of each new one is de¬ 
termined by the progress of the arts and sci¬ 
ences of which the work treats. 
G. , (No address).— 1. What is the Ameri¬ 
can Standard on Entomology? 2. Who man¬ 
ufactures twine hurdle netting, or netting of 
any kind? 3. What should I pay for a good 
Dorset ram? 4. Of the Oxfords, Cots wolds 
and South Downs which is the best for cross¬ 
ing on native ewes for wool and mutton? 
Ans. —1. Probably Packard’s “Guide to the 
Study of Insects,” price 8fi, published by 
Estes & Lauriat, Boston, Mass. 2. Peter Dur- 
yea, 215 Greenwich Street, New York. 3. Very 
few Dorsets have been imported. We know 
of none for sale. 4. The South Down. 
H. G. W., Buchanan, Mich.— What is the 
proper thing to do in case a person is poisoned 
with Paris-green? 
Ans. —Empty the stomach at once. An 
emetic should be given. A mixture of warm 
water and mustard will generally induce vom¬ 
iting. If a stomach pump is procurable, it 
should be applied at once. The proper anti¬ 
dote is ferric hydrate, but on the farm this 
would be hard to obtain in time to be of use. 
W. C. A., Med field, Mass. —The grass you 
send is Andropogon furcatus—Finger-spiked 
Broom-Grass; not valuable where other grass 
can lie grown. 
II. C. L., Cheektowaga, N. Y. —What is the 
inclosed wheat? 
Ans.—I t very closely resembles the old 
Treadwell. 
DISCUSSION. 
DEBTS OF FARMERS. 
FARM DEBTS—A MISTAKE CORRECTED. 
Many t Western readers thiDk that nothing 
good can come out of the East. The manners, 
customs and people are becoming badly taint¬ 
ed with EnglLti aristocracy. We of the West 
have been looking verv doubtfully on any¬ 
thing coming from New York. New York is 
and has been robbing the West constantly, 
and there is no prospect of its letting up. The 
people of that State have us by the throat, 
and don’t intend to let go. The Rural New- 
Yorker has been educating the fanning com¬ 
munity for many years. National Bank Shy- 
locks have us mortgaged to the best English 
aud American financial systems the world has 
ever known; still, the Rural New-Yorker 
has never given a warning voice to its patrons; 
never has it warned the farmers that usury 
was swallowing them up. Has the Rural any 
idea of what proportion of the farms are 
mortgaged in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and oth¬ 
er Western States, under the wise teachings 
of the very friendly papers that are pub¬ 
lished in the interest of agriculture ? 
R. N.-Y,—Very evidently our correspon¬ 
dent is neither an old uor a careful reader of 
the Rural. For years it has been “pegging 
away” in the editorial and other pages on the 
evils of indebtedness. “Pay as you go” has 
been a maxim reiterated over aud over aud 
over again in its pages, in all kinds of type, 
in every form best calculated to attract atten¬ 
tion and impress the reader. Again and again 
wo have shown the hardships inseparable from 
indebtedness even at a moderate rate of inter¬ 
est—say six per cent.—and warned and expos- 
ulated with those who were willing to give 
more. We have shown that loans at 10 per 
cent, meaut hopeless mortgages and ruin to 
the farmers of any section, even to those of 
the rich West. Wo have never been mealy- 
mouthed in stigmatizing in suitable language 
the rajiacity aud hard-heartedness of those who 
use the dire poverty of others to unjustly in¬ 
crease their own superabundant wealth. The 
Rural, under its present nmuugemeut, has 
always been loud in its deuuueiations of all 
syndicates, monopolies aud capitalists whose 
conduct threatened or did injury to auy part 
of the agricultural community or the general 
public. 
Yes, we have a very fair idea of the debts of 
farmers all over the country. Wo have now 
before us the Report of the Department of 
Agriculture for 188ti, in which 12 pages are 
devoted to the subject. The indebtedness of 
the farmers of each State is given, and it 
makes a sad showiug; but by no means one as 
hopeless as some croakers have declared. 
When the report was firstfpublished, five or.six 
months ago, a synopsis of it appeared edito 
rially in the Rural. The high rate of legal 
interest allowed in many of the States, and 
the slight penalties provided for usury have 
encouraged an unscrupulous class of money¬ 
lenders who take advantage of the imprudent 
by obtaining bonds and mortgages on real 
estate far below the true valuations: while 
the amount of the loans is often cut down 
from 20 to 30 per cent, by extortionate 
charges made by middlemen in the shape of 
bonuses, commissions, etc. Judge Spear, of 
Georgia, has just rendered an important deci¬ 
sion declaring all such exactions usurious, and 
that only the amount of money actually re 
ceived by the borrower, is legally recoverable. 
It is quite likely this decision wifi be followed 
by other United States Courts also. In this and 
all other questions affecting their interests, 
the Rural has always been a fearless and 
outspoken friend of the fanner and foe of all 
who injure him. 
With regard to the al'eged aping of English 
manners and customs in the East, there is 
really hardly enough in it to merit mention. 
It is confined mainly to a sprinkling of juven¬ 
ile dudes and dudines, who soon drop it when 
the real work of life has sobered them. A 
few elderly snobs follow or help to set the ex¬ 
ample, but these inanities have little or no in¬ 
fluence outside their own ridiculous coterie. 
All that class are laughed at a good deal, and 
a little despised everywhere, and it is owing 
to this fact that the facetious paragraphers are 
constantly calling attention to them aud mag¬ 
nifying their importance, just as they constant¬ 
ly harp upon the mother-in-law. the plumber 
and the girl fond of ice-cream. The Yankee 
has no need of going to any English school to 
learn how to make a hard bargain. 
ftti&cell ancons. 
TRANSCONTINENTAL LETTERS.— 
LXXXV. 
MARY WAGER-FISHER. 
(Concluded.) 
In North Carolina: Charlotte; Greenville; 
flight through Virginia; Baltimore the 
beautiful; public institutions; manua 
training school; reunion; no place like 
home; THE END. 
Wsleft Atlanta in the morning and traveled 
continuously all the day, saving a halt at 
Charlotte, North Carolina, long enough for 
the laddie and I to take a run up into the 
town aud see how pretty it wits—quite like a 
New England village, with thrift and taste 
everywhere manifest. In front of the United 
States Assay Office stood a large horse-chest 
nut in full bloom, but, the blossoms were a 
brighr. pink. Another Southern tree, exceed¬ 
ingly beautiful with clusters of purple flowers 
resembling the Cacalpa, I bad seen in Atlan ta 
and found it again in Charlotte. I asked as 
many as a dozen people in all, in both places, 
for its name, but none of them knew, and I 
had no botany of the Atlantic coast. It bore 
no long beans like C. bignouioides. Maybe 
some Rural reader can enlighten me.—[This 
is probably’the China Tree or Pride of India 
—Melea Azedarach.—E ds.] 
One of the good things in Atlanta I failed 
to mention, is “local option.” The railway 
cars on our train were so very nice and so 
thoroughly well equipped with essentials as to 
merit a warm word of praise, and one of the 
conductors was a model of courtesy, pointing 
out to the passengers all the objects of interest 
to be seen, one of which was King’s Mountain, 
surmounted by a rower built four or five years 
ago on the one hundredth anniversary of the 
battle fought there. From Atlanta north the 
road was more picturesque, the Blue Ridge 
Mountains coming into view. Near uoon we 
crossed the Tugaloo River, the dividing line 
between Georgia aud South Carolina. The 
railway we traveled over follows a ridge a 
large part of the way, and the soil is said to 
be less fertile than further away. Little 
patches of corn are cultivated, which the 
“moonshiners” hereabout distill into whiskey, 
Greenville is quite an attractive town, with 
white houses and green blinds, cherry aud 
apple trees, aud laud was being prepared for 
cotton along the road, which was not planted 
to cotton before the war. With the aid of 
fertilizers good cotton is produced. The coun¬ 
try hail a new look, as if lately cleared, and 
with its fields of green wheat in localities was 
far more attractive than the Georgia country 
It was five P. M. when we passed into North 
Carolina, where the face of the country looked 
still better, indeed, au attractive land to live 
in, and the air was fine. 
The next morulug, after a most uncomfort¬ 
able night, there being not a breath of cool, 
fresh air in the sleeping-car, we awoke in 
Virginia, whirled through Alexandria, 
crossed the Potomac, and saw the old flag on 
the dome of the Capitol with a lb rill of the 
