THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
SEPT 
here, as a considerable quantity is shipped to 
other markets. 
SOURCE OF SUPPLY. 
About 80 per cent, of the hay used in this 
market comes from New York State. The 
counties alone: the Hudson River send vast 
quantities. Many tons are brought by the 
N Y. Central R. R. and the West Shore R 
R. New Jersey and Pennsylvania contribute 
a portion, while the Western States, maiuly 
Ohio, Indiana. Illinois and Michigan, are well 
represented. Hay has been brought here 
from Kansas aud sold at a profit, but as a rule 
such long shipments are not satisfactory. But 
lif tie of the hay from New England and Can¬ 
ada comes here. That goes to Boston. Along 
the Hudson River are many hay farms, 
where the laud is almost entirely given to hay 
culture. Many city dealers deal directly with 
the farmers and retain their customers from 
year to year. Other dealers own tracts of 
land and cut their own hay or hire it cut 
Agents are constantly at work in the hay 
districts bargaining for hay, much as cotton 
is bargained for at the South. 
GRADES AND PRICES. 
The grades commonly known here are 
Timothy choice, Timothy No. 1. No. 2, clover 
mixed, and clover. Prices vary from week to 
week and from mouth to month. The prices 
for the best and the lowest grades for the past 
few years are given below. Prices are given 
for the first of the month, for 100 pounds: 
1887. 
Jan. March. May. Aue. 
Timothy, choice .90 . 80 . 85 . 90 
Clover, mixed .. .70 .60 .60 .60 
1886. 
Jan. Mar. May. Aug. Oct- 
Timothy, choice... .90 . 95 . 92^.85 .85 
Clover, mixed . .80 . 75 . 75 .60 .60 
1S&5. 
Timothy, choice... .90 .95 1.10 1.15 .95 
Clover, mixed.75 .70 . 85 . 80 . 70 
1884. 
Timothy, choice. . .85 . 90 .95 1 10 1 00 
Clever, mixed . .00 . 65 .70 . 75 . 80 
Pure Timothy hay, clear from weeds, cut 
early and well cured, is held in highest es¬ 
teem. and always brings the highest prices. 
Dealers are keen judges, and well cured aud 
neatly baled hay will always command a high¬ 
er price than inferior and carelessly put up 
stock. 
Very little loose hay is ever brought into 
the New York markets. Years ago the larger 
part of the baling and pressing was done here. 
Now the work is done mainly on the farms. 
Hay presses have been perfected in a most 
surprising manner. On the great hay farms 
now a good press is as necessary as a reaper is 
on a wheat farm. The new Dederick pr«*s 
noted in a recent Rural, presses the bay iuto 
wonderfully compact masses. These close 
bales are popular, as storage loom is at a pre 
mium in city stables and warehouses. If loose 
hay could be sold to advautage bere it would 
doubtless command $2 per ton more than the 
baled product. Dealers would be glad to han¬ 
dle it, but it is too bulky. Loose hay can be 
examined carefully. Shippers would be 
obliged to send an even product, because 
detection would be comparatively easy 
if they attempted to mix iti inferior hay. It 
sometimes happens that large stones and 
lumps of clay find their way into bay bales. 
They help out the weight wonderfully. The 
shippers are, of course, greatly surprised when 
told of the contents of their bales. Dealers all 
urge early cutting and careful curing. Early 
cut, well cured bay will always be a cash arti¬ 
cle here, even when the market is crowded. 
City feeders are keen aud careful men. v* hen 
they get a lot of hay that suits them they 
always want more from the same place. Good 
buyers always reject musty, poorly cured and 
colored hay. 
The prospects for this season’s business are 
good. As a rule the hay crop in New York 
State is tine. The Western crop is poor, and 
little hay will be shipped here from points 
west of Pennsylvania. In fact there will be 
a demand for Eastern hay in some parts of 
the West, and it. is more t han probable that be¬ 
fore next spring some New York hay will find 
its way westward. Choice hay will be good 
property. New York will always be the head¬ 
quarters for a large area of hay lands. The 
market is sure to increase in volume. It is 
more than probable that green fodder, ensil¬ 
age and roots will be quoted regularly a few 
years hence. In ti e liugiisb markets routs are 
a standard article of commerce. Some 
of our dealers already handle bundles of green 
rye in the spring aud early summer. The 
handling of compact bales of silage or green 
grass, will be but a step in advance of the 
present methods of doing business. 
CORRESPONDENTS’ VIEWS. 
Some time ago there was in the Rural a 
cut of a milniug stool. It had a table on 
which to set tne bucket, also a part for the 
milker to sit on. This may do for the gentle 
cow in the North and in the States, but out 
here the ordinary broucho cow would sooner 
kick that “thing” over than be milked, and 
cover the milker with the milk he labored so 
hard for. F. d. s. 
Payson. Arizona T. 
R N.-Y,—We have milked cows on the 
plains, that were as gentle a« any in New Eng¬ 
land. If you are going to have a dairy cow 
you can as easily have her gentle as to have 
her as wild as a steer. 
A Heavy Wheat Crop. — I have read of 
some good wheat yields in various sections of 
Uncle Sam’s domain, but have not seen any 
from this part of the world. The best yield 
ever known in this valley "was 81)^ bushels per 
acre, machiue measure. The land was a sandy' 
loam with a heavy clay subsoil. The field had 
been in clover two years. The only imple¬ 
ments used were tbecommor harrow, first, to 
level; next the Acme; then the drill. Nofer¬ 
tilizers ot any kind were used, and the variety 
was the New York Flint. O P. baker. 
Washington Co., Va 
Purchasing Farm Implements. —Here is 
my idea of purchasing farm implements. I 
prefer getting them as near home as I can, 
other things being equal, or nearly so, for 
then I can net repairs more bandy, for time is 
quite an object in the busy seasous. I npver 
buy old traps because they may seem cheap, 
for I find things will get old fast enough even 
when bought new. I never buy 7 what l act¬ 
ually do not need, but I don’t care to borrow, 
preferring to buy if I require to use an imple¬ 
ment more tban once. a. b. mck. 
Braeman, Out. 
The Rural is the best paper of its kind in 
the world, but for one thing—it stops short 
when one’s time expires. H. s T. 
Essex Junctiou. Vermont. 
[R. N.-Y.—We take paius to notify our 
friends two weeks before the ; r subscriptions 
expire. Thewif they do not renew we take it 
for granted they do not care for the paper ] 
Fertilizers in the West. —The Rural 
says that “ Western farmers will soouer or 
later have to eome to the use of commercial 
fertilizers.” I do not object to that statement 
—I will only say r that I am confident that 
wheat averages as much in this county as in 
any previous year. This results from a rota¬ 
tion of crops, clovering, drainage and good 
cultivation. 
Ci awfordsville, Ind. J. a. f. 
[R. N.-Y,—Certainly such judicious treat¬ 
ment of the soil will defer the time when it, 
will need fertility from other sources, by 
using up more of its own available fertility, 
aud rendering more of its latent fertility 
available; but as fertility is being constantly 
removed in the crops, the supply in the soil is 
constantly growing proportionately less, and 
the deficiency must at length be supplied,either 
by 7 returning that removed in the shape of farm 
manure, or by obtaining fertility from other 
sources in the form of commercial fertilizers. 
With the best management,unless the fertili y 
removed Irom the soil or its equivalent is re¬ 
stored to it. the land must become poorer and 
poorer, until it ceases to produce profitable 
crops. So long as it yields paying crops 
without fertilizers of auy kind, it will hardly 7 
pay to apply them unless they are handy and 
cheap. 
No Dog for a Poor Man.— A poor man 
bus no right to keep fro*i one to four dogs—a 
dog to eburu, a dog to bark, a dog to watch 
and a hound. It costs just as much to feed a 
dog as it does a member of the family For 
••burning give me horse power. I cut my wood 
with it also. A dog to bark is a nuisance; a 
wateb dog is needless; ho has nothing to 
guard. A poor man has i?o time to hunt: if 
he does, his business will drive him instead of 
his driving his business, I could never see 
that dogs brought anything in but dirt, and 
they carry a great deal out. 
Whitney’s Point, N. Y. J. n. K. 
Why not Give the Silo a Trial ?—After 
destroying the small grains, the chinch bugs 
commenced on the corn. Some people tried 
to save some of it by cutting it up; while 
others said it wouldn’t pay, as it dried up too 
bad to make good feed. Would uot the silo 
have been just the thing to have saved it iu 
good condition ? Iu case the dreaded grass¬ 
hoppers should come again, could we uot, 
wuh the silo, save at least a part of our 
crops ? 
Stuart, Kansas. E. K. M, 
Hogs in Indiana.— Hogs are one of the 
chief products of the Hoosier State. She 
long produced more hogs to the acre than auy 
other State. The prosperity of our farmers 
is intimately associated with swine, aud they 
ought to know how to breed, feed and care 
for them. The Razor-backs, Plowshares and 
timber breeds have disappeared. Poland- 
Chinas, Berkshires, Chester-Whites and Victo¬ 
rias are here. Poland-Chinas are most numer 
ous, and would be voted king of breeds. They 
fatten for market at an early age, or any age, 
and yield a larger amount of pork to the feed 
consumed than any other. They are vigorous 
and healthy, and as symmetrical and handsome 
as any other, s. w h. 
More Attention to Late Fruits Need¬ 
ed. —There is more profit in late than early 
grapes. They come to market after the ber¬ 
ries have disappeared, and bring high prices. 
If packed with care and stored iu a suitable 
place, they may be kept till the midwinter 
holidays. Late varieties of currants, goose¬ 
berries aud strawberries are greatly desired. 
Strawberries produced very Into iu the sea¬ 
son would command high prices, however 
well the market might be supplied with other 
kinds of fruit. We have enough of early va¬ 
rieties, and it is now time to give attention to 
vegetables aud fruits that ripen late.* 
St. Louis Co., Mo. MRS. h. h. 
THE FLORISTS’ CONVENTION. 
(RURAL SPECIAL REPORT.) 
Faults of postage and tariff; papers read; 
hail iniurance; officers elected; discus 
sion. 
The Society of American Florists held its 
third annual convention in Chicago August 
16th-18th. In additiou to the essays and dis¬ 
cussions promise l, much interesting matter 
was brought up relative to horticulture at 
large. This society is doing much to secure 
united actiou as regards subjects of interest to 
the entire trade, with especial attention to the 
existing evils in mail and express rates on 
plants and flowers, aud also the injustice in 
our most unequal tariff. For example, there 
is no duty on flowering plants, while there is 
a rate of 20 per cent, on Dutch bulbs, import¬ 
ed solely for flowering purposes; and this duty 
does hot protect auy home industry, for we 
do uot grow these bulbs—tulips, hyacinths, 
lilies of the valley and narcissus. So, during 
the corning year a committee appointed by the 
s. A. F. will turn their energies toward a re¬ 
moval or alteration of this tariff. 
The visiting delegates were welcomed to 
Chicago by Mr. J. C. Vaughan, in t he absence 
of the Mayor. President Craig delivered a 
very comprehensive address, wh ch was fol¬ 
lowed by satisfactory reports from the Secre¬ 
tary and Treasurer. The Coinmitte on 
Insecticides detailed the results of their ex¬ 
periments, specially recommending the “Aus 
tralian Wash” as an efficient remedy for the 
rose bug. 
On motion of Mr. Peter Henderson it was 
decided to collect statist ics as to the amouut. 
of glass now in existence for commercial 
purposes, such data to be collected by the 
vice-president for each State. 
Mr. John Thorpe’s paper on “Hybridiz¬ 
ation,” was listened to with much interest, 
aud keenly discussed. A distinguished visitor. 
Mr, Henry Bennett, the noted rusarian of 
Shepperton, England, took part in the dis¬ 
cussion. He is the originator of the famous 
rose, “Wm Francis Benueit.” The papers 
on “Business Methods,” by F. R. Pierson, of 
Tarry town, and “Fungoid Diseases,” by C. 
L. Allen, of Garden City, were omitted 
through the absence of the writers. E. G. 
Hill, of Richmond, Ind., read an essay on 
“Summer Propagation of Roses, and a List 
of the Best Varieties for Out-Door Purposes,” 
giving much practical information, both from 
a trade and amateur standpoint. Charles 
Anderson of Flushing, read what may be 
considered a companion paper, “Roses on 
Stocks for Winter Forcing.” 
Ernest Asmus, of West Hoboken, gave a 
practical talk on “Forcing Bulbs and Tubers,” 
which was well discussed. H. A. Siebrecht 
read a paper on the orchids he knows so well, 
which awakened the usual bright little de¬ 
bate. Jackson Dawson, Curator of the Ar¬ 
nold Arboretum, sent a clever paper on 
“Forcing Hardy Shrubs,” whi h, iu his ab¬ 
sence, was read by W. J. Smart. Several 
expected essays were omitted through the ab¬ 
sence of the authors, so that some changes were 
made in the prearranged programme. The 
report of the Committee on Huil was re¬ 
ceived with a good d< al of interest. This 
committee has succeeded in establishing 
the vexed matter of hail insurance on a firm 
basis, and the action of one of our great nur¬ 
serymen, in insuring 10UJHJ0 feet of glass, 
shows a practical belief iu the working of the 
system, which is that of a mutual benefit soci¬ 
ety. The discussion on hail insurance was 
one of the most amusing debates of the con¬ 
vention, so uiuuy diverse opinions are held on 
the subject. 
There were the usual discussions about 
heating aparatus, steam and water, coal and 
natural gas. It seems impossible to reconcile 
opinions on these points. The editor of a hor¬ 
ticultural paper always shivers when he sees 
a manuscript bearing on the subject. 
The officers elected for the ensuing year are 
as follows: President. E. G. Hill ; Vice-Presi¬ 
dent, J. W. May ; Treasurer, M, H. Hunt; 
Secretary, W, J. Stewart. 
The exhibition, held in the lower hall of the 
meeting place, the Fifth Regiment. Armory, 
was taken up by the dealers iu florists’ sup¬ 
plies. There was a whole aviary of doves iu 
' arious attitudes, and an infinity of baskets 
and designs There were a great many im¬ 
mortelle designs, most of them extremely 
painful to the eye. aud some odd natural petri¬ 
factions or rather, tufa incrustations from 
Castalia Springs, for use in rock-work. 
The only living flowers were a few orchids 
from Siebrecht and Wadley, and some fine 
gladioli from James Vick and Samuel C. 
Moon. Various appliauces aud new inven¬ 
tions were also shown. 
The delegates numbered about 500, aud re¬ 
presented all quarters of the country. They 
were very pleasantly entertained, some drives 
about the magnificent parks being especially 
charming 
Next year the society will meet in New 
York, where the Eastern florists inteud to 
offer some return for the hospitality of their 
Western brethren. 
Emily Louise Taplin. 
farm CfffitomM. 
A PICKLE FACTORY. 
For some years a vinegar aud pickle com¬ 
pany has been establed at Highland, Michw 
gau. Its success has been quite remarkable* 
and is useful as showing how pluck aud enter¬ 
prise can develop an industry. Before the 
factory started not over a dozen barrels of 
cucumbers were raised in the place. Now 
this factory has a capacity of 15,000 barrels 
per year. Contracts are made with the sur¬ 
rounding farmers for enough acreage to sup¬ 
ply this quantity. 
The farmers agree to devote a certain space 
of land to cucumbers. The factory people 
agi’ee to take all that are raised, at a stated 
price per bushel. No one thinks of giving the 
entire farm to cucumber raising, though some 
farmers give 20 acres to the business. The 
usual price paid is 45 cents per bushel. The 
cucumbers are weighed, calling 54 pounds a 
bushel. Daily pickings are made, and the 
cucumbers are brought to the factory as 
soon as possible after (ticking. 
The Improved White Spine variety is mostly 
used. The factory people buy the seed, in 
large quantities from seedsmen. It would 
probably pay them to grow their own seed, or 
even to experiment at producing new varieties. 
When brought to the factory the cucumbers 
are at once placed in largo tanks holding 
about 850 bushels each. Strong brine is 
poured over them and they stand in it six 
weeks. They are then sorted aud placed in 
strong vinegar in such sized packages as the 
trade demands This enterprise has been a 
help to farmers and packers alike. The farm¬ 
ers have been able to add a new cash crop to 
their list. Most of the pickling is done after 
harvest. The yield this season has not been 
up to the average: still prices promise to be 
fair, and all are hopeful. e. b. w. 
Caw. 
11 Every Man is presumed to know the Laiv. 
Nine-tenths of all Litigation arises from Ig¬ 
norance of La w." 
RECENT DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO 
FARMERS. 
Agreement to Sell Houses —The Cali¬ 
fornia law provides that the sale of personal 
property to the value of $200 or more is inva¬ 
lid unless reduced to writing or unless there is 
a partial delivery and acceptanco of goods 
purchased oi unless a part of the purchase 
money is paid. Where a lot of horses were 
sold for a sum greater than $200, and there 
was no written agreement, and uo payment 
was made by the purchaser, and noue of the 
horses were delivered, the contract is within 
the statute, and void.—Teruey v. Doten, Cal. 
Trespassing Animals.— When animals arc 
trespassing on the property of another person, 
the latter is not justified in using any more 
than ordinary force iu driving them off. If 
he willfully kills or injures them he is liable 
for damages. His recourse is to sue the own¬ 
er of the trespassing animals for damages. 
Where a horse was trespassing upon an iu- 
closuro the owner of the latter drove him 
upon a wire fence whereby he was killed. In 
