THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
that the breed, according to the best accounts, 
became extinct. 
The question of the antiquity of the breed 
is important chiefly as relates to fixedness 
of type when male ami female of the breed are 
bred together, and to the prepotency of the 
males or their power of transmitting their spe¬ 
cial characteristics to their offspring, when 
crossed on other sorts. The more pure and 
ancient the breed, the more marked is this 
property. 
About ten years ago a demand arose for the 
old style of horses for light railroad vans, 
omnibuses, heavy express wagons and other 
purposes where size, strength and quick 
movement are desirable. The Yorkshire 
breeders were thus stimulated to hunt up 
what remained of the once popular blood, the 
great foreign demand and high prices for 
Clydesdales spurring them on to work. Doubt¬ 
less there remained in Yorkshire many horses 
with most of the characteristics and much of 
the blood of the old breed, and, of course, the 
same course of breeding which formed the 
original breed could build up a new one of the 
same type, or resuscitate the old one. Ac¬ 
cordingly a Cleveland Bay Society was or¬ 
ganized over three years ago in England, and 
a stud book was issued a year later. 
The modern Cleveland Bays, whatever their 
origin, appear to have more Thoroughbred 
blood in them than the old kind; but they 
combine large development of bone and mus¬ 
cle and sinew with good size, action and en¬ 
durance. A strong loin, short back, long 
quarters and excellent feet adapt them to 
rapid work on hard roads. They stand from 
lfi to 17 hands high, and weigh from 1,200 to 
1,500 pounds. They get their name from 
their uniform rich bay color, and the fact that 
they originated in the Cleveland district, 
Yorkshire. They are kind and pleasaot in 
disposition, possess great endurance, travel 
fast under heavy loads, or a light wagon or 
carriage. They are, however, essentially 
coach or can iage horses, their style and action 
admirably fitting them for this purpose. Ex¬ 
cellent results have also been obtained by 
crossing Cleveland Bay stallions on the stout¬ 
est and choicest of our common mares. 
Whenever sires or dams ai’e wanted for pro¬ 
ducing carriage horses the Cleveland Bay will 
answer well. Considerable importations of 
the breed have been made of late years, es¬ 
pecially to the West, and wherever they are 
known, they are highly esteemed. A Cleve¬ 
land Bay Breeders’ Association has lately been 
formed of which Mr. K. P. Stericker, of 
Springfield, Illinois, is the Secretary, and a 
stud book has been started under his charge. 
Galbraith Bros., Janesville, Wis.: George 
Warren & Son, Fox Lake, Wis ; Rix Good- 
enough, Topeka, Kansas; CapC. W. Jordan, 
Iowa City, la.; W. M. Fields & Bro., Cedar 
Falls, la ; George E, Brown & Co., Aurora, 
Ill., and Stericker Brothers, Springfield, Ill., 
offer Cleveland Bays for sale. 
ABOUT WOOD ASHES. 
.7. M. IV’., St. Mary's, Fa. —t. How should 
wood bo completely burned for ashes ? 2. 
What percentage of ashes is there in beech 
wood; and what are the constituents of the 
ashes ? 3. Can spent oak tan-bark be profit¬ 
ably used on the farm ? 4. Is the-live 
stock insurance association reliable ? 
Ans.— 1. Ashesare better in quality by being 
burned in a slow (ire. An intense heat vola¬ 
tilizes a portion of the ash substance, which is 
lost, and the potash is calcined aud often 
melted Into solid lumps which make the ap¬ 
plication of the ashes to the land uneven. A 
good method of burning wood for ashes is to 
choose a bank and start a log heap at the 
bottom, and ns it burns down, more logs are 
rolled down the slope and the heap is built up 
again. Thus a large quantity of ashes is 
gathered iu one place aud is handled more 
easily. 2. Beech wood contain* about one-half 
of one per cent, of ash, and a cord of dry 
wood weighs, at the specific gravity of 00, 
which is about 48 pounds to the cubic foot 
0,144 pounds; hence a cord of beech wood 
will yield 110 pounds of ashes, or three-fourths 
of a bushel by measure. The bark of beech 
affords nearly 10 por cent, of ash. The ash of 
beech wood contains in the stem, 10.1 per 
cent, of potash; iu the branches 15.2 percent., 
and the brush wood 14.1 percent., the bark- 
ash containing 117 per cent,, so that of the 
whole tree a fair estimate would he about 15% 
per cent, of potash, Other constituents (aver¬ 
age of the w hole tree), are lime, 50 percent.; 
phosphoric acid about 8 per cent.; magnesia, 
12 per cent.; soda, 2’., per cent.; remainder 
being sulphuric acid, silica and a very little 
chlorine. 3. Spout oak tan-bark is most valu¬ 
able for the phosphoric acid in it, which is 
equal to about six por cent. (O ’., per cent, in 
the fresh unleached bark), and from about 
five to eight per cent, of potash iu the dried 
substance, in the leaching of the bark quite 
half of the potash aud phosphoric acid is lost. 
4. Wo cannot speak particularly of the asso¬ 
ciation named, but for the greater 'part live 
stock insurance has always been a failure. 
AN OLD WHEAT UNDER A NEW NAME. 
G. W. MrG.. Dulin , W. V.— A late Rural 
intimated that Martin’s Amber, Armstrong 
and Landretb wheats are identical. I wanted 
some of the Amber, but it would cost me here 
$5 a bushel, and if it is an old kind under a 
new name, I dont want it. Fultz has “run 
out” here; what variety will be likely to suc¬ 
ceed ? 
Ans. —Martin’s Amber is the same as Land- 
reth or Armstrong. Armstrong is the prop¬ 
er name by priority. The Rural has grown 
it for 12 years, and side by side with the Mar¬ 
tin’s Amber, no difference can be noted. But 
we do not think you can do better than to try 
this wheat. Try it in a small way. Try Vel¬ 
vet Chaff and Diehl-Mediterranean, also in a 
small way. Either ought not to cost over 
*1.50 per bushel, 
RAISING GRAPE SEEDLINGS. 
G. H.W., Naples, N. Y .—How can I raise 
grape seedlings? Should they he put in the 
ground, and the frost be allowed to work on 
them? 
Ans.—A good way is to plant the seeds in 
pots or boxes, just as soon as they are taken 
from the grape. Some will sprout in a 
month; others in two or three months. Near¬ 
ly all will sprout before spring. As soon as 
the seedlings show the third leaves, transplant 
them to small pots and thump out in the open 
soil in May where the seedlings are to grow. 
Another way is to sow the seeds in drills this 
fall in the open ground. Another way is to 
put the seeds in boxes of sand, bury the boxes 
a foot deep in a well-drained place, aud sow in 
the spring. There is no secret or trouble 
about raising vines from seeds. 
PINK GERANIUMS. 
G. IF. McD^ Wirt Co.. W. \'a .—Is the pink 
geranium, Master Cristiue, a dwarf grow¬ 
er, and does it have two white spots on each 
flower. 1 want a good pink for bedding; will 
you name the best single aud double of that 
color? 
Ans.— Master Christine is a dwarf grower, 
and has two white spots ou the two upper pet¬ 
als, in fact all pink geraniums have a white 
spot on each top petal, though in some vari¬ 
eties the marking is not so conspicuous as 
in others. Master Cristiue is au excelleut 
bedding kind, but for pot culture it is eclipsed 
by Koenig Olga, Eurydice, Mrs. Robertson 
and Olive Carr. The best double piuk gera 
niums—and they are all beautiful—are in the 
order named: Mary Hill, Emile Gerardiu, W. 
Inezidi, Surpasse le Nain.and Ed. Andre 5 . 
WHEN SILAGE IS KIT TO FEED. 
W. P. C\, Augusta, Ga .—My silo is 15x45 
feet 10% feet deep, and is in three compart¬ 
ments, 15x15 feet each. I finished filling 
August 11. The heat got up to about 125 u ami 
is now r about 90’ 3 . When can l begin to use 
silage? In all the accounts I have failed 
to find any information as to when it should 
be ready for feeding. 
ANSSVERED BY JOHN GOULD. 
Whenever the silage gets cooled down, it is 
ready to feed. Presumably by the time this 
roaches our inquirer the temperature of his 
silage will hir e fallen about 10“ more, and if 
it acts in the South ns it docs iu the North, it 
will remain at about SOS The chemical 
change—whatever it is—is not complete until 
a stationary temperature is reached, and then 
it is “cooked,” and is ready to feed. 1 would 
suggest that W. P. C. take the cover all off 
from oue of the compartments when ho gets 
ready to feed the silage.aud remove the silage 
uniformly from the entire surface, keeping 
it its level as practicable. If kept level, there 
is no chance for the air to get at the silage 
and start a fresh increase of temperature as 
the gas that has formed has driven out the 
air, and this is what bus caused the fall in 
temperature. It might be a wise precaution 
to have an old tarpaulin to spread over the 
surface of the silage when feeding it out, to 
prevent any influence from the outside air, 
which might in that latitude have au effect 
different from that of beiow-zero weather of 
the North. 
Mlsoeimueoua, 
B. B., Farmingdale, ill. —I want an imple¬ 
ment that cuts shallow, three or four feet w ide, 
to cultivate between blackberry and raspberry 
rows. It must cut the old dead brush which I 
pull into the middles, without choking, and 
also the standing sprouts in the middle. It 
must lie. low enough to run dose to the stand¬ 
ing canes without dragging the bushy part 
above. The power must be cither a single 
heavy horse or two horses—one ahead of the 
other. What shall it bo ? 3. Why is it that 
in killing flies iu a closed room with pyreth- 
rutn, there are always some left apparently 
unharmed, uo matter how thickly the powder 
may be blown ? 
Ans. —We cannot answer the first question. 
Perhaps some of our readers may suggest a 
suitable implement. 3. As to the effects of 
pyretbrum, it may be said that in using it 
upon flies, as indeed upon other insects, there 
are generally some that escape the dust and 
some that are less susceptible to its influence 
than others. This we have noticed repeated¬ 
ly in our experiments with potato beetles, po¬ 
tato gruhs, cabbage worms, etc., in tin cans. 
Though all are treated alike, some recover. 
C. P. F., East Pans Mich. —A six-year-old 
cow dropped her calf four days ago; 
but gives no milk; before this she 
has been a good milch cow dried up 
with difficulty. She is in good order, has a 
good appetite, and is seemingly all right ex¬ 
cept as to her milk. What is the matter, 
aud how should she be treated ? 
Ans. —The only cause we can suggest is 
that the cow may have dropped the calf a 
little prematurely before the milk had time to 
come. Probably the only treatment neces¬ 
sary to bring the milk in a few days, is strip¬ 
ping the udder two or three times daily for 20 
or 30 minutes, or allowing a hungry calf to 
suck. Either should stimulate the gland, and 
hasten the flow of milk. 
F. IF., Neenok, Wis. —What is the differ¬ 
ence between the Small Yorkshire and Suffolk 
breeds of hogs ? 
Ans. —The Yorkshires and the Suffolks are 
both founded on the Yorksbire-Cumberland 
stock. Some 25 years ago Sidney, an English 
authority on swine, said “ the Suffollk is only 
another name fora Small Yorkshire pig.” The 
Suffolks of this country, introduced from 
England, are no doubt the same as the Middle 
Yorkshire, being somewhat larger than the 
Small Yorkshire, but of the same origin. Like 
the Yorkshire, the Suffolk here is a white 
animal, but the English Suffolk pig of to-day 
is uniformly black and very much like the 
Essex. The Small Yorkshires have short 
heads, short, dished faces or suouts, short, 
thick jowls, long, heavy, deep bodies, short 
legs and very flue bone. The same descrip¬ 
tion would answer for the Suffolks, but they 
are somewhat larger. 
G. , Queens Co. —Is it possible to make any 
kind of grass, that will make a descent lawn, 
grow under ordinary forest trees—chestnut, 
oak, etc. ? A great number of persons from 
the city have tried in vain to preserve the for 
est trees and at the same time have a nice 
lawn? 
Ans. —We know of no Nortbern'grass better 
than June Grass for a lawn under growing 
trees. The thinuer the trees aud the higher 
they are trimmed the better for the grass. 
An unusual supply of good fertilizer and 
plenty of water where it is practicable to sup¬ 
ply it. will help the grass. 
B., Windham. T7.—1. Will cabbages do well 
the next year after turnips? 2. What is the 
best method of destroying the green cabbage 
worm? 3. At what stage of its growth should 
fodder-oora be cut, to be the most valuable to 
cure for winter feeding? 4. Will different va¬ 
rieties of beans or peas “ mix” when planted 
near each other? 
Ans.— 1. Yes. 3. There is uothing better 
than Buhaeb. Thomas Woodason, of Chica¬ 
go, 111., sells a mixture fora less price. So 
does James Vick, of Rochester, N. Y. 8. 
Just before the leaves begin to dry up. 4. 
Beans will, and peas will not “mix.” 
DISCUSSION. 
SEEDING WHEAT. 
S. W. H,, Pendleton, Indiana.— We for¬ 
merly prepared our lands for wheat iu the 
elaborate way recommended by Waldo F. 
Brown, in a late Rural New-Yorker. In 
the last few years we have adopted a better 
plan, which is to sow between tha corn rows, 
with one-horse drills. Some use a drill of five 
hoes and go once in the row. Others use a 
drill of three hoes, and go twice in a row, and 
the work is done. Experience has proved this 
method as good as any in this State. The sav¬ 
ing of labor is a considerable item, as one man 
and a horse can seed three to five acres a day. 
Good authority says two-thirds or more of 
the wheat is now seeded in this manner, ami 
the yield will average better than on land 
plowed, harrowed, rolled and rubbed, as some 
are disposed to treat it. The shade in autumn 
and the protection afforded by the corn-stalks 
in winter, as well as a greater freedom from 
insect enemies, are additional considerations. 
This method also gives the farmer aud his help 
leisure to attend the fairs and to read and 
study, and write for the papers, which many 
are begiuning to prize as among the require¬ 
ments of the profession. The census of 1880 
reports the wheat crop of ludiana at 47% nul- 
liou bushels, and 875,580 bushels us the crop 
of Madison county. I think the yield in this 
county in 1887 is as large. The corn crop of 
thecouuty was then2.106,000 bushels Owing 
to drought it will probably fall 1,000,000 bush¬ 
els short of that amount this year. 
PRECAUTIONS WITH BULLS. 
R. H. S., Newark, N. J.—What does Mr. 
A. B. Allen mean by his article on the treat¬ 
ment of bulls in the Rural of September 24? 
If my memory holds good, the article to which 
he objects, advised stock-owners never -to 
trust a bull, however kindly his treatment 
may have been. It urged that one should al¬ 
ways be on his guard with a bull, even if it 
has been a pet; that it should never be led 
about except at the end of a staff. Wasn’t 
this good advice? Some French author cynic¬ 
ally advises that one should always treat one’s 
friends as if they were one day sure to become 
his enemies; isn’t this the very best policy with 
a bull, whatever it may be with a human being? 
I for one certainly think it is a “folly aud a 
crime” to risk precious life to the tenderness 
or forbearance of even a pet bull. It is the 
trusted bulls that do most of the mischief; the 
distrusted bulls are seldom given a chance to 
do any. I am surprised that so experienced 
and careful a writer as Mr. Allen should say a 
single word that might, induce anybody to be 
even a little more careless, or rather, a little 
less careful in handling hulls, The single case 
he mentions—that of Thomas Bates and Short- 
tail—is a forcible example of the great need 
of care in dealing with bulls. Had not the 
great Short,-horn breeder possessed great pres¬ 
ence of mind and coolness, he would doubtless 
have been gored to death or severely injured 
by his pet bulL What cousolation would it 
have been to him sorely damaged, or to his 
friends if he were dead, to kuow that the 
beast had gored and tossed him, not from a 
treacherous disposition, but from “playful 
wautouuess”? There is not, one man in ten 
who would have shown the self-possession 
shown by Mr. Bates, and there isn’t one bull 
out of 30 that would have acted as did Short- 
tail. Mr. Bates ought to have thanked his stars 
for his preservation; and ever afterwards 
taken all possible precautions against injury 
even from his pet Short-tail. 
[R. N. Y.—We certainty agree with R. H. S. 
The writer of this, a few years ago, was cross¬ 
ing a field when the Rural's Jersey Bull ‘Sam” 
started for him from a distant part of the field. 
We managed to get over the fence wheu the 
bull was within a few feet. A few months 
after, this same bull attacked our farm inauag- 
er, aud would have killed him but for timely 
aid. We say emphatically: Never trust a bull 
though seemingly as gentle as a lamb ] 
THE SEASONS. 
winter, j .. —Life. 
