388 
JUNE 9 
corn-meal and bran, the milk has returned a 
value of about two cents per gallon or one- 
fourth'cent'perjjound. This estimate we think 
scarcely equal to the actual value for the 
reason that in feeding milk with the meal, the 
latter is more perfectly digested and conse¬ 
quently makes more meat. The value given 
to the meal is therefore enhanced at the ex¬ 
pense of the milk, so that if the milk can be 
bought at anything less than two cents per 
gallon, pork can be made at a profit at five 
cents a pound. In some experiments made at 
the Massachusetts College, 3613^ pounds of 
corn meal with 208 gallons of skimmed milk 
made 169X pounds of pork; and in six separ¬ 
ate experiments 2,250 pounds of corn meal 
with 1.533 gallons of skimmed milk made 
990pounds of dressed weight of pork, giving 
a profit of nearly 1 %cent per pound. If bran 
should be added to the corn-meal in equal 
proportions at a cost of $15 per ton (which is 
cheaper than corn at 35 cents a bushel) the 
profit might be a little more. The butter¬ 
milk should not be mixed with the washings 
of the churn or its value will be decreased. 
GRAIN FEED FOR MILK COWS. 
F. W. S. Denton , Mich. —With bran at $14 
to $16 per ton; oa f s 35c. per bushel, and corn 
in the ear, 25c. to 30c., which is the cheapest 
of the three as feed for cows at pasture,cream 
being the object sought? What is the best 
grain feed without regard to cost? 
A NS —At the prices mentioned cats are 
much the dearest feed. Oats contain only 66 
per cent, of kernel; 34 per cent, is made up of 
husks which contain very little nutriment. As 
compared with bran at $15 per ton, oats are 
worth for feeding no more than 20 cents for a 
bushel of 32 pounds; while corn in the ear at 28 
cents per bushel is worth 25 per cent, more 
than oats at 16 cents a bushel, so that at the 
usual prices of oats, this grain is the dearest of 
all feeds. A mixture of corn and bran in 
equal parts, finely ground, is the best feed for 
the production of butter, as it induces a very 
good flavor, firm texture and good color in 
the butter. When any one is feeding 10 or 
more cows it will pay to grind the corn. A 
machine can be procured that will grind the 
whole ear with the hu c k, and this is especially 
useful for this purpose. 
OLD AND NEW PROCESS OF ENSILAGE. 
F. O. C., Washington, Kan. —What was the 
old process of ensilage, and how did it differ 
from the new? 
Ans. —This question is pretty well answered 
by Henry Stewart on page 300 of our Ensilage 
Special. When silage was first made it was 
supposed that the silo must be filled as rapid¬ 
ly as possible and covered at once. As Mr. 
Stewart explains, this produced a strong acid 
formation. Now the silo is filled slowly, aud 
the silage is permitted to heat from day to 
day, aud this heat is so intense that fermenta¬ 
tion is checked. It is not unlike the process 
of heating wine and cider to keep them sweet 
after they are bottled. It may be said that 
the mam difference between the old and the 
new process is that in one case the silo was 
filled as rapidly as possible, while in the other 
there.is no desire to burry the filling. 
Miscellaneous 
S. IT., Rock Hall , Md —1. A peach tree in 
my orchard is full of young fruit and has 
borne regularly for 18 years. The leaves for 
several seasons, have had the appearance of 
the specimens inclosed. Is it due to frosts 
or insects? 2. How and wbeu should grapes 
be bagged? What should be the size of the 
bags? Will bagging in time prevent the rav¬ 
ages of the rose-bug? Is pyrethrum or Bu- 
bach a preventive? 3. Is an index to the Rural 
published each year? 
Ans. —1. The injury to the leaf seems to be 
caused by an insect; but the effect is new to 
us and we cannot guess at the insect. 2. You 
may bag grapes as soon as the racemes are in 
blossom or later. We prefer to bag them 
when the berries are the size of small peas. A 
bag six or seven by four or five inches is large 
enough. The thing is to have the bag large 
enough to hold, without much pressure, the 
mature bunch. Make slits for the cane aud 
stem of the bunch, pinning one top lap over 
the other. It is best to cut a little hole in the 
lowermost end of the bag to provide for the 
egress of water. Yes, rose-bugs do not, can¬ 
not molest grapes properly bagged. We find 
that Bubaeli or pyrethrum powder—two table¬ 
spoonfuls to two gallons of water—kills the 
rose-bug. 3. Yes, a very complete index. 
T. H. J., Brokline, Mass. —What would be 
best to sow with peas for stock feed. Oats do 
not seem strong enough to hold them up; 
would rape answer better for the purpose? 
Ans. —There is nothing better than oats to 
sow with peas. A strong-growing sort should 
be chosen, as Black Tartarian and Welcome 
Oats, which have a stiff straw, aud 2^£ bushels 
should be sown per acre with 1)^ bushel of 
peas. These proportions will secure support 
for the peas. Rape has a soft, weak stern, and 
would not do for the purpose at all. 
THE BUBAL fJEW-WBKEH. 
F. W. H., Warren, Wis .—Where orchards 
stand in grass, would it be safe to cut the 
grass, to be fed to horses and cattle, two weeks 
after spraying the trees with a solution of 
three ounces of Paris-green in 40 gallons of 
water? How soon after this spraying of the 
trees would it be safe to turn in sheep? 
Ans. —We should not care to turn in cattle 
or cut the grass until after several rains. 
O. S. S., Middleburg, Pa .—My colt, drop¬ 
ped May 8, has a lump about the size of a 
small egg on each side of the wind-pipe. They 
are loose between the skin and the throat. 
How can they be removed? 
Ans —If the swellings do not soon begin to 
go down of themselves, apply the compound 
tincture of iodine, once a week at first, then 
two or three times a week. There is no dan¬ 
ger of taking the hair off unless you should 
blister quite severely by a too free or too fre¬ 
quent application of the iodine. Omit its use 
for a week or two if the skin becomes slightly 
blistered. Report condition in three months. 
W. M. K., Anacosta, La .—My currant 
bushes are full of worms. The same pests have 
attacked my gooseberries, and are stripping 
the bushes of leaves. If I sprinkle them with 
white hellebore will it be dangerous to use the 
currants and gooseberries for table use? My 
bushes are hanging full of large.fruit. Goose¬ 
berries will soon be fit to use. 
Ans. —No, it will not be dangerous in the 
least. 
S. McD., Green, Iowa .—We believe the tu¬ 
ition at Harvard is $250 per year; but arrange¬ 
ments are made whereby some students take 
advantage of various donations to lessen this 
cost considerably. This, of course, does not 
include living expenses, cost of books, etc. 
C. R. M., Dunmore , W. Va .—Is there any 
market for the root of wild hellebore? 
Ans. —No. Druggists say they do not buy 
it. 
DISCUSSION. 
PRIORITY IN THE DISCOVERY OF ARSENICAL 
SOLUTIONS FOR THE CODDLING MOTH. 
B. B., Farmingdale. III.—In the issue 
of May 19 the Rural gives to Mr. J. S. 
Woodward the credit for having been the 
first to advise the use of arsenical spray as a 
remedy for the coddling moth. The follow¬ 
ing extract from proceedings of the Iowa 
Horticultural Society shows that the late Mr. 
Nixon, of Iowa, recommended it in 1882, and 
had used it before that date. In the report 
Mr. Nixon says: “In the spring of ’?4 we 
found canker worms spread over about 30 
acres of our orchard. We wrote to Professor 
Riley to know if it would not do to dissolve 
arsenic, by boiling, and sprinkle the trees with 
it. He advised me to buy Paris green, which 
I did, and failed on account of the adultera¬ 
tion of the Paris-green with pulverized bary¬ 
ta, which stopped the orifices in the sprinkler, 
and also from the fact that the Paris-green 
was heavier than the water and settled rap¬ 
idly to the bottom, rendering the solution too 
weak at the top of the barrel to kill the insects, 
and sufficiently strong at the bottom to kill 
the fruit and foliage. The next season we 
used the arsenic solution as we had at first 
intended, and made a clean sweep, not only 
of the canker-worm, but also of the tent cat¬ 
erpillar and buculatrix. We did not think of 
the coddling moth at that time, but at apple 
picking we were not able to find a single 
wormy apple in the corner of the orchard bor¬ 
dering close to an old orchard where they had 
previously had a considerable foothold. I 
consider the arsenic solution as complete a 
remedy for the coddling moth as for the can¬ 
ker-worm. When the apples are from the size 
of a bird-shot to the size of a pea, if the or¬ 
chard is carefully sprinkled with arsenic water 
at the rate of one pound of white arsenic to 
200 gallons of water, it will not leave a canker- 
worm, coddliug-worm, tent caterpillar, or bu¬ 
culatrix in the orchard.” 
R. N.-Y.—Mr. Woodward informs us that 
he reported success with this spraying in 1865. 
An orchard was infested witn canker-worms 
and the spraying was destgued to kill them. 
It did more than this aud destroyed the 
coddliDg moth. Mr. W. says that when he 
first reported this experiment he was well 
laughed at. 
PURE WHITE ARSENIC SOLUTION AS AN IN¬ 
SECTICIDE. 
Prof. J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa.— -I have 
just laid down the Rural New-Yorker of 
May 19, aud have been musing on this query: 
“Why do the entomologists combine in re¬ 
commending Paris-green and London-purple 
and wholly leave out the possible use of pure 
white arsenic in known solution?” So far as 
1 know, the first man in the United States to 
market car-loads of apples free from all traces 
ot the coddling moth was the late Hon. John 
N. Dixon, of Oskaloosa, Iowa. The insecti¬ 
cide he used was a weak solution of pure 
white arsenic—one poupd of arsenic to 200 
gallons of water. To the time of his death he 
believed this the surest and safest for use in 
poisoning all leaf-eating insects, and many 
Western men (including the writer) yet hold 
to this possible heresy. I have used Paris- 
green for 20 years when I wished to avoid the 
trouble of diluting the arsenic for small jobs, 
and I think the first London-purple ever sent 
to this country was used on the Iowa College 
Farm by Dr. C. E. Bessey anu the writer. 
Frequently both of these arsenites are handy 
for use, and beyond all doubt they are effec¬ 
tual, but for orchard spraying on a large 
scale we have known nothing that equals the 
pure arsenic water of known strength. 
R. N.-Y.—White arsenic has been frequent¬ 
ly mentioned in the Rural, but most of our 
correspondents have advised against its use 
for the reason that it has no destinctive color, 
and is, therefore, likely to be taken for eatable 
substances. In the issue of the Rural refer¬ 
red to by Prof Budd, Mr. Goff has the follow¬ 
ing: 
“The common white arsenic of the drug 
stores is by far the cheapest and most conven¬ 
ient of the arsenites, and it would probably 
supplant all others but for thefaH that it 
bears so close a resemblance to several of the 
compounds used in cooking, that it cannot be 
prudently kept in the house. But why do not 
some of our astute friends find a wav of color¬ 
ing this poison, so that it could not be mistak¬ 
en for anything else?” 
WIRE FOR PEA TRELLISES. 
G. F. A., Memphis, Tenn.—I noticed that 
A. R. IS., Littleton, N. H., in a late Rural, 
asks some information about wire as a trellis 
for peas. 1 tried the experiment this year, 
and like it remarkably well. I used No. 19 
galvanized wire, but it cost me 17 cents per 
pound. As it was an experiment, I tried it on 
a row 60 feet long. At each end of the row I 
drove in a post (2x2 inches) deep enough to 
support it. About three feet from each post I 
drove in a stub, and thpn fitted in a brace. At 
the back of the post I drove in three nails, 
the first one near the top, and the others 
three inches apart. The posts were two feet 
out of the ground. I then ran the wire pass¬ 
ing it under the nails. To keep it in place I 
passed laths through the wire at intervals of 
about 10 feet, driving them about six or eight 
inches in the ground. At the end of the sea¬ 
son I removed the vines first, and then took off 
the wire on a reel. In this section early peas 
are raised very extensively, and are shipped 
principally to Cincinnati. As the bottom 
abounds with cane, it is used for “sticking” 
peas. But getting “sticks,” and removing and 
getting them out of the way is very trouble¬ 
some work, which uses up so much time that 
I have been trying for something better. One 
year I tried shoemaker’s flax, which proved 
to be excellent; but as I lost my flax the first 
year it proved to be too costly. If I could 
find a twine that would last two or three 
years, I would prefer it. The flax suggested 
the wire, which is far better than cane, and if 
it could be handled like twine, I would wish 
for nothing better. But with patience and a 
reel it will work very well. I have removed 
my vines and set out tomatoes under the wires 
to which they will be trained. The wire is 
costly at first, but it will last for years, save a 
great deal of time and trouble where used for 
sticking, and then it can be made to serve a 
double purpose. 
CURE FOR SORE EYES IN HORSES, CATTLE AND 
SHEEP. 
J. T., Rome, N. Y.—I notice what J. G. of 
West Lebanon, N. Y. says in a late Rural 
about sore eyes in his horse. If the horse 
were mine, I would wash the eyes with warm 
water, no soap, and then turn his head to one 
side by the help of an assistant and put a few 
drops of pure strained honey in each eye 
morning, noon and night. I never yet had on 
my farm a sore eye from any cause either in 
horse, ox or sheep, that this treatment did not 
cure in a short time. I have had severe cases 
in sheep where they went perfectly blind, the 
eyes being as white as the white of an egg. but 
the honey cured every case. My cattle have 
also had films grown over eyes that were per¬ 
fectly sightless, but I have never had one that 
the honey treatment did not cure, removing 
all films aud sorenesss. 
J. M. D., Ithaca, N. Y.— I was much in¬ 
terested in the article on page 354 of the Ru¬ 
ral regarding the positions of graduates 
from the Michigan Agricultural College. Pos¬ 
sibly readers of the Rural may be interested 
in a like list from Cornell. The inclosed is a 
list taken from the report of the committee on 
the reorganization of the Experiment Station. 
R. N.-Y.—The list gives the names of 32 
graduates of Cornell who are filling import¬ 
ant positions in the agricultural colleges and 
experiment stations throughout the country. 
Profs. Henry, Lazenby, Comstock, Trelease, 
Arthur, Dr. Salmon and others equally promi¬ 
nent in agricultural work are from Cornell. 
It seems as though every graduate at the 
agricultural department at Cornell is a pick¬ 
ed man. 
Wtrtnmi’g XPork. 
CONDUCTED BY EMILY LOUISE TAPLIN. 
CHAT BY THE WAY. 
A dvice as to the proprieties of letter-writ¬ 
ing may seem unnecessary to many; 
yet we so often see deploiable mistakes made 
by persons of more than average education, 
not in spelling only, though manifold are the 
errors in this direction. As a rule, the words 
spelled incorrectly are simple ones, because 
people are opt to be more careful with those 
more difficult. In some cases it seems im¬ 
possible to spell certain words, no matter how 
often they are studied. Bad spelling is not a 
crime, but it is a habit to be avoided. And 
next in importance to spelling is punctuation, 
a matter in which our sex is lamentably de¬ 
ficient. Too many women never use any 
mark of punctuation, except the dash, and 
the result is most confusing. 
* * * 
Next to spelling and punctuation comes the 
form of inditing. Of course, the address and 
date must be put in full at the upper right- 
hand corner of the page; this seems needless 
advice too, and yet many neglect it. A slight 
margin should be allowed down the left side. 
In writing business letters, it is always prefer¬ 
able to observe the same rule as in preparing 
manuscript for publication, and write on one 
side of the paper only. Under no circum¬ 
stances should the writing be crossed. It is 
both an insult and an irritation to one’s cor¬ 
respondent. As one of the characters in a 
comedy says, “Deliver me from a woman’s 
plaid letter.” Another thing to be avoided is 
an over-liberal use of the postscript. It is like 
standing on the doorstep to say good bye 20 
times, as we have heard of women doing oc¬ 
casionally. 
* * * 
Never use what is called fancy stationery. 
There is no objection to using plain, respect¬ 
able, though unfashionable white paper, if it 
suits one’s purse, but no one ought to use the 
fancy colored or gilt-edged; even though it 
may be fashionable for the moment, it is cer¬ 
tainly vulgar. A good linen paper, large 
sheets, with large, square envelopes, either 
cream or light bluish-gray, always gives the 
impression of refined taste. It must not be 
perfumed, that is now considered a vulgar 
practice; it is so easy to over-do the use of 
perfume, either in dress or belongings. An 
initial letter or simple monogram may be used 
at the head of the sheet, and it is always cor¬ 
rect to fasten the envelop with a seal. 
It seems scarcely needful to say that a note 
or invitation written in the third person must 
be answered in like manner. Among things 
to be avoided we may mention the practice 
we often see even among educated women, of 
signing the full married title, thus: 
Yours truly, Mrs. John Smith, 
instead of Mary Brown Smith, or whatever 
her name may be. If she wishes to distin¬ 
guish herself by her full title, she should write 
“Mrs. John Smith,” in parenthesis, a little be¬ 
low her signature, at the left side. 
* * * 
It might be just as well to say a word or 
two about the letters one ought not to write. 
We know a great many girls who are in the 
habit of exchanging letters and photographs 
with young men in a very unnecessary man¬ 
ner. Of course, there is no actual harm in it, 
as a rule, but in many cases there is no bene¬ 
fit, and the recipient of the letters does not al¬ 
ways treat them with the respect the writer 
imagines. A girl should be very careful of 
writing to any young man except her fiancd. 
And while an exchange of letters with a per¬ 
son of culture and education, whether man or 
woman, is one of the best means of education 
a girl can have, trifling correspondence with 
a person of mediocre capacity is a waste of 
time and a weariness to the flesh. 
HOW TO KEEP JELLY FROM MOULD¬ 
ING. 
This may appear early for a discussion on 
this subject, but many times I have read di¬ 
rections for preserving fruit or something of 
that class, that would have been very accepta¬ 
ble if the> had only come sooner. It is possible 
the Rural sisters all know how, but I saw the 
question asked in another paper, and the an¬ 
swer was, use paper dipped in brandy, and 
fit it quite close to the side of jar or cup, on 
When Baoy was sick, we gave her Castorla, 
When she was a Child, she cried for Castorla, 
When she became Miss, she clung to Castorla. 
When she had Children, she gave them Castorla. 
