VOL. XLVII. NO, 2026. 
NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 24, 1888 
PRlfE FIVE CENTS. 
$2.00 PER YEAR. 
_■ Mrea CCOrdln8 t0 ACt ° f C ° ngre8S ' :iU the Year 1888 - b y the Rural New-Yorker, In the Offieelof the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.] 
<ilje 
JERSEY BULL, CORNELL VALENTINE. 
On page 691 we gave a picture of some Jer¬ 
sey cows kept on the farm of Cornell Univer¬ 
sity. With them was shown the fine bull 
Cornell Valentine. A larger picture of this 
animal is shown at Fig 384. As we stated some 
weeks ago, this bull was presented to the 
University by Mr. Lawson Valentine. He is 
a grandson of Eurotas from the double gold 
medal bull Ramapo. Cornell Valentine 
promises to excel as a sire and it may be ex¬ 
pected that heifer calves from such a bull 
out of common cows will show marked su¬ 
periority in dairy qualities over their dams. 
It seems safe enough to advise dairy farmers 
to patronize the best Jersey bull they can find 
if they are going to have anything at all to do 
with the breed. 
51) cop fyusbavtixty 
FALL MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. 
HENRY STEWART. 
Fall care of sheep ; the lung thread-worm , 
its life history and 
prevention and 
cure of its rava¬ 
ges; foot-rot ; dif¬ 
ference between 
infectious and 
contagious diseas¬ 
es ; importance of 
having sheep in 
good condition to 
go through the 
winter safely. 
of its existence; but when in large numbers it 
produces diarrhoea, coughing and emaciation. 
The mature worms perish as soon as they have 
completed their reproductive function, when 
a large number of eggs are disengaged and 
pass off with the dung. These eggs are 
loosened as the droppings in which they are 
entangled are washed apart, and they adhere 
to the grass, with which they are taken into 
the stomachs of other sheep or lambs pasturing 
upon the herbage; or they are gathered with 
the hay and with that gain access to their 
new hosts. Hatching in the stomach, the 
young worms make their way to the throat 
and there gather into masses as they couple 
for the purpose of impregnation. These mas¬ 
ses are found in the throat and bronchial 
tubes and cause intense irritation, preventing 
perfect respiration and the consequent full 
aeration and oxidation of the blood. The re¬ 
sult is imperfect nutrition, loss of vitality, 
and weakened blood. The skin and the visible 
membranes are thus deprived of their proper 
color and become pale and thin, giving rise to 
the well known condition known as “pining;’’ 
or “paperskin;” and by veterinarians as 
“anoemia,” or want of blood. . 
This disorder is tUe worst to which lambs 
are subject and destroys thousands which 
might be saved by due precaution to avoid 
pasturing lambs with, or following, old sheep, 
or the use of hay cut on fields upon which 
sheep have run. Turpentine in small repeated 
doses (one teaspoonful) in milk or raw linseed 
oil given daily for a week, usually frees the 
lambs from these pests, and larger doses will 
free the older sheep from them. This treat¬ 
ment should not be neglected just now as a 
safeguard against the danger now imminent. 
One other evil is foot-rot, which may be 
easily avoided and the disastrous results 
which may follow may be readily prevented. 
The foot of the sheep is peculiarly constructed. 
The horn grows downwards and when it 
reaches the sole separates from this, and, like 
a loose curtain, folds under it, thus affording 
a lodgment for filth, sand, small stones, or 
wet mud. The sole is then very soon softened 
and worn away, exposing the exceedingly 
tender and sensitive lamime of the foot and 
causing intense pain. Sheep, in this condi¬ 
tion, go about on their knees, refrain from 
feeding and are much weakened and disturbed 
by the suffering. No other animals being so 
sensitive to misfortunes as sheep, they quickly 
fall off in condition, and unless relieved, the 
inflammation spreads to the inner parts of the 
foot, producing ulceration and virulent sup¬ 
puration, which ends in malignant and con¬ 
tagious foot-rot. This disease offers an excel¬ 
lent example of the difference between conta¬ 
gious and infectious diseases, “Englisu as she 
is spoke ” is more correctly used in America 
than in England, and the distinction between 
these two words does not prevail in England 
as it does here, the words being considered 
synonymous there, while they are distinctly 
differentiated here. Foot-rot of the malig¬ 
nant kind is contagious; but not infectious. 
It can only be communicated by contact of 
The fall is full of 
risks to the flock. 
Always tender and 
exacting, and need¬ 
ing over-sight and 
care, the sheep now 
require especial pre¬ 
cautions to prepare 
them for the winter. 
Parasites which in¬ 
fest the flock are 
much to be dreaded. 
The worst is the lung 
thread-worm which 
prevails everywhere 
and is most destruc¬ 
tive to the lambs. 
This worm is almost 
always present in 
the old sheep which, 
by reason of their 
greater strength to 
resist its injurious ef¬ 
fects, don’t suffer 
from it very serious¬ 
ly. It is a long, 
thin, white worm, 
called a thread-worm 
(filaria) from its re¬ 
semblance to a piece 
of thread. It is found 
in old sheep, mostly 
in the intestines, 
where it subsists up¬ 
on the mucous secre¬ 
tions, and unless quite 
numerous gives no 
apparent indication 
u 
f 
^Vl 
v //£W- JofiXEA 
JERSEY BULL, CORNELL VALENTINE. Fig. 384, 
the foot of a sheep brought by the disorder 
above pointed out, into a susceptible condi¬ 
tion for the action of the virus, with a foot 
actually diseased and discharging the poisoned 
matter which conveys the contagion. On the 
other hand, sheep-pox, which is the same as 
human small-pox, is infectious (as well as 
contagious) and is communicated through the 
flock without actual contact of the visible 
virus, but by simple neighborhood and 
through the air. Of course, small-pox and 
sheep-pox may both be spread by inoculation 
with the actual virus taken from the vesicles 
or sores; but it spreads through flocks with¬ 
out this, hence it is infectious. It is well to 
understand this distinction. 
Sheep-pox, however, is unknown here, and 
happily so because it is a most destructive 
disease and is easily communicated to man¬ 
kind. In parts of Germany and Russia, 
where it prevails, whole flocks have perished 
with many of the shepherds. Thus it is seen 
how much more dangerous infectious diseases 
are than contagious, as the difficulty of 
avoiding them is increased enormously. 
To avoid the contagious foot-rot, the ut¬ 
most care should be exercised now to pare 
and cleanse and heal the feet by the use of 
astringent applications, sulphate of copper or 
acetate of copper being easily applied and 
effective. An ointment made of four parts of 
pure lard; one part of Venice turpentine; one 
part of spirits of turpentine and one part of 
finely powdered acetate of copper, (verdigris) 
or sulphate of copper, (blue vitriol) applied to 
the exposed sole, if 
the foot is bandaged 
for protection, will 
cure both forms of 
foot-rot. When ne¬ 
glected, contagious 
foot-rot will speedily 
spread through the 
flock; the whole foot 
will slough away and 
the bones will pro¬ 
trude, the sheep per¬ 
ishing in the most 
wretched and pitia¬ 
ble manner. 
A sheep that is put 
in good condition 
now will go through 
the winter safely un¬ 
der ordinary good 
care. One that is ne¬ 
glected no w and suf¬ 
fered to fall off, will 
hardily be restored, 
and if she is brought 
through to the spring, 
the lambs will be lost 
or the ewe will not 
have milk enough to 
nurse them. Expo¬ 
sure to cold rains is 
especially hurtful,for 
the soaked fleece 
chills the loins and 
the spine which is the 
center of the nervous 
system of the lower 
part of the body and 
of the digestive or¬ 
gans. This soaking 
of the fleece and con¬ 
sequent chill induce 
the sheep to huddle 
together for warmth, 
and the heated wet 
wool mats and felts 
on the sheep’s back 
and so injures the 
fleece, producing the 
inextricable entang¬ 
ling of the wool that 
is known as cotting. 
