THE BUBAL NEW-YOB&ER. 
7M 
must probably be imported. Not only that, 
but Sir John makes the crop about 
8,000,000 bushels greater than most other 
judges reckon, and accordingly puts 
the deficiency at 8,000,000 bushels less 
than they estimate it. Moreover, the 
crop this year is extraordinarily light, so 
that by weight other good judges think it 
12,000,000 bushels less than last year’s crop, 
when over 136,000,000 bushels were imported. 
The outside estimates of England’s need of 
foreign wheat or flour as wheat, for the 
current cereal year, is 158,000,000 bushels, or 
more than two-thirds of what is produced at 
borne. As England takes much more of our 
exported wheat than all other countries com¬ 
bined, it is important that we should know 
what her requirements will probably be, and 
Sir J. B. Lawes’s estimates and the discussions 
to which they give rise every year, afford the 
best means of gaiuing this knowledge. 
Quantity of Seed Required for Given 
Lengths of Drill. — Prof. L. H. Bailey, of 
the Michigan Agricultural College (Experi¬ 
ment Station) says that careful records 
of the quantity of seed used in those veg. 
etables ordinarily sown in drills, show that 
the quantity required is usually much less than 
that recommended by seedsmen. The follow¬ 
ing figures indicate the extent to which this is 
true, the quantities recommended being taken 
from Henderson’s new “Gardening for Profit.” 
Peas. —One quart to 100 feet of drill recom¬ 
mended; 850 feet of drill used four quarts of 
McLean’s Advancer, or one quart to every 
212)^ feet; 850 feet of American Wonder re¬ 
quired 3X quarts, or one quart to about 245 
feet of drill; 850 feet of McLean’s Little Gem 
used three quarts, or one quart for every 283X 
feet; 850,feetof Rural New-Yorker used 3)£ 
quarts, or one quart for over 261 feet of drill; 
850 feet of Cleveland’s Alaska required three 
quarts, or one quart for 283,% feet. These fig¬ 
ures indicate that the recommendations of 
Henderson are frompver twice to almost three 
times too high. The following figures will 
show that Mr. B.’s sowings were thick enough: 
One pint of McLean’s Advancer contains 1,600 
seeds. A pint sowed a trifle over 106 feet of 
drill, giving something over 15 peas for every 
foot of drill, or a plant every four-fifths of an 
inch. 
Radishes. —One ounce for 100 feet of drill 
recommended; 1,000 feet of drill, sown thickly 
to Early Long Scarlet Short-top, required 9% 
ounces of seed. In this case the recommenda¬ 
tion is not extravagant. 
Beets. —One ounce to 50 feet of drill recom¬ 
mended. Long Dark Blood, Eclipse, and Bas- 
sanoeach required four ounces of seed for 334 
feet of drill, or an ounce for 83)4 feet, and the 
sowing was much too thick. An ounce of 
Long Dark Blood beet contains about 1,300 
fruits or seeds, or over 15% fruits to each foot 
of drill, as he sowed them. 
Parsnip. —One ounce to 200 feet of drill is 
recommended; 1,000 feet of drill of Hollow 
Crown took four ounces of seed, or an ounce to 
250 feet of drill. The sowing was made in 
very hard ground where a thick growth of seed¬ 
lings is necessary in order to break the crust. 
Yet the sowing proved over twice too thick. 
Carrot. —One ounce for 150 feet of drill re¬ 
commended; 566 feet in hard ground used 1% 
ounce of seed, or an ounce for over 377 feet 
of drill, and even then the stand was much 
thicker than desirable. 
Salsify. —One ounce is recommended for 
70 feet of drill; 7% ounces were used in 558 
feet, or an ounce for about 74% feet of drill. 
In this case the estimates were correct. 
The Punishment of Crime.— The Century 
Magazine for November has a very telling 
article upon this highly important question: 
Very many persons believe intensely and hon¬ 
estly that “the worst use you can put a man to 
is to hang him;” would not the friends and oppo¬ 
nents of capital punishment unite much more 
readily on a life imprisonment at hard labor 
for murder, with restrictions on the pardoning 
power, if the proceeds of the hard labor were 
to go to the murdered person’s representatives? 
For, after all, the essential injustice of capital 
punishment is not that it takes away the crimi¬ 
nal’s forfeited right to life, but that it does so 
in a way which extinguishes forever the source 
from which the murdered man’s dependents 
had a moral right to look for recompense for 
the rights which had been taken from them. 
In such cases the law, blind, furious, and un¬ 
reasoning, destroys the life of the guilty with¬ 
out stopping to consider that it thereby makes 
the injury to the innocent a hopeless, irreme¬ 
diable, permanent injury. Electricity may 
or may not be a good substitute for the rope: 
perhaps common-sense and even-handed justice 
might find a better substitute for both. 
It seems hardly necessary to supplement or 
re-enforce the case of murder: if the point be 
well t$ljen there, any pumber of criminal of¬ 
fences will suggest themselves to the reader in 
which the proceeds of the criminal’s hard labor 
could be fairly, justly, and well assigned by 
the sentencing court to the satisfaction of the 
personal rights which had been injured or de¬ 
stroyed by the crime. Thus the State would 
still fulfill its functions of punishing crime, 
but would convert that function into a guard¬ 
ianship of the rights of the innocent and help¬ 
less. In very many classes of crimes, the sys¬ 
tem itself would supply a convenient and ac¬ 
curate measure of punishment. How long shall 
the criminal serve? Until the gross proceeds 
of his labor shall make good the original in¬ 
jury to the individual or the State, with in¬ 
terest. 
One may fairly believe, .moreover, that such 
a system would strike at the root of many of 
the more demagogical objections to the prin¬ 
ciple of State-prison punishment by hard labor. 
Many of the labor organizations would almost 
forbid imprisoned criminals to work at all, 
since the products of their toil must be sold in 
market in competition with the work of honest 
men. The public would be much less impress¬ 
ed or assailed by such an argument if it could 
see that the criminals were in part working for 
the support of women and children whom they 
had wronged. And it ought not to be difficult 
to see reasons why a body of workmen, un¬ 
willing to submit to the annoyance of such 
a competition so long as its results were only 
to diminish the general mass of taxation, 
should submit to it without objection if its ob¬ 
ject were justice and its beneficiaries those 
who had been wronged. After all, injustice 
remains injustice, even though it have the 
hall-mark of law upon it; and so flagrant an 
injustice as is tolerated by our criminal law 
opens it to attack from unexpected quarters, 
which it might make secure by substituting 
justice for injustice. 
Mr, Geo. T. Powell, the agricultural edi¬ 
tor of the Chatham Courier,speaks of the cream, 
ery located at Sherman, N. Y., as the most 
successful in the State. The proprietor is a 
young man of excellent business ability, and 
while he was running five cheese factories at 
that place, he saw the great demand that 
was coming up for fine creamery butter and 
he proposed to the farmers of Sherman and 
the surrounding counties to make butter and 
he started the creamery with only six patrons. 
At the start, the cost of making butter was 
expensive because of the very small patronage, 
but the proprietor assured the farmers if they 
would all take hold, stock their farms with 
cows and give him a large supply of cream, 
he would agree to make their butter for three 
cents a pound, but he could not do so without a 
liberal patronage. As the result, the farmers 
of that section came to the support of the 
creamery to that extent that seventeen hun¬ 
dred cows are now represented with several 
hundred more coming in. They turn out 
15,000 pounds of butter every week, all of 
which is sold at satisfactory prices, and as the 
result, Mr. Edmunds is enabled to do just as 
he said, make all of the butter for the farmers 
for three cents a pound, and he is doing well 
at that. The process used in that creamery is 
the separator. Farmers are obliged to deliver 
their whole milk, but the cream is thrown out 
as soon as unloaded and tney take the skimmed 
milk back home with them. 
WIDEAWAKE ITEMS. 
Prof. W. A. Henry’s dairy experiments go 
to show that the ripening of cream before 
churning increases the yield of butter from 
15 to 20 per cent, over the yield from sweet 
cream, provided that both are churned in the 
same way. The ripening of cream appears to 
have no marked influence upon the time of 
churning. The mixing of sweet with sour 
cream just before churning does not result in 
any advantage to the sweet cream, the same 
loss being incurred as when each cream is 
churned separately. The same increase in 
the yield of butter produced by ripening the 
cream may be obtained by adding acid to 
sweet cream just before churning. 
It is an interesting fact and one not a little 
surprising that the annual average wheat pro¬ 
duction of France is only second to the wheat 
production of the United States, among all 
the countries of the world. 
Mr. J. H. Hale tells the Hartford Courant 
that Mr. James C. Case, of Colchester, on July 
15 planted four quarts of the new Japan buck¬ 
wheat, and recently harvested a little over 
three bushels of the largest and finest grain he 
has ever seen, nearly double the size of our com¬ 
mon varieties growing on the same field. One 
of his neighbors reports a yield of more than 
double that of the old sort on two plots of equal 
size and both planted at the same time, indicat¬ 
ing that this is to be a most valuable addition 
to our list of grains.... 
Experiments made by Prof. E. M. Shelton, 
of the Kansas Experiment Station, give evid¬ 
ence that grazing wheat either in the fall or 
spring does not lessen the crop of grain while 
the product of straw seems to be increased.... 
A correspondent of the Canadian Horti¬ 
culturist for the last two winters has kept a few 
of his grapes with good success by packing them 
in a crock, with, first, a layer of hardwood saw¬ 
dust, then a layer of grapes and so on till the 
crock is full, which is then covered with a piece 
of board. He packed them in October and 
took out the last of last winter's lot on May 
31, just as fresh and good as when they were 
packed. He thinks they were Hartford Pro¬ 
lific. They were grown in a greenhouse with¬ 
out artificial heating... 
It is a godsend to the doctors, that word 
malaria, says the Orange County Farmer. 
Its symptoms are as varied as its victims | and 
the term fits all ailments from incipient de¬ 
lirium tremens to a dyspeptic stomach, made 
so by gluttony in eating or drinking. If the 
doctor tells a man that he eats too much, or 
eats too rich food, the patient doesn’t like it. 
But tell him he has malaria and he smiles in 
grateful recognition of the doctor’s skill as a 
diagnostician. Great is humbug!. 
The advisability of warming water for 
dairy cows is the subject of a bulletin just is¬ 
sued by the Michigan Agricultural Society. 
Prof. Johnson draws the conclusion from his 
experiments that the results were not so pro¬ 
nounced in favor of warm water as was ex¬ 
pected. The difference is so slight as scarcely 
to pay for warming the water. 
Mr. Alex. W. Pearson, the special agent 
of the Department of Agriculture, finds that 
the Bordeaux Mixture is an efficient prevent¬ 
ive of black rot of the grape. He states in his 
report, not yet published, and also in the last 
number of the Weekly Press,that this mixture 
as used by him, is prepared by dissolving six 
pounds of powdered copper sulphate in four 
gallons of hot water. In another vessel slake 
four pounds of new lime in two gallons of wat¬ 
er; mix the two solutions and dilute with water 
to make twenty-two gallons of liquid. Htir up 
the precipitate when using this solution to 
spray the vines. The resulting solution is a 
whitish liquid similar to thin milk of lime. 
The tank of the spraying machine is provided 
with a strainer through which all solutions 
used should pass. The “Cyclone Nozzle,” which 
is fitted to the Eureka Sprayer, is adapted to 
deliver this lime mixture without clogging.... 
In seasons conducive to the £rape rot these 
treatments should be repeated every three 
weeks, beginning before the vines open their 
buds in the Spring. The cost of treatment of 
one acre of vines will be, at a rough estimate, 
say 44 gallons of Bordeaux Mixture on an 
average for each treatment—chemicals and 
preparations—$1 50; four to six treatments 
$9 per acre. One man, with the sprayer, can 
treat five acres of vines per day. The total 
cost, therefore, of saving an acre of grapes 
from both mildew and rot may be counted at 
not to exceed-$ 10. The cost of treatment, in 
expenditure of chemicals, will depend greatly 
upon the care and judgment of the man who 
does the spraying. 
At the vintage, Col. Pearson caused the 
grapes on each section of the experiment 
vineyard to be gathered and weighed for com¬ 
parison. Those on the untreated row of the 
Bordeaux section weighed two pounds. On 
the treated row adjacent the yield was 80 
pounds... 
John Gould mentions, in the excellent jour¬ 
nal above quoted, that a neighbor of his who 
puts up about 1,000 tons annually of corn 
silage, now pays no attention to the develop¬ 
ment of heat. He lets the thickly planted 
corn stand until partially past the roasting 
stage. Then he rushes the silo filling and has 
remarkably good silage. His re nark is 1 that 
well-developed, mature fodder does’c need any 
science to properly preserve it beyond cutting 
into the pits, and putting on a cover.” An¬ 
other neighbor, who puts up 400 tons in one 
pit, puts in one-half of it, then waits a week 
for it to heat and settle, then fills up, waits 
another week and puts on the cover and has 
ideal silage. H 9 uses only mature fodder ... 
Advices from the West sho w that a large 
per cent of the silos will be filled this season 
with whole fodder. About twenty silos in 
Wisconsin last year were so filled, with the 
best of success, and this has induced many 
who think they cannot afford to buy cutters 
to build silos and fill the cheaper way. The 
success of Professor Henry in this line with 
both corn and clover has lead others to in¬ 
vestigate, and now some of the largest silo 
men in the State are aP advocating and prac¬ 
ticing filling their silos with whole fodder. 
Mr. Gould visited several of these “whole” 
silos and in every case found the silage in fine 
condition and if anything nearer fhf d§§ired 
ripeness than cut silage. Cheap removal from 
the pits is the problem they have to solve. 
Among the novelties to be announced next 
year that are supposed to be of superior merit 
are the following: Delaware Watermelon, 
Fairy Blush Poppy, Erfurt Mignonette, 
Golden Oblong Pumpkin and Breadstone 
Turnip. 
With Mr. A.W.Smith, of Americus Ga.,so 
he writes to the R. N.-Y., the Moon flower 
was the grandest success as to blooms ever 
seen. For weeks, each night, he had from 
25,000 to 50,000 flowers open. 
The Ruby-Gold Watermelon, so to be 
known in the near future, is said to be juicier 
and sweeter than any variety now known.... 
Mr. Hoard knows of large dairymen who, 
instead of letting each milker, as some do. 
milk till he gets two pails full, and then carry 
them to the dairy house, partly chilled before 
setting, have a carrier who goes past each 
milker, with his carrying pails, and the milker 
empties his pail as fast as it is full, into the 
high and large carrying cans; and the milk 
then gets set in the quickest time, with all the 
natural heat as nearly retained as it is possi¬ 
ble to do it. 
Sec’y Woodward said, before the Elmira 
Farmers’ Club, as reported in the Husband¬ 
man, that animals may starve to death while 
fat—starve because they have not balanced 
rations that build up and sustain their frames, 
food that may form bone and muscle. He 
had proof of this once in a lot of Chester 
White pigs that he thought he would make so 
very fine in appearance that every man who 
saw them might, at once, see the superiority of 
the breed. He fed those pigs corn meal and 
made them fat, very fat, but that was all; 
one died, then another, until he had lost four, 
or five, and had begun to think there was 
something wrong in the feeding. Then he 
examined the dead pigs and found there was 
little blood, very little muscle and the small 
bones had so little strength that ho could 
break them almost as easily as pipe-stems. 
They hid starved to death while fat. Then 
he changed the food for those that had sur¬ 
vived and they began to gain at onee. He 
had only to balance their rations; to feed 
what would make bone and muscle and blood. 
WORD FOR WORD. 
-Colman’s Rural World: “Bad but¬ 
ter is not fit to be eaten; neither is oleomar¬ 
garine. But bad butter is truthful; it always 
tells just what it is. Oleomargarine is a lie; 
it says that it is good, when it is bad. It is 
an arrant hypocrite, just like its manufac¬ 
turer.” 
-Secretary J. S. Woodward, beforethe 
Elmira Farmers’ Club: “ Many farmers lose 
because they do not feed enough What would 
you think of a man who owned a saw mill and 
kept just fire enough to make steam to run the 
machinery ? He might tell you 4 Bring your 
logs, y°u see the mill is running.’ You would 
say: 4 Yes, but there is no force to do the 
work; the mill cannot cut lumber unless more 
steam i.-> applied.’ Well, that is the way many 
farmers feed their cattle—just enough to run 
the machinery, and the whole is wasted. By 
this method there can be but one return—loss. 
More steam—more food—is the only way to 
profit.” 
-“I have never seen better pastures than I 
saw in England last summer, but the cows on 
those nastures had daily rations of grain, 
roots, cotton-seed meal, or something to sup¬ 
plement those fine pastures, always something 
more than was supplied by the grasses. That 
addition gave profit in the products; and an¬ 
other point of great importance is that 
liberal feeding makes the land rich. There 
is something to put back. I noticed, 
with a sense of shame, that those English 
farmers had great quantities of cotton¬ 
seed meal that we are so short-sighted as to 
send abroad when there is real need of every 
pound of it for home consumption.” 
Horstord’s Acid Phosphate 
Recommended by Physicians 
of all schools, for the brain, nerves and 
stomach.— Adv. 
MAKE HENS LAY 
S HERIDAN’S CONDITION POWDER Is absolute¬ 
ly pure and highly concentrated. It is strictly 
a medicine to be given with food. Nothing on earth 
will make hens lay like it. It cures chicken chol¬ 
era and all diseases of hens. Illustrated book by 
mail free. Sold everywhere, or sent by mall for 
36 cts. in stamps. 2}f-lb. tin cans, SI; by mall. 
1,20. Six cans by express, prepaid, for I A. 
0.JnM9a*Oo., r. O.BexaUS. Bestoa Mesa. 
