EXPLANATION OE THE MAPS. 
65 
of repeated and different volcanic outbursts in one and the 
same locality. 
The first eruptions—probably sub-marine, at the bottom of 
a well-sheltered bay—consisted of loose masses, and of ruins 
of the fundamental basis, scoria and ashes. These eruptions 
took place in many shocks, following each other; the masses 
thrown out formed layers above each other and around the 
place of outbreak, causing a flat rising cone, with more or 
less circular or basin-like crater in the centre—tuff-cone and 
tuft-crater. The Fupuki Lake on the North Shore, the Orakei 
Bay, east of Auckland ; Gleddes’ Basin, near Onehunga; the 
basin Waimagoia, near Panmure; and Kohuora Hills south 
of Otahuhu, are amongst other distinguished examples of such 
tuft-craters. Like the Maren in the Eifel, these crater basins 
are very deep and are filled with water. The sweet water 
lake, Pupuki, has a depth of 28 fathoms, or 168 feet. # 
They are sometimes flat, dry, or swampy. When they are 
situated near the sea it has generally forced an entrance, 
and ebbs and flows in and out of the crater basin. In con¬ 
sequence of their rich and fertile volcanic soil these tuff-cones 
hold an important position in the Province of Auckland— 
almost everyone of them is occupied by the homestead of a 
settler. The practical shrewdness of these men has led them? 
without geological knowledge, to settle at the basis or side of 
these craters—their flourishing meadows and clover fields 
contrasting strongly with the fern and manuka scrub 
( Leptospermum ) of the clay soil. 
With the beginning of the volcanic activity seems to have 
commenced, although very gradually, a rise of the whole 
isthmus ; so that the later eruptions took place above the sea. 
In this second period, the volcanic activity increased to the 
emissions of red hot masses of scoria and streams of lava. At 
that time the Auckland volcanos were fire-spitting mountains 
in the true sense of the word; their steep cones at a slope 
of 30° to 35° were formed of scoria, volcanic bombs, and lapilles 
(Mount Eden, Three Kings, Mount Smart, Mount Wellington, 
and many others), with deep, funnel-shaped craters, and where 
* It is the opinion of the translator that the lake is connected by a 
submarine channel with llangitoto, which is the source of the lake. 
