THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 
77 
surface. Moreover, while in some of the Worms the canal 
is a simple tube running through the axis of the cylindri¬ 
cal body from oral orb 
tice to anal aperture, the 
canal of the Sea-urchin 
shows a distinction of 
parts,foreshadowing the 
pharynx, gullet, stom¬ 
ach,and intestines. Both 
mouth and vent have 
muscles for constriction 
and expansion; and, as 
the vent is on the sum¬ 
mit of the shell, and the 
latter is covered with 
spines, the ejected par¬ 
ticles are seized by del¬ 
icate forks ( pedicella - 
rice)) and passed on from 
Fig. 39.—Diagrammatic Section of a Sea-urchin 
(Echinus): a, mouth ; &, oesophagus; c, stom¬ 
ach ; tf, intestine: /, madreporiform tubercle ; 
< 7 , stone-canal; h , ambulacral ring; k , Polian 
vesicles, which are probably reservoirs of fluid; 
m, ambulacral tube; o, anus; p, ambulacra, 
with their contractile vesicles; r, nervous ring 
around the gullet; .9, two nervous trunks, the 
right terminating, at anal pole, in a small gan¬ 
glion ; t , blood-vascular rings connected by v, 
the contractile heart; w , two arterial trunks ra¬ 
diating from the anal ring; x , an ovary open¬ 
ing at the anal pole in a genital plate, y; z, 
. « « Cl t llIC Cl 11 <11 111 & gVlilUll piCILvj Cf y Gy 
One to the other down spines, with their tubercles. 
the side of the body, till they are dropped off into the 
water. 37 
The Worms present us with a great range of structure 
in the digestive tract. It is sometimes almost as simple 
as that of the Hydra—a mere sac. The Earth-worm has 
a tube running straight through the body, divided into 
pharynx, oesophagus, crop, gizzard, and sacculated intes¬ 
tine. The Leech has large sacs on each side of the intes> 
tine. The Sea-worms have the pharynx armed with teeth, 
and some have glandular coeca attached to the intestine. 
The plan is that of a straight tube extending from mouth 
to anus. In Myriapods and larvae of Insects, the same 
general plan is continued, the canal passing in a straight 
line from one extremity to the other, but showing a division 
into gullet, stomach, and intestine. 88 Crustacea, like the 
