THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 
85 
The gizzard is most highly developed, and of a deep-red 
color, in the Scratchers and flat-billed Swimmers (as Fowls 
and Swans); but comparatively thin and feeble in Birds 
of Prey (as the Eagle). 
The gizzard is follow¬ 
ed by the intestines, 
which are longer than 
those of Reptiles: the 
small intestine begins 
w T ith a loop (the duo¬ 
denum), and is folded 
several times upon it¬ 
self ; the large intestine 
is short and straight, 
terminating in the sole 
outlet of the body, the 
cloaca . A liver and 
pancreas are always 
attached to the upper 
part of the small in¬ 
testine. 
The alimentary ca¬ 
nal in Mammals is 
clearly separated into 
four distinct cavities: 
the pharynx, or throat; 
the oesophagus, or gul- & 
let; the stomach ; and 
the intestines. 
The pharynx is more Fig. 50.—Digestive Apparatus of the Fowl: 1, 
. tongue; 2, pharynx; 3, 5, (Esophagus; 4, crop; 
Complicated than in 6,proventriculus; 7,gizzard; 8,9,10, duodenum; 
t>* j Ti ® n i 11,12, small intestine; 13, two caeca (analogue of 
-DllQS. it IS a iunnei- the colon of mammals); 14, their insertion into 
Lory liauinrv the intestinal tube; 15, rectum ; 16, cloaca; 17, 
snapea Dag, Having anus . 18> mesenter y, 19 , 20 , left and right lobes 
seven openings lead- of liver; 21, gall-bladder; 22, insertion of pan- 
. , r „ ° creatic and biliary ducts; 23, pancreas; 24, lung; 
ing into it: two from 25 , ovary; 26, oviduct. 
