THE CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS. 237 
compare these features of their structure with the habits 
of these animals, and find that the first are carnivorous— 
that they seize and tear their prey; while the others are 
herbivorous, or grazing, animals, living only on vegetable 
substances, which they chew and grind. We compare, 
further, the Horse and Cow, and find that the Horse has 
front teeth both in the upper and the lower jaw, while 
the Cow has them only in the lower; and going still 
further, and comparing the internal with the external 
features, we find this arrangement of the teeth in direct 
relation to the different structure of the stomach in the 
two animals—the Cow having a stomach with four pouch¬ 
es, while the Horse has a simple stomach. Comparing 
the Cow and Deer, we find the digestive apparatus the 
same in both; but though both have horns, those of the 
Cow are hollow, and last through life; while those of the 
Deer are solid, and are shed every year. Looking at the 
feet, we see that the herbivorous animals are hoofed; the 
carnivorous, clawed. The Cow and Deer have cloven 
feet, and are ruminants; the Horse has a single hoof, and 
does not chew the cud. The Dog and Cat walk on the 
tips of their fingers and toes (digitigrade); the Bear treads 
on the palms and soles (plantigrade). The claws of the 
Cat are retractile; those of the Dog and Bear are fixed. 
In this way we determine the exact place of each ani¬ 
mal. The Dog belongs to the kingdom Animalia , sub¬ 
kingdom Vertebrata , class Mammalia , order Carnivora , 
family Canidm , genus Canis , species Familiaris , variety 
Hound (it may be), and its individual name, perhaps, is 
“Rover.” The Cat differs in belonging to the family 
Felidae, genus Felis, species Catus. The Bear belongs to 
the family Ursidae , genus Ursus , and species Ferox , if 
the Grizzly is meant. The Horse, Cow, and Deer belong 
to the order Ungulata ; but the Horse is of the family 
Equidce, , genus Equus , species Caballus; the Cow is of 
