292 
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
sands in the winged Insects). 
Fig. 262.—Under surface of a Beetle (Harpalus cali- 
ginosus): a , ligula; &, paraglossse; c, supports of 
labial palpi; d, labial palpus; e , mentum ; /, in¬ 
ner lobe of maxilla; g , outer lobe; h, maxillary 
palpus; i , mandible; k , buccal opening; Z, gula, 
or throat: m, buccal sutures; n, gular suture; o , 
prosternum; p , episteruum of prothorax ; p epi- 
meron; g, g', g", coxae; r, r, r, trochanters; 
s', s", femora, or thighs; t, t\ t'\ tibae; v , ventral 
abdominal segments; w, episterna of mesothorax; 
mesosternum; y, episterna of metathorax; y\ 
epimeron; z, metasternum. 
They are never placed on 
movable stalks, as the 
Lobster’s. Besides 
these, there are three 
simple eyes, called 
. ocelli . The mouth 
may be fitted for bit¬ 
ing ( masticatory ), as 
in Beetles, or for suck¬ 
ing (suctorial), as in 
Butterflies. The mas¬ 
ticatory type, which 
is the more complete, 
and of which the other 
is but a modification, 
consists of four horny 
jaws (mandibles and 
maxillae) and an up¬ 
per and an under lip 
(labrum and labium ). 
Sensitive palpi ( max¬ 
illary and labial) are 
developed from the 
lower jaw and lower 
lip. The labium is 
also prolonged into a 
ligula , or tongue. 
The legs are invari- 
and foot: 
ably six in the adult, 
the fore-legs direct¬ 
ed forward and the 
hinder pairs back¬ 
ward. Each consists 
of a hip, thigh, shank. 
Some larvae have also “ false legs,” without 
