ANNUAL REPORT—EARLY INVESTIGATIONS. 5f 
St. Johns River and subsequently made its way around 
the coast past Key West to Tampa Bay. The steamer hav¬ 
ing entered the St. Johns River, Conrad was able to ex¬ 
amine the banks near the early village of Hasard. The 
banks which are here elevated some feet above the w T ater 
level, were identified by him as a Post-Pliocene formation. 
The limestone of the Florida Keys was examined and like¬ 
wise identified as Post-Pliocene. These observations, with 
others along Tampa Bay, form the basis of the conclusion 
that a considerable elevation of the whole of the Florida 
peninsula occurred 1 in Post-Pliocene time, “a movement 
which clearly has raised all the Florida keys above water” 
(28). Arriving at Tampa Bay, the objective point of the 
expedition, many of the islands and the coast generally as 
well as the banks of the Hillsboro River to the falls were 
examined. The formations were regarded as belonging 
probably to a member of the Upper Eocene period. The 
second paper by Conrad (29) contains descriptions of a 
number of species from the “Upper Eocene limestone of 
Tampa Bay.” Conrad had not personally examined the 
limestone of the interior and like Allen, fell into the error 
of supposing that the limestone examined at Tampa Bay 
was the same as the limestone underlying the interior of 
the State. These papers by Conrad are of interest as 
being the first to refer the Florida formations to definite 
geologic horizons. The entire chain of keys are referred 
to the Post-Pliocene, while the limestone along Hillsboro 
Bay are regarded as Eocene. 
The report of Buckingham Smith on the Everglades of 
Florida, addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury in 
1848, contains observations on the geology (185). The 
presence of shells belonging to recent species was observed 
in the Miami oolitic limestone and the Post-Pliocene age 
of the formation recognized. 
Two papers of note dealing with the geology of Florida 
appeared in 1851. One of these by J. W. Bailey, published 
in the Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge, (13) de¬ 
scribes fossil polythalamia (foraminifera) from the lime- 
