HAZZLEDINE WARREN : STUDY OF PRE-HISTORY IN ESSEX. 173 
temporary association. They were probably fish-ponds, 
or even ponds for wild-fowl decoys.* 240 
Woodham Walter (Miller Christy, E.N., xiii., 1904, pp. 
280-282). Records a burnt deposit, about a foot thick, 
full of calcined stones, beneath two feet of overlying alluvium 
in the bed of an artificial lake. It may be the debris of a 
burnt prehistoric pile-dwelling, but this only excavation 
could show. Some of these dams doubtless represent 
mediaeval mill-pools and fish-ponds. The latter were of 
great importance inland when sea fish was practically 
unobtainable owing to the want of quick transport 
[143,325]- 241 
Essex (J. French, E.N., xv., 1908, pp. 132-134). Dams are 
found in the upper reaches and tributaries of the Lea, 
Stort, Chelmer, Ter, Blackwater, and Colne. Suggests 
that the artificial ponds were used for Lake Dwellings, 
of which the Skitt’s Hill site [144] may be an example. 
The ancient roads which skirt the alluvium of the main 
streams send off branches which connect up the pond- 
sites. 242 
XIV.— Roads. 
Stray notes on early roads may be found in the reports of 
excursions [such as 236] ; but, as a rule, these are not of much 
importance. 
Chalk Causeway (W. Crouch, E.N., ix., 1895, p. 91). A record 
of the xivth century relating to the repair of a chalk cause¬ 
way across the Lea Marshes near Stratford-atte-Bowe. 243 
The Broomway (E.N., xv., 1907, p. 53, plate). An old road, 
marked by “ brooms,” across the tidal flats to Foulness 
Island. 244 
XV. —Tumuli and Mounds. (For Salting Mounds, see under 
Red Hills.) 
Easneye (or Isneye) Park ( Proc ., iv., 1883, p. xxv.). A 
supposed tumulus, about 60 feet diameter, on Mr. A. 
Buxton’s property. Ancient pottery and flint flakes have 
been found near. 245 
Bishop Stortford (E Taylor, E.N., ii., 1888, p. 221-223). 
The “ Castle Mound ” is 60 or 70 feet high, and surrounded 
by a moat. There are evidences of Roman occupation, 
but the mound is probably earlier. .' 246 
Newport ( E.N. , v., 1891, p. 180). Tumulus in the park of 
Ouendon Hall. 247 
# Mr. Miller Christy is of opinion that all these works were primarily Mill-ponds. 
