176 HAZZLEDINE WARREN ! STUDY OF PRE-HISTORY IN ESSEX. 
XVIII.— Deneholes, Silos, Chalk Pits. 
Hangman’s Wood, Grays, visits to (T. & P., iii., 1882, pp. 
xxviii.-xli., gives extracts from earlier descriptions \T. & P. 
iii. , 1882, pp. lvi.-lx. ; Proc., iv., 1883, pp. xx.-xxiii. ; Proc., 
iv. , 1885, pp. cl.—clii., to view the results of the explorations; 
E.N., i., 1887, p. 202 ; vii., 1893, pp. 143-148, plans and 
sections ; x., 1898, pp. 408-409 ; xv., 1908, pp. 143-144). 
Much detailed information, interesting discussions, etc., 
are to be found in the above reports. 265 
General (T. V. Holmes, T. & P., iii., 1882, pp. 48-58, 2 plates 
of maps and sections). Supports the theory that they were 
both places of concealment against enemies, and also store- 
chambers. 266 
Grays and General (T. V. Holmes, Trans., iv., 1886, pp. 87- 
no, 5 figs.). Describes those of Grays and elsewhere. 
Attacks Mr. Roach Smith’s theory that they were chalk¬ 
pits. The latter author quotes Pliny, who describes pits 
used in Britain for procuring chalk, these answering to the 
characters of the deneholes. Comparison is made with 
small and shallow underground chambers at Winklebury 
and the Isle of Portland, in which the remains of com 
have been found. These latter are presumably to be com¬ 
pared with the “ Rock Granaries ” of Southern India. 267 
General (F. C. J. Spurrell, Proc., iv., 1883, pp. lviii.-lx.). 
Argues in favour of their being granaries. 268 
The Pen Pits (T. V. Holmes, Proc., iv., 1885, p. cliv.). Pitt- 
Rivers has shown that these pits were mines for obtaining 
stone for making querns, etc. 269 
Lexden, subsidence (T. V. Holmes, E.N., i., 1887, pp. 1-8, 
5 figs. ; O. Fisher, E.N.,. i., 1887, p. 39; T. V. Holmes, 
E.N., i., 1887, p. 95). Controversy upon the origin of 
the subsidence : whether due to a land-slide, or the falling 
in of an ancient pit or mine. 270 
Bexley (T. V. Holmes, E.N., i., 1887, p. 187). 271 
Grays (E.N., i., 1887, p. 188). Quotation from Camden’s 
“ Britannia ” (1610) ; description and reproduction of 
figure of Hangman’s Wood deneholes. 272 
_ • ,'v - • 
Grays (T. V. Holmes and W. Cole, Report on the Denehole 
Exploration at Hangman's Wood, Grays, 1884 and 1887, 
E.N. i., 1887, P- 225-260 ; 9 figs., 3 pi.). The deneholes 
consist of shafts sunk through some 60 feet of Thanet sand 
and drift gravel, into the underlying chalk. At the base 
of the shafts a series of lofty chambers cut in the chalk, 
with about 3 feet of chalk roof left, open out on either hand. 
Surface trenching showed that the material from the shafts 
