178 HAZZLEDINE WARREN I STUDY OF PRE-HISTORY IN ESSEX. 
deep as the deneholes. The author considers them to be 
chalk-pits, probably earlier than the disused open pits, 
of the neighbourhood. Some years previously, Mr. R. 
Meeson had found many Roman burial urns in one of 
them. 279, 
Newport, subsidences (E.N., v., 1891, p. 180) occasionally 
occur in the fields of Quendon Hall. 280 
Chislehurst Caves (T. V. Holmes, E.N., xiii., 1904, p. 263 
xiv., 1905, pp. 75-78, plan ; xv., 1908, pp. 265-266). Con¬ 
siders them to be chalk mines. (Also visit to, E.N., xv.,. 
1908, pp. 260-263, plan.) 281 
Grays, visit of Croydon Nat. Hist. Soc. to ( E.N ., xiv., 1905, 
p. 75). 282: 
General (T. V. Holmes, E.N., xiv., 1905, p. 74 ; xv., 1907, 
pp. 5-13). Further details and a continuation of the 
discussion of rival theories. 283. 
Mucking, subsidence (T. V. Holmes, E.N., xiv., 1907, pp. 
241-254, map and 2 sections). Occurred in a field, leaving 
a hole with vertical sides some 25 feet diameter and 20 
feet deep. It is suggested that it was due to the falling 
in of a denehole, not in the chalk, which would be 160 or 
170 feet from the surface. 284 
Gravesend (T. V. Holmes, E.N., xv., 1907, pp. 92-93). 285 
Faversham (Kent) (T. V. Holmes, E.N.,xv., 1908, p. 183). 286* 
Grays, subsidence (T. V. Holmes, E.N xv., 1908, p. 184). 287 
Chalk Mine, Kent (A. L. Leach, E.N., xv., 1908, p. 263). Des- 
scribes shafts with underground galleries for obtaining 
chalk used in brick-making. 288 
Grain-Pits, Africa and America (E.N., xvi., 1910, pp. 126— 
127). 289. 
In general review of the evidences of the deneholes, it must 
be admitted, I think, that they possess in every way the normal 
character of comparatively modern chalk-pits. The primitive 
grain-pits and silos used in different parts of the world are of an 
essentially different character. Even in Spain, where the 
method has been greatly developed in modern times, we are 
only told that some very exceptional examples “ are said to 
be ” as much as 30 or 40 feet deep. The Hangman’s Wood 
deneholes are 80 feet from the surface to the floor of the chambers. 
There is no evidence to suggest that they are prehistoric (E.N. 
x., 1898, p. 409). 
