462 
THE RUSAL 4UEW-Y0RKER, 
JULY 43 
The fat thus m the blood is deposited in the 
milk glands of the udder, each lobule of which 
has its nucleus of fat in the form of a globule 
in it. This fat has its natural color; but does 
it not in its separation with the other elements 
of the milk carry with it some of the coloring 
matter of the blood, and thus acquire a high 
yellow color, which is nothing more or less 
than a diluted red ? I think it does for the fol¬ 
lowing reasons: I had a pure Ayrshire heifer 
which coming in with her first calf gave milk 
as red as blood. The calf would not drink it. 
To investigate this peculiarity I experi¬ 
mented with the milk. There were the peculiar 
red blood corpuscles in abundance in it, show¬ 
ing that the secretion of the milk had not been 
perfected, but that blood had exuded from the 
tissue of the udder instead of milk. The blood 
contained fat globules which separated in the 
form of a deep orange-colored cream, while 
the red matter settled to the bottom of the 
pans. The cream churned gave deep, reddish 
orange-colored butter of very good flavor, 
but so dark as to be useless. Another cow, a 
pure Jersey, which I used for experiment for 
five years consecutively, gave exceedingly 
high-colored colostrum on calving. This was 
set for cream and the cream churned. The 
butter was almost as deep a color as that from 
the Ayrshire cow. After calving it is well 
known that the circulation of a cow is much 
excited and the udder is gorged with blood, 
more or less in different cows no doubt. 
Here was an abnormal case in which the milk 
was blood and another in which it was milk, 
and the butter from each differed 
very little in the reddish-yellow color 
of it. This reddish-yellow color of Jer¬ 
sey and Guernsey butter from newly calved 
cows and when the circulation is abnormally 
excited, is a frequent peculiarity. Then, does 
not this color in such cases come from the 
blood, and is not the color coming with 
gradual y decreasing intensity always derived 
from the blood? If I am correct, this result 
explains why high color is allied with breed, 
or with special cows which possess distinctly 
peculiar functional properties, and is the i ea- 
son why most of the Jersey and Guernsey 
cows (but not all of them) are able to yield 
not only the large quantity of butter from 
the same quantity and character of food, but 
to confer a special quality and color upon it. 
This in no wise conflicts with the physio¬ 
logical fact referred to, for the disposition of 
the fats of the food in the way referred to is 
carried to excess in the largest butter-produc¬ 
ing cows, and is developed to a less degree in 
other cows. One winter I fed red and yellow 
mangels in my dairy for some weeks, and 
sugar beets the rest of the winter season. The 
butter made during the mangel feeding was 
distinctly more highly colored than that made 
when teeding beets, and so much so that the 
artificial coloring used (to satisfy my custo¬ 
mers; was somewhat increased during the 
feeding of the beets. The feeding has some¬ 
thing to do with the color beyond question, 
as any one may find if he will change from 
good clover hay, corn meal and cotton-seed 
meal, to straw, buckwheat bran and wheat 
middlings. But even then some cows will 
make yellower butter than others on the same 
foods. The peculiarity then is, after all, 
through the blood or breed, and a functional 
characteristic of the cow. 
FARM HELP. 
O. H., Greeley, Col. —The farm laborers 
in this section are of several nationalities, but 
mostly Americans from the Eastern States. 
We have Germans, Swedes and Danes; but 
more than one-half are American-born. 
Probably 10 per cent, ultimately farm for 
themselves. This section has no great indus¬ 
try except farming, hence it is hard for farm 
hands to live through the winter here. There 
are at this moment many men in Colorado 
who are unable to earn enough to pay their 
board. I think the number of cowboys em¬ 
ployed on the range is steadily decreasing and 
the number of farms where stock is fed 
through the winter is increasing. Wages 
range from $25 to $35 per month and board 
found. Most of the help is hired about April 
1. I have never known contracts to be made 
and signed. For my own part, I pay 
promptly, and if for any reason a man does not 
want to stay with me, I could not endure to 
have him. The necessary Sunday chores 
must be done in part at least by the hired 
men. That generally goes without saying. 
I once had a hand who had conscientious 
scruples about watering the horses or milking 
cows of a Sunday; but he did condescend to 
come down in his slippers and eat some of the 
breakfast which the women prepared. I had 
not thought to make any stipulation about 
the Sunday chores. I was about as much 
amused as provoked at this unprecedented 
turn of affairs; but did not retain him long. 
I observed later that this hand was not too 
good to break the moral law. 
In this section men are generally treated 
like members of the family, Tbis is not al¬ 
ways fair to the family, as the presence of 
an outsider/interferes] with discipline, and 
prevents the free exercise of family tastes. 
On some of our farms the men have separate 
houses where they sit and sleep, and where 
they have a chance to do as they like. This 
seems to me fair all round ; for I must say 
that, first and last, I have had great reason to 
feel dissatisfied with the habits, language and 
morals of many of my hands, and f can con¬ 
ceive that my reading aloud to my family 
cannot always be pleasing to the hired men 
who have to hear it if they sit with us. My 
own course in hiring men has been to hire 
high-priced hands. That is best for me. Five 
or even $10, a mouth are no great object as 
between a first-class and a poor hand. 
Almost the politest man that ever darkened 
our doors was a Welshman, and he would not 
have been in Colorado except that his health 
failed. He never entered the room where he 
supposed we might be, without knocking. 
On the other baud, we have hsd modest young 
women whose training was so defective that 
they would bolt into private rooms that they 
must have known were such. I suppose that 
half the hired men I ever employed would 
open my bed-room door to speak to me, in¬ 
stead of knocking, if I were sick and in bed. 
Borne of the best workers I have ever had 
have been the most unprofitable in the end. 
Twice or more they have become well ac¬ 
quainted with some branch of my business 
and taken it out of my hands. This has been 
done in a manner unfair, if not dishonest. 
I have never employed more than two city 
boys, and they were mannerly, teachable, 
companionable, and generally satisfactory. 
I have had quite a number of well-educated 
men, some of whom were college graduates. 
Hired men who can discuss the topics of the 
day with intelligence, and make good sugges¬ 
tions about the work, are a delight. I like 
my men to be able to originate a pleasant 
thought now and then. 
DIFFERENT MANURES. . 
J. W. I., Sugar Run, Pa.— Some months 
ago the R N.-Y. asked if there was much dif¬ 
ference in the manure from different sorts of 
animals. By the manures of farm animals, I 
understand their voidings, both solids and 
liquids, unmixed with straw or other sub¬ 
stances used for bedding. The value to the 
farmer of the rnauure of all animals depends 
on the quality or richness of the food they 
consume. The manure of cattle fattened on 
corn meal, is worth more than twice as much, 
bulk for ,bulk, as the manure of cattle that 
are fed only hay. The manure of animals 
winteied entirely on straw, would not be 
much, if any, better than the same amount of 
rotten straw, and probably not so good, as 
some of the richest ingredients would inevita¬ 
bly be extracted by the beasts to support ani¬ 
mal life. It would seem from this that the 
manure of all animals fed entirely on the 
same substances would be exactly alike in 
quality: but such is not the case. Some ani¬ 
mals masticate their food finer than others, 
digest it better, and probably extract less of 
the fertilizing substances from it. In my ex¬ 
perience, the manure of sheep, fed entirely on 
grass or hay, is richer, weight for weight, 
than the manure of horses and cattle fed en¬ 
tirely on the same substances. 
When cows and horses are both fed about 
the same amount of grain, there is not much 
difference in the quality of their manure for 
common farm crops; but horse manure, hav¬ 
ing the property of heating as it ferments, is 
obviously the best for hoc-beds and starting 
vegetables early in the season when the 
ground is cold. Hog manure, where hogs are 
kept in the pen, is composed almost ex¬ 
clusively cf grain, and consequently is 
richer than any other except that of 
poultry. Hogs are naturally neater than 
other animals, and if properly encouraged 
will take one comer of the pen for a privy, 
and consequently their manure can be ob¬ 
tained without much admixture of straw, 
and being also very free from the seeds of 
grass and weeds, it is very suitable for a gar¬ 
den manure. According to my experience, 
poultry manure (except the dung ot geese and 
ducksl is the richest made on the farm. It is 
better than hog manure, because, in addition 
to the grain the fowls eat, they obtain for 
themselves, if running at large, a considerable 
part of their diet in insects and worms, and 
this without doubt improves the quality of 
their manure. Experienced poultry raisers 
usually supply their fowls, so far as possible, 
with scrapple and other waste animal prod¬ 
ucts which make the hens lay better, and 
improve the quality of the manure. 
Formerly I mixed my hen manure with 
plaster and used it as a top-dressing for corn. 
It had a good effect; but lately I have put it 
together with the hog manure on the garden. 
Cattle and horse manures, when fresh from 
the stables, contain too much straw, and unless 
pompostefl find rented are not suitable for a 
garden. If I practiced putting all kinds of 
manure on the fields, I would mix them all 
together thoroughly, so that they could be 
spread more evenly over the ground; the 
crops crown thereby would present a more 
uniform appearance, and produce a more uni¬ 
form yield. A hungry man does not quarrel 
with his dinner. A hungry soil never rejects 
the gift of any kind of animal manure, and 
will respond most bountifully to the giver, if 
it ODly gets enough to satisfy its craving ap¬ 
petite and provide the necessary strength. 
WHAT ARE THE OPPRESSED PEOPLE GOING 
TO DO ABOUT IT? 
C. W. W., Norwalk, Ohio. —“What are 
the oppressed people going to do about it?” asks 
the Rural on page 410 in regard to the trusts. 
There is a choice of just two things which 
they can do about it—First, they can do as 
they are doing—go on and pay tribute to the 
last cent they can bear to the railroad kings, 
the oil kings, the sugar kings, etc., as they are 
coming more and more to do; become abject 
subjects of combinations of capitalists who 
can do every line of business, and furnish 
every needful product cheaper than feeble in¬ 
dividual enterprise without the like great 
capital can possibly do while they 
take tribute at their own pleasure from every 
man, woman and child in the land, whose 
occupation they have largely taken away. 
Second; they can unite their strength into 
a combination greater than any trust or all 
trusts, which shall measure the needs of the 
people and supply them; which shall have for 
its object not the enrichment of its managers, 
but the service of its people, whose creature 
it must be, and that at the least possible in¬ 
stead of the greatest possible price. The day 
of small things has gone by. Competition 
having become universal through free com¬ 
munication, has eaten small competitors up, 
and forced greater combinations which in 
turn have consumed each other. The trusts 
are the result. The march of events cannot 
be turned backward. There remains just 
these two things for the people’s choice—mo¬ 
nopolies of moneyed kings, having for their 
object the enrichment of themselves by lay¬ 
ing on the people the largest tribute that they 
can collect; or monopolies of the people them¬ 
selves, having for their object to give the 
public the best service at the lowest cost. 
Can we doubt which of those two the people 
will choose when they realize their dilemma? 
The trouble under which tLey are groaning 
must grow worse and worse too, until they 
choose to act for themselves, and they can’t do 
everything at once. Mr. Curtis is right, in 
the issue of June 8th. Better begin with the 
railroads. Doing so will count far more than 
anything else within reach, and better lose as 
little time about it as possible too. 
The post-office is our model, and it is 
through C mgress that our object must be 
reached. Who will act? 
THE PARKER EARLE STRAWBERRY. 
T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas.— On page 
414 of the Rural for June 22, Mr. “ W. B.,” 
of Dayton, O., claims to have plants of a 
berry he purchased under the name of Parker 
Earle, and proceeds to describe a variety pro¬ 
duced by me some years ago, as No. 3, and 
which Mr. J. T. Lovett was to disseminate as 
Parker Earle should it prove worthy. But 
after testing it, we considered it not sufficiently 
productive, and the variegated foliage it de¬ 
veloped in the third year of its existence, and 
which it has since retained, was also against 
it. According to agreement with Mr Lovett, 
the variety was not to be named Parker 
Earle, unless be introduced it, which he has 
not done, except in so far as to place plants 
with a few parties for testing. If “W. B.” 
bought the variety as Parker Earle, as he 
states, then somebody has committed an act 
not altogether honorable or honest. I sent out 
a few plants of No. 3, after Mr. Lovett gave 
it up, as Earle (not Parker Earle), but since 
then I have withdrawn both the name and 
variety from dissemination, as it is too shy a 
bearer to bear any name or be introduced. 
The true Parker Earle is an entirely different 
variety, and has never been disseminated, ex¬ 
cept that a few plants' have been put in the 
hands of men above suspicion, to be tested. 
If there are any others who have received or 
bought plants of Parker Earle or Earle, of the 
description given by “W. B.,” they will do the 
country a service by labelling them Munson’s 
No. 3. They are unworthy to bear the hon¬ 
ored name of Parker Earle, but there is a 
berry bearing that name of which Mr. Earle 
himself will be very proud, 1 have every rea¬ 
son to believe, and we shall see that it be not 
dishonored by being confounded with any 
other sort. 
cultivators, “bugs” and potatoes. 
L. P. W., Quincy, III.—In response to 
C. K., page 415, I am glad to say that 
1 thiuk the Hudson Bicycle Cultivator 
will “fill the bill” completely. Qq the 
strength of its being advertised in the Rural 
and Mr. T. B. Terrj’s recommendation, I 
ventured to order one this spring, more es¬ 
pecially for the benefit and interest of my 
youngest son (11 years old), who is very much 
pleased with it and soon became able to use it 
to good advantage. If C. K. will investigate 
this implement he will not be disappointed or 
find anything that will come more fully up to 
his requirements, for it is “easily handled” 
“works with little waste of land in turning” 
and is “ adjusted for narrow or wide rows and 
deep or shallow plowing.” I do not know of 
any w alking cultivator that can be handled 
as easily as this riding one. 
I am surprised at the article on the “ Dis¬ 
appearance of the Colorado Potato Beetle ” 
page 413, as its statements are just the reverse 
of what is true at this time, in this vicinity. 
I do not think I ever saw the old “ bugs ” more 
numerous than they were early in the season, 
but later the very wet, cold and unseasonable 
weather seemed unfavorable for their propa¬ 
gation and it looked as though they might dis¬ 
appear, until a short time ago when the young 
brood appeared in full force and now they are 
increasing rapidly. I have about three quar- 
ers of an acre of New Queen potatoes, the 
product of one pound planted last year, which 
I have preserved so far most effectually ny 
baud picking, having commenced as soon as 
the plants came through the soil. 
THE RIGGS PLOW. 
J. P., Princeton, N. J.— C. K.,BellviIle, 
N. J., will find the Riggs plow one of the 
best two-horse cultivators in existence. It has 
pole and handles. The operator walks be¬ 
hind and guides the machino. It has six re¬ 
versible plows, three on each side of the row, 
that will turn the earth to or from the plants 
as desired, and will work any depth, from 
one to four inches. It has a roller attach¬ 
ment and is used for more purposes than any 
other implement I know of. It is used for 
covering peas, potatoes, corn, etc., and the 
ground is rolled over the seeds at the same 
time. As a cultivator it has no peer. In the 
early stage of the plants the front plows are 
set to turn the earth from them, the next turn 
it back again, while the hindmost thoroughly 
work the remainder of the soil. This culti¬ 
vator is employed in Mercer county to the 
exclusion of almost every other, and is used 
for all crops grown in rows not less than 30 
inches apart, such as peas, beans, potatoes, 
cabbage and corn, until the plants reevh a 
hight of about three feet. This is very epsily 
managed, especially in turning at the ends of 
the rows. No farmer here considers his list 
of tools complete without a Riggs plow. 
W. P. M., Monroe, Wis.— Walking culti¬ 
vators are latterly taking the lead in this 
locality, because better work can be done 
with them, and they are much easier on the 
team. Some farmers have discarded riding 
cultivators for walking, and could not be in¬ 
duced to change back. Can you write best 
with your feet or hands? A walking culti¬ 
vator gives full control of the shovels to the 
hands; a rider to the feet only. I have seen 
some without a pole, but they are not liked 
and are no longer sold. All makes of walkers 
that I know of have four shovels only; some 
riders have six. With either kind space must 
be left for turning at the ends of the rows, or 
more or less corn will be broken down. Most 
kinds do good work, but still there is consid¬ 
erable difference between them. The new 
patterns with parallel movement, so that the 
shovels remain at right angles to the line of 
the row, no matter how much they are swung 
to one Bide or the other, seem to leave but lit¬ 
tle to be desired, unless flat culture is desir¬ 
ed. The shovels will not do that, and can 
scarcely be run so shallow as one could desire. 
An attachment, called “moker” will do 
that. A “moker” consists of three steel five- 
eighth inch rods flattened at one end into a 
shape like a diamond cultivator tooth, and fas¬ 
tened in a cast-iron bar or bars, which can be 
attached to the shovel shank in place of the 
shovel—providing the shank is round and not 
over one inch in diameter. Four make a set. 
With them properly adjusted there are 12 
teeth, with which one can scarify the surface, 
or cultivate to any depth up to six inches for 
a width of three feet with a tooth every three 
inches and without ridging or throwing dirt 
at all. Such a tool can work corn or anything 
else as soou as the rows can be followed, and 
as close to the plants as is desired. If hilling 
is desired, or grass and wteds get the start too 
much, the shovel can be used. Several walk¬ 
ing cultivators are good; but I thiuk the best 
one I have ever seen is the new pattern 
“Farmer’s Friend” made at Dayton, Ohio. 
The “mokers" are made by the Sandwich 
Euterpiise Co, Sandwich, Ill., and cost about 
$3 per set of four. 
F. S. VV., Smyrna, Del.— In reply to C. 
K., Belleville, N. J., I can say the Little Dia¬ 
mond riding cultivator answers fully the re- 
