4888 
S87 
THE BUBAL W1W-Y8RKEB. 
CATALOGUES, ETC., RECEIVED. 
HE INDIANS.—The report of the Com¬ 
missioner of Indian affairs for 1888 is 
sent by the Secretary of the Interior. What 
is to be done with our Indians? All who are 
interested in this problem will find “ food for 
thought” in this ponderous volume. The 
commissioner, John H. Oberly, evidently be¬ 
lieves that the Indian is capable of receiving 
our civilization. He quotes from Parton’s 
Life of Jelferson the passage referring to the 
efforts made to civilize Indians at the William 
and Mary College nearly 100 years ago. 
“ Indians cannot receive our civilization. 
If the college had any success with an lndiau 
youth, he was no sooner tamed than he sick¬ 
ened and died. The rest may have assumed 
the white man’s habit while they lived at 
Williamsburg!), but the very day they re¬ 
joined their tribe they threw off their college 
clothes, resumed their old costumes and 
weapons, and ran whooping into the forest, 
irreclaimable savages.” 
Then Mr. Oberly goes on to trj' to show 
that matters are so different now, that the 
Indian cannot much longer resist civilization. 
It is to be hoped that this is so. Civilization 
implies w'ork. There seems no good reason 
why the Government should support a lot of 
lazy Indians while the negroes at the Souih 
are obliged to support themselves by labor. 
The reports from the various Indian agents 
are quite interesting. The agents at Parker, 
Arizona, must have an interesting community 
to look after. Nearly all the Indians, he says 
dress in “citizen’s dress” which consists jf 
“an undershirt and a pair of overalls.’ 
“ These people know nothing of religion, all 
they are desircus of is something to eat when 
meal-time comes.” It must be said, however, 
that many of the agents state that their In¬ 
dians are becoming quiet, industrious and 
tractable, and ready to learn, realizing that 
their only hope for the future lies in civiliza¬ 
tion. All agree that if liquor could be kept 
from the Indians the task of civilizing them 
would be greatly helped. “ Bad liquor and 
bad morals are twins.” 
After examining tais report the R. N.-Y. 
is inclined to have faith in the future of the 
Indian. The writer has seen the lazy, worth¬ 
less “ redskins *’ of the West at their homes. 
There is little chance for them, but their 
children may make good citizens. Secretary 
Teller told the whole story when he said :— 
“ The Indian question will never be settled 
until you make the Indian blister his hands. 
No people ever emerged from barbarism that 
did not emerge through labor.” Let those 
who are to handle the Indians thoroughly 
understand that, and civilization for the In¬ 
dian is possible. 
Grasses and Their Cultivation.— This 
is the title of Bulletin No. 7 issued by P. H. 
Mell of the Alabama Experiment Station, 
Montgomery, Ala. There is little that is new 
in this bulletin. It is probably just as well 
that this is so as the bulletin is intended to in¬ 
terest and instruct a class of farmers who 
need a Primer before they can be expected to 
read iu a First Reader. Here is one thought 
that the R N.-Y. likes: 
“There is a wide difference in the quantity 
of hay that should be fed to cattle. Home 
farmers give a hxtd amount ot all kinds of 
dried grass, bit or miss, iu so far as the nu¬ 
tritive ingredients contained in the hay are 
concerned. Stuck are thus sometimes scantily 
fed, because incorrectly cured bay may not 
contain enough food to satisfy them. In this 
day of scientific experimentation, the quan¬ 
tity of food measured to stock should be gov¬ 
erned by the percentage ot nu'ritive values 
the chemical analysis proves the food stuff to 
contain.” 
Is hay, hay ? The R N.-Y. has for 
a long time studied this questiou. It 
has been pretty well settled that milk 
is not milk, that cream is not cream, and 
that potatoes are not potatoes; that is, it is 
settled beyond dispute that one sample of 
milk or cream may be more useful in produc¬ 
ing butter than another sample. Potatoes 
grown on dry, sandy soil may be of a very 
different flavor or texture from those grown 
on clay or naturally damp soils. Does the 
same thing hold true of hay? Take Timothy 
for example; are there certain soils, manures 
and climates so favorable to the growth of 
this plant that a ton of hay grown under 
these conditions will be more valuable for 
feeding than a tou grown under less favor¬ 
able conditions? In other words—is hay, hay ? 
This is a question the R. N.-Y. proposes to 
discuss. It there is any way of producing a 
superior quality of hay, we all want to know 
how it is done. 
Experiments in Pig Fekdino.— Bulletin 
No. It) of the Kentucky Station. Among the 
objects sought to be obtained by means of 
these experiments were the relative merits of 
. shelled corn and corn meal, the value of corn- 
aud-cob meal and the length of time that 
these foods could be profitably fed. As a re¬ 
sult shelled corn is considered better for fat¬ 
tening than corn-meal, 63 days seem the 
limit of profitable fattening, and cotton-seed 
meal could not be profitably fed to pigs. The 
bulletin is not to be compared, for interest or 
attractiveness, with those on the same subject 
from New York, Kansas or Wisconsin. 
The Experiment Stations.— Miscellane¬ 
ous Bulletin No. 1 from the Department of 
Agriculture gives the proceedings of the sec¬ 
ond annual convention of the association of 
agricultural colleges and experiment stations. 
Those who propose to keep track of the experi¬ 
ment stations will want to read this volume. 
Cotton-seed Hulls and Meal as Food 
for Live Stock.— The R. N.-Y. has called 
attention to the value of cotton-seed hulls in 
reviewing the bulletins of the Arkansas and 
the Texas Stations. The subject is continued 
in Bulletin No. 3 of the Tennessee Station. 
The station authorities have not conducted 
any feeding experiments of their own; they 
merely seek to bring to the attention of 
farmers a synopsis of what has been learned 
regarding the value of this food. Here we 
have a description of tne hulls: 
“ Tne process of separating the kernels of 
the cotton seed from the hulls, in the oil mills, 
consists essentially iu crushing and cutting 
the seeds and dividing the two portions by a 
system of screens and shakers. At first sight 
it would seem to be a physical impossibility 
for an animal to consume any appreciable 
quantity of the hulls thus produced. They 
consist of fragments of seed coats one-six¬ 
teenth to one-louvth inch iu diameter, of dark 
brown color, very tough aud leathery and en- 
taugled in a mass of cotton libers, which still 
auheie to the outside of the hulls and which 
the ginning process lails to entirely remove. 
It is apparently the most dry aud tasteless 
lortn ot animal food w hich could be tound. 
It is a matter of difficulty to reduce it to any¬ 
thing like a suitaole form tor analysis. In 
the mortar It torms an elastic felt, while it is 
scarcely amenable to any grinding process. 
Taken into the mouth, u is harsh and dry. 
Masucatiou promotes an abundant secre¬ 
tion of saliva as would oe only natural 
with any similar material. It has very little 
taste and that apparently due to the small 
particles of the kernel remaining with 
the hulls. Altogether they possess ap¬ 
parently few inviting features as a 
iood. in spite of this, it is said that 
animals which have never seen the hulls or 
meal before, soon acquire an eager appetite 
for them, aud after a tew days prefer such a 
diet to one composed of hay and corn. Prob¬ 
ably this is due to tne meal rather than the 
nulls winch, as already noted, are wed-nigh 
tasteless.” 
This is said concerning the effect of this 
food on the animal: 
“From the large amount of fiber on the hulls 
the danger ot balling up or producing stop¬ 
pages ot the bowels might be anticipated. 
But we have been unable to learn ol a single 
such c ase, nor is taereeven a tendency' toward 
constipation. On tne contrary, tne effect up¬ 
on the bowels is loosening which wnn an ex¬ 
cess ot meal may uevelop into “ scouring.” 
Tms is the well known result of excessive feed¬ 
ing of cotton-seed meal in connection witn 
otuer materials. The hulls aud meal seem to 
be particularly adapted therefore to being fed 
togeiuer, the effects ot each counteracting 
the other." 
The investigations conducted by the station 
indicate that the practice of feeding these 
hulls with meal as an exclusive diet is a sound 
one. The food produces a good quality of 
milk, beef or mutton, and also produces man¬ 
ure of a superior quality aud texture. 
These experiments are interesting and 
should be cou'mued. While the K. N.-Y. be¬ 
lieves that the most economical way of utiliz¬ 
ing these hulls is iu burning them for the 
ashes, it is still glad to see the matter pushed 
to a definite conclusion. 
TnE Paris Congress. —It appears that a 
“Cougrtssot Agriculturists ’’was held at 
Paris last mouth. Farmers aud others inter¬ 
ested m agriculture were present from vari¬ 
ous countries. It was thought best to hold 
the meeting in connection with the great ex¬ 
position where all pioduetsof the earth were 
assembled. The R. N.-Y. has received a par¬ 
tial report of the meeting. Most of the sub¬ 
jects discussed related to French agriculture 
almost entirely. A great deal of time was 
taken up iu a discussion of methods for in¬ 
creasing the value of the grape industry. 
The Congress recommended offering a prize 
of $211,000 tor the discovery of a Franco- 
American hybrid vine ctpable of resisting 
phylloxera, tlmviug iu marly soils aud yield¬ 
ing fruit of good quality.” 
One of the most thoughtful debates was 
that concerning the causes of the Freuch 
crisis. France is a country of very small 
holdings or farms. Such a divisiou is favor¬ 
able to the production of grapes, poultry, 
dairy products and vegetables, but not for 
grain. The cheap wheat supplies from 
America, India, Russia aud Africa, have a 
very marked effect upon French agriculture. 
After much debate the Congress proposed the 
following remedies for agricultural depres¬ 
sion: 
1. A judicious selection of seeds and ma¬ 
nures, aud the establishment of fields for 
demonstration and experiment. 2. The cul¬ 
tivation of cereals only in districts where 
they yield a profit. 3. To diminish, by co¬ 
operation the profits of middlemen. 4. Pro¬ 
tection of each kind of agricultural produce 
by a duty on imports. 5. The atolition of in¬ 
ternal duties. 6. A reduction in the charges 
of land transfer so as to encourage transac¬ 
tions in land. 
As compared witli the United States, 
France is a small and compact country. In 
discussing these recommendations this fact 
must be considered. As to the first point, few 
will deny the value of suitable seeds and 
manure. Many a farmer keeps himself poor, 
even in this country, by the use of varieties of 
plants that are not suited to his locality. 
Many use their manures so that part of the 
value is wasted. Teose who use chemicals 
often lose half the money spent by injudicious 
selection of materials. The second point 
brings up an old matter for consideration. It 
is safe to say that in this country many 
bushels of wheat are grown at a loss, or at 
least, with no profit, though farmers think 
they get a certain value from wheat as 
a “ seeding crop.” What would be the 
effect upon our agriculture if wheat¬ 
growing should be given entirely to the 
States at the West where the soil is still strong 
enough and the farms still large enough to 
warrant the use of all needed machinery? 
Would Eastern farmers be better off? What 
crops could they substitute for wheat? Ten 
years ago these questions might have been 
asked concerning corn. The development of 
the silo, however, has changed that, and now, 
an acre of corn out of the “ corn belt ’• can be 
made into silage with considerable profit. 
The R. N.-Y. is glad to see that even in France 
the people are disposed to investigate the prof¬ 
its of the middlemen. The “ middleman ” evi¬ 
dently is found everywhere. He should get 
his fair share of the money bandied and no 
more. 
C’lXttL 
“ Every Man is presumed to know the Law. 
Nine-tenths of all Litigation arises from 
Ignorance of Law.” 
FIXTURES ON LAND. 
L. S. M , Cedar County, Iowa. —What are 
“fixtures” on land? Several disputes have 
occurred of late in this neighborhood with re¬ 
gard to this matter, some insisting that cer¬ 
tain kinds of property were “fixtures” and 
could not therefore be legally removed from 
a farm on the transfer of said farm to other 
parties: while others maintained that they 
were chattels and therefore legally remov¬ 
able. The Rural's answers to legal questions 
of general interest are so full and lucid, that 
by agreement, at least one dispute here has 
been left to its decision. 
Ans. —As a rule, legally speaking, real prop¬ 
erty or real estate embraces not only laud, 
but all improvements of a permanent charac¬ 
ter placed upon it. The term “land” in¬ 
cludes not only the ground or soil, but every¬ 
thing attached to it, above or below, whether 
by the action of nature, as, trees, herbage, 
stones, mines and water; or by the hand of 
man, as, houses, fences, etc. In general, 
whatever the owner or a farm fastens to the 
ground or to a building, or uses constantly 
with it as an appurtenance to ir, is a “ fix¬ 
ture,” and passes with the laud. Whatever a 
hirer or tenant, however, buys or makes to 
use with the farm and fastens to the ground 
or building in such a way that he can re¬ 
move it without injury to the object to which 
It is fastened, may be taken away Manure 
made from the products of the farm is a fix¬ 
ture, and passes with the land, or remains the 
property of the landlord on the removal of 
the tenant. In New Jersey, however, it is 
held to be personal property, and does not 
pass with the real estate as a part of it. In 
North Carolina a tenant may at any time be¬ 
fore leaving a farm, in the abseuco of a coven¬ 
ant to the contrary, remove all the inauure 
made on a farm. Manure made iu a livery- 
stable or from products obtained away from 
the farm is personal property. A tenaut has 
no right to remove shrubbery or flowers 
plauted by him ou a lawn or garden. Iu 
Massachusetts tenants are allowed to remove 
pig sties, poultry-houses, green-houses and 
other fixed additions they may have made to 
the farm, provided their removal does uot in¬ 
jure the property of the landlord. Iu all 
cases the tenaut must remove all removable 
fixtures before the term of his lease expires, 
otherwise they revert immediately to the land¬ 
lord. 
Growing trees are fixtures of course; and if 
the owner of a farm should sell the staudiug 
timber and then sell the farm to a bona tide 
purchaser who has had no notice of the sale 
of the trees, the new owner of the farm is en¬ 
titled to them, and the purchaser must look 
to tho seller for damages. Trees that have 
been blown or cut down aDd have been left 
where they fell are “ fixtures;’’ but not those 
that have been cut into lumber, logs or fuel. 
If a person should erect a building 
voluntarily on the land of another without 
any contract as to its final ownership, it be¬ 
comes a part of the land, and he has no right 
to remove it. If, however, he erects the 
building upon the land of another with his 
consent, and upon agreement and understand¬ 
ing that he shall have the privilege of remov¬ 
ing it, it remains his property. When a farm 
is sold, the grass or corn Dot cut and the pota¬ 
toes not dug go with it. While ripe crops are 
in one sense considered real estate, however, 
in another sense they are not, for creditors 
may attach them as personal property and 
harvest them. 
It is very bard to determine precisely what 
is a “fixture” and what a “chattel,” and 
the courts in different States and sometimes 
even in the same State have decided differ¬ 
ently in similar cases. Doors, windows, 
blinds and shutters, gas-pipes, cisterns, sinks 
and like improvements, put in by this land¬ 
lord, are “ fixtures ;” but fire-frames, sinks, 
cisterns, gas fixtures and pipes and similar 
improvements, put in temporarily by a ten¬ 
ant. are chattels which can be removed if 
no injury is thereby done to the premises. 
As a rule, a tenant has also a right to remove 
pig-sties, poultry-houses, green-houses, and 
other similar buildings, erected for temporary 
purposes, provided he does not make or leave a 
cellar or other excavation. Where possible it 
would be safer to have a written agreement 
with the landlord with regard to such build¬ 
ings. If a man leases land for a nursery, the 
young trees he sets out are personal prop¬ 
erty, and he may take them up and carry 
them away before he surrenders possession. 
A furnace in a cellar, even if it is a 
portable one, according to some decisions, 
goes with tbe land; but a kitchen 
range set up in the usual way, is 
personal property. Bean poles that have been 
used, whether stuck in the ground or lying 
in a heap, are “ fixtures,” but new poles are 
“chattels.” The principle that underlies the 
numberless, sometimes apparently different 
decisions, is well stated as fellows: 
“Thingspersonal in their nature, but fitted 
and prepared to be used as real estate and es¬ 
sential to its beneficial enjoyment, having 
been fixed to the realty or used with it, be¬ 
come part of the land aud pass with it by the 
deed ot conveyance, although they might be 
removed without substantial injury to the 
premises.” 
Tbe above principles apply to mortgages as 
well as to sales of land, and to subsequent im¬ 
provements as well as to those made before 
the mortgage was executed. In deeding land 
there is no occasion to mention fixed or per¬ 
manent improvements, for doing so add 9 
nothing to the value of the title. It is cus¬ 
tomary to do so, however, because most buy¬ 
ers feel safer if they have everything “ in 
black and white,” although such improve¬ 
ments, unless expressly reserved, go with the 
land, being considered part of it as a matter of 
course. 
p i.sc etlanco u.$ % A ve rtising. 
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