4889 
THE BUBAL WEW-YOBKEB. 
607 
RASPBERRIES. 
Of raspberries we had a fair crop. 
Souhegan is the earliest, but the fruit is 
not so large or good as Gregg. I find its fruit 
about gone when the Gregg comes in. I 
have now planted the Ohio to fill the gap. 
Gregg is late, but when the climate is not 
too cold it is more profitable than other sorts 
on account of its size, quality, firmness and 
productiveness. 
Hilborn is a few days later than Souhe¬ 
gan, but of a larger size, a stronger grower 
and more productive. It has a finer appear¬ 
ance than any berry I know. 
Nemaha is the strongest grower of all the 
black-caps I know. The fruit is even larger 
than the Gregg, and about the same in other 
respects. It is said to be entirely hardy. 
Should this prove true it will be very valu¬ 
able. 
Cothbert is the leading red here. 
Hansell is early but not so large or so 
good. 
Shaffer’s is a rank grower and very pro¬ 
ductive; fruit large and very good, but too 
soft for shipment. e. c. brinser. 
Dauphin County, Pa. 
farm Copies. 
THOUGHTS AND FIGURES ON 
HAYING. 
PROFESSOR I. P. ROBERTS. 
In this locality it has required careful plan¬ 
ning, prompt execution, and first-class imple¬ 
ments to secure the hay crop in good order. 
Failures and successes may now be noted that 
we may be wiser in the future. Those who 
cut their clover hay very early, had little dif¬ 
ficulty in curing it. We cut one small field 
on June 10, and to-day—Augusts—are cutting 
a heavy second crop—1.68 ton per acre. This 
method of cutting the first crop very early, 
before the clover has lodged, and the second 
one in August, before the cool, damp nights 
come on, 1 propose to follow in the future, 
now that the land is fertile enough to bring 
the plants on rapidly. Field No. 2 was badly 
lodged, and was cut when a little over-ripe, as 
it rained about every day when it was in the 
right condition; but hay-caps, energy and two 
continuous days of fair weather enabled us to 
bring it to the barn in good condition. I 
should have cut this field June 5th to 10th. 
Better a little over or under ripe than spoiled 
hay. Field No. 3—Timothy, with a little 
clover—contained 3.85 acres, and was cut with 
a Eureka Mower in two hours and 10 minutes; 
raked in one hour and 30 minutes, and bunched 
by one man in 10 hours. The time of loading 
—two pitchers—was 18 minutes; the time of 
unloading, 10 minutes per load. Four men 
were in the barn—two to mow away, one to 
handle the sling and one the team. There 
were 11 loads of well-cured hay, weighing 12 
tons 100 pounds. This Timothy was cut July 
9 th and hauled the 11th and 12th. The rain 
caught a few shocks, but most of them were 
covered with hay-caps. 
HAY FIELD-DR. 
Man, team and machine, two hours and 
10 minutes, at 50 cents per hour_ $1 09 
Raking, one hour and 30 minutes, at 20 
cents per hour. 30 
Bunching, 10 hours, at 15 cents per hour 1 50 
Pitching 11 loads, three men, 18 min¬ 
utes, 10 hours. 1.50 
Unloading, four men, 10 minutes, 11 
loads, at 15 cents per hour.. __ 1.10 
Second raking, one hour and 30 minutes, 
at 20 cents per hour. 30 
Extra time for pitching rakings. 15 
Capping. 25 
Five hours extra work on uncapped hay 75 
Teams, 10 hours, including time to and 
from field, etc. 2.00 
Four hours consumed by teamster to and 
from field. 60 
Add 10 per cent, loss for sundry lost 
time between loads, changing to 
other work. 95 
Total.810.49 
Cost per ton.87 
I believe the large field of Timothy was se¬ 
cured at a less cost per ton, as the field was 
much longer and there was no rain to hinder. 
The hay referred to above from the small 
fiold was bunched when quite green, and went 
into the baru with that “silky” feel which 
good judges of hay prize so much. I would 
qui e as soon have a shower on hay as a few 
hours too much sun. Since seeing my neigh¬ 
bors operate a hay-loader aud tedder this wet 
season, I am strengthened in my opinion that 
there is little place on a well-managed small 
farm for either; and I am very doubtful 
whether they are a financial success, except 
under unusual conditions. 
Seeing the difficulties and the frequently in¬ 
creased cost of gathering the grain and hay 
(too often poor on account of the heavy rain¬ 
fall), I am led to the following conclusions: 
If farming is to be profitable, there must be a 
large yield per acre. To get this large yield, 
there must be grown, not only the better va¬ 
rieties, but the best for the conditions present. 
The Lord never planted cat-tails on a dry 
hill-side, but I have known farmers to try to 
raise celery in gravelly sand. The plant, to 
do its best, must have an abundance of food 
and water, but not too much. We, as farmers, 
are here to regulate these things. And the 
Lord said: “I give you dominion.” The 
crop must not only be raised, but also secured 
at the minimum of cost per ton or bushel. 
Machinery and tools must be as simple as pos¬ 
sible, strong, durable, and, above all, effectual. 
There are good potato-diggers and ditching- 
machines; yet 99 per cent, of all the ditches 
and potatoes are dug by hand labor, simply 
because, under most conditions, a dollar is 
more effective when expended for hand-labor 
than for machinery. The mower and binder 
must, under good conditions, cut an acre and 
a half per hour. This implies a team able to 
draw them continuously at their most effective 
speed, and, above all, a man—dominion! 
It will be noticed above that I have charged 
85 a day for sharp knives, a sharp man and a 
good team: yet the expense was only 28 cents 
per acre, because the means used were well- 
adapted to the purpose, and, hence, effective. 
Three-fourths of a ton of hay aud daisies; 
16 bushels of wh*at and cheat; 28 bushels of 
oats and a ton of Canada Thistles per acre; 
880 for a horse; 81 50 for a sheep (I saw year¬ 
lings sell in Buffalo last spring for 50 cents); 
165 pounds of butter per cow—these are the 
averages. Who takes the hindmost! 
34 bushels of wheat, and straw. 840.00 
Rent, labor and plant food.20.00 
Profit, 100 per cent. 
Three tons of hay (one or two cuttings), 830.00 
Rent, plant food and labor. 15 00 
Profit, 100 per cent. 
75 bushels oats and straw. 836.00 
Rent, plant food and labor. 18.00 
Profit, 100 per cent 
Grade French, or Clyde.8200 00 
Cost.. S0.00 
Profit, 150 per cent. 
750 pounds milk, or 300 pounds butter, 
875.00 to 8100.00 
Calf and skimmed milk. 
Profit, -. Profit,-. 
100 early lambs.....8600.00 
Profit,-! Profit,-! Profit,-1 
100 yearlings iu Buffalo. $50.00 
Lossl Loss! Loss! LOSS! 
Somewhere, my reader, in the above array 
of figures, you will find your own case. Look 
in the palm of your callous, nut-brown hand 
and see if in those well-marked lines you see 
an L or a P. 
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 
WHY MANY FARMERS DO NOT 
SUCCEED. 
In many sections of the country we meet 
with a great many farmers who are always 
complaining about hard times. They prac¬ 
tice what they believe to be the strictest econ¬ 
omy ; they work hard enough, but the money 
does not pour in upon them in a very large 
stream. Really it does not run into their 
pockets in any stream at all; it just reaches 
them in far-between meager drops. A few 
other farmers owning no more or better land, 
and who work no harder have money enough. 
VV hy is it that one has golden eagles jingling 
in his pocket and the other only silver dollars? 
The answer is apparent enough to any one 
who spends any thought upon the subject. It 
is expressed in the single word “ manage¬ 
ment. .” When a man owning a farm begins 
to groan about “ hard times,” and complain 
that he has no money, it would be the best 
thing for him to do to stop and ask himself: 
Why do I get no money? Why are the times 
hard? Nearly all sorts of farm produce bring 
good prices. Bear in mind the fact that you 
cannot get something for nothing. If you have 
nothing to sell,how do you expect; how can you 
hope to receive any monev? Look the matter 
fairly in the face. You have a hundred acres 
of land; you raise two or three acres of wheat, 
half a dozeu acres of oats, some corn, say 
three or four acres; you cut the grass from 20 
acres of meadow; you keep a work team and 
a carriage horse, a dozen cows, three or four 
hogs and a few poultry. You eat the wheat, 
feed the grain and hay to the horses and cows, 
hogs and poultry, you eat the hogs and eggs 
aud all you have is what is left from the divi¬ 
dends of the cheese and butter factories after 
having paid one man for hauling the milk, an¬ 
other for making the cheese or butter and 
other incidental expenses, such as cartage to 
the railroads, freights, drayage, commissions, 
etc. All you have sold from your farm has been 
the milk, and the income from that has been 
whittled down and down until the price that 
reaches you only a little more than pays taxes 
and a few other expenses which are absolute¬ 
ly necessary, and if you or your family wish 
to take a little recreation by attending the 
State fair or spending a few days in the city 
there is no balance in bank to foot the bill. 
Well, who is to be blamed? Haven’t you 
obtained all you have earned? Cannot you 
make a review of your old “ run-in-the-rut ” 
way of farming, and do something that will 
pay oetter? Can’t you raise some crops that 
will give you a better margin of profit than 
corn and oats? Suppose that you leave out a 
part of the oats and corn and raise more prod¬ 
ucts of the garden—say onions, cabbage, 
squash, or some other, crop that can be sold 
for $100 to $200 in cash. And then after you 
have got the cash, make it worth more to you 
than it has been in the past. Not having had 
the ready cash, I know how you have man¬ 
aged. You have been accustomed to go to 
your country store, buy whatever was neces¬ 
sary, have it charged, pay enormous profits, 
and your money has been of but little use. 
The better way is to send away to some 
wholesale dealer and buy enough at a time 
to last six months or a year, and you will be 
surprised at the saving of money accomplish¬ 
ed. I have practiced this sort of economy for 
several years and I know how it works. Of 
course, there are some articles that I do not 
send away for, because I can buy them at 
home almost as cheap; but upon the groceries, 
dress goods, clothing and articles for use in 
the house, I think 1 save at least 25 per cent., 
and one-fourth of the store bill very often 
makes quite a difference in the spending 
money for a family’s pleasure. Try it, good 
reader. Raise more products of the farm 
that will sell for cash, and then make your 
money buy more of what you want. 
C. T. LEONARD. 
Diiinj j^itsbimimj. 
CLOVER AND CORN-FODDER VERSUS 
TIMOTHY. 
PROFESSOR J. W. SANBORN. 
Stover as yet a woeful waste in the West; 
its great value for feed ; clover and stover 
from a given area far more valuable for 
feed than the Timothy therefrom ; grasses, 
however , indispensable in a rotation; small 
cost of their production and handling ; 
places of grass, clover and com in a six 
years' rotation-, beneficial effects of grow¬ 
ing all ; planting, harvesting, and feeding 
fodder corn-, com our most productive 
fodder crop; a combination of clover and 
stover excellent for beef or butter produc¬ 
tion; ensilage not yet the best means of 
utilizing com for feed; clover, com and 
Timothy excellent on a dairy farm. 
The following question is submitted: 
“ Should a dairyman use Timothy as a part 
of his rotation? Will he not do better to so 
change his rotation as to have corn-fodder 
and clover in the place of Timothy ?” 
At present corn-fodder in the West is prac¬ 
tically a waste product of corn-growing, and 
as such is made but of little use considering 
its great nutritive value. This, in view of 
the present developments of the West, has de¬ 
generated into a vital wrong, for the nutri¬ 
tion in an acre of corn-fodder is equal to or 
really exceeds the nutrition in the corn it 
bears. It needs no argument to show that a 
process that is half waste in crop growing 
opens a field for economy in a period distin¬ 
guished by the wealth derived from former 
wastes. I have been radically opposed to any 
system of farming that results in such a waste, 
and so I organized, on the Missouri College 
farm, a system of rotation of crops that saved 
everything grown, but it was especially 
aimed to conserve the wasted corn-fodder or 
stover—let us call it stover. In this rotation 
clover held a conspicuous place and Timothy 
a smaller one than is usual. I do not, how¬ 
ever, hold that the Timothy should be 
dropped out entirely, nor do I believe that it 
can be dropped out without loss, over most of 
this country. 
I am a believer of the most pronounced 
type in a rotation which is in harmony with 
certain natural laws. I cannot see how the 
grasses can be dropped out of a rotation with¬ 
out injurious effects. The binding influences 
of grass roots, their influence in decreasing 
the leaching of the soil through the great 
amount of water evaporated through their 
leaves, the decrease of the washing of the sur¬ 
face soil, the accumulation of nitrogen in 
the soil, or at least the proven conservation of 
the nitrogen of the soil, the favorable influence 
of the great mass of roots left in the soil, and 
the fact that it affords the cheapest source, as 
I believe, of animal food when grown upon a 
favorable soil, would make the limited use of 
grass as a crop to me indispensable on the 
farm under ordinary conditions. 
Touching the cost of Timothy or hay as com¬ 
pared with hoed crops, it must be borne in 
mind that grasses require the minimum of 
labor, now so troublesome a problem on the 
farm. The seed is cheap, and once seeded, a 
field is seeded for a few years, while the har- 
EARLY KING BLACKBERRY. From Nature. See page 606. Fig. 230 
